Amorphous mea. Mea pōaka a amorphous moku'āina o ka mea. Ka hoʻohana a amorphous waiwai

Ua 'oe a mau loa aku, mahalo mea mau i ka enigmatic amorphous waiwai? No ka mea, i structurally okoa mai nā paa, a mai ka wai. Ka mea e mau kino i loko o pau ka Punk moku'āina, ua wale pōkole-huahelu kauoha. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka amorphous mea - kēpau, aniani, Amber, laholio, polyethylene, Tewetewe koloriside (PVC puka makani mākou punahele), a me ka 'ē aʻe likeʻole polymers. Kēia mea he paa kino, i e ole i ke aniani puka olu oia. Akā, e nā nahaehae, likeʻole adhesives, paakiki laholio a me nā lula ea.

I ka hana waiwai o amorphous waiwai

Ma splitting ma amorphous kino ka mea,ʻaʻole i hanaʻia i lalo ke alo. (Particles) muli o kona kulana Pa a me ka mea kokoke i kekahi i kekahi. Ka mea hiki e loa anuanu a me ka h ÷. Pehea ka mea, e loli ana e mawaho ololi? Ma lalo o ka aoao o kekahi mau kino mahana e kahe ana e like me ka loli, a ma ka mea ia manawa he laholio. A hiki aku ka mea mawaho hana o pōkole lōʻihi like 'ole, ka amorphous' ole o ka waiwai ma lalo o ikaika hopena e Wāwahi i mau apana. Ka loihi o ka hopena, mai ka waho hiki aku ai i ka mea i ka mea wale kahe.

E ho'āʻo i ka pana aku au i kekahi wahi hoʻokolohua ma ka hale me ka lawe o ka kēpau. E kau ia ma luna o ka paakiki ili, a me oe e hai i ka mea i hoʻomaka e kahe smoothly. Ia ka leo o ka pono, no ka mea, mea amorphous! Ka mämä holo hilinaʻi nui ma ke ana wela nā hoailona. Inā ka mea e loa kiʻekiʻe e, ke kēpau, e hoʻomaka e kahe nui wikiwiki.

He aha hou aʻe ka ano o na kino? Ka mea hiki ke lawe i kekahi palapala. Inā amorphous waiwai i loko o ka palapala o ke (particles) waiho i loko o kaʻuʻuku moku, e like me ka bākeke, ka mea i lawe i ka palapala o ka moku. Akā ka mea, e isotropic, oa ka mea, ho'āʻo i ka ia physical waiwai i loko o nāʻaoʻao.

Heheʻe a me ka hoʻololi i nā Hawaii. Metal a me ka aniani

Ke amorphous moku'āina o ka mea ua i manao e malama i kekahi ana wela. At haʻahaʻa holo 'awelika paʻahau kino ma kiʻekiʻe - hehee. Incidentally, e hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka (viscosity), a me ka degere o ia mau waiwai. Low ka mahana makemake ia haʻahaʻa (viscosity), kiʻekiʻe, ma luna o ka mea ku ole, ka mea maoli.

No ka waiwai o ka mea amorphousʻano hiki e hōʻike 'kekahi hou hiʻona - ke hoʻololi i ka mea pōaka moku'āina, a me ka noho'na makaainana i ulu. No ke aha la i keia ahaʻia nei? O na ikehu i loko o ke kino o ka emi mea pōaka ma mua o amorphous. Mākou ke 'ike i loko o ke kumu hoohalike o ke aniani huahana - ke aniani, e ho'ōla i hoopaa.

Mea hao aniani - He aha ka mea? Metal ke hoʻopau i ke aniani puka olu oia i ka heheʻe, a laila he amorphous waiwai e e ka glassy 'ole. I loko o ka solidification me anuanuʻimi hoʻopunipuni aniani puka olu oia i ua hana hou. Amorphous metala i ka ia'ku kupaianaha i ka popopo. No ka laʻana, e hoolilo ia ia i kekahi kino o ke kaʻa,ʻaʻole makemake e pono ai ma ka likeʻole ma o ka paleʻana, e like me ka makemake i ua malalo i kekahi noho'na makaainana i ulu fracture. Amorphous mea o ke kino nona'ātoma 'ole he launaʻole ikaika, a me keia wahi aku, amorphous metala hiki ke noi i loko o kekahi hanalima kaiaulu loa.

Ke aniani 'ole o ka' ona

I ka maikaʻi-iā Kalani ma na ano o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a e hiki ke hana me ia, e pono e i ike i ke aniani 'ole o ka poʻe' ole 'ē aʻe' ona. ? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ke hooheheeia, a metallurgy poe i hiki ke loaa ia o ka ulu ana, ina i ole i kekahi ike e pili ana i nā hoʻololi i loko o ka 'ole o ka oka a, kaʻina' ana i kūpono a me ka hana ana ano kanaka.

Lau Hawaii o ka mea

He mea maopopo loa ia, he eha hoʻopiha Hawaii: paa, wai, gaseous, wai koko. Paa amorphous waiwai i ia mea pōaka. Me ia he 'ole i ia i māhele periodicity i loko o ka hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha o na (particles). Mau (particles) e ma na nā pōaka ke hooko papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika ka noi. A pau na kino e, ua ike ia ma ka gaseous a me ke kinowai ai moku'āina, e mea hiki ke malama i ka noi o (particles) i loko o ka chaoticʻai. Amorphous puaʻa hiwa (e laʻa me ke hooheheeia ma ka fused ano, ebonite, aniani huahana, kēpau) hiki ke kapaia paʻahau ke kinowai 'ano, no ka mea, i ka mea, i ka loli hiki ke ike palapala na ano hiʻona like (viscosity).

Haʻalele amorphous mea mai kinoea a me ke kinowai

Hoike ana mai o ka plasticity, elasticity, iho i poe paakiki a me ka pono ole, i na mea he nui kino. Ka mea pōaka a amorphous waiwai i oi e komo kēia mau 'ano, oiai na ke kinowai a me nā kinoea mai ole i ka waiwai. Akā, e hiki ke ike i ka mea, he hoʻonui i ka laholio ka leo loli.

Mea pōaka a amorphous mea. Mechanical a physical waiwai

He aha nō ka mea pōaka a me ka amorphous mea? E like me ka olelo ma luna, amorphous hiki e hoike ia ua mau kino i i alahula mau (viscosity), a me ka wā e mau ole maʻamau ana wela fluidity. Akā, kiʻekiʻe ana wela, ma ka mea ku ole, e leie aku ia ia e kahe ana e like me ka wai.

Loa okoa mai ka waiwai o ka mea pōaka type. Mau puaʻa hiwa hiki i kona mahele heheʻe i ka wahi, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka mawaho puʻe. Makaukau o nā pōaka Ua hiki ina ka me wai. Inā 'oe e ole lawe i kekahi mau ana, ua hiki ke ike ia ma ka kinowai moku'āina e hoomaka ana i ka i kekahi mau ioauoa o crystallization. Ka māhele 'āina a puni i kēia mau-oaio? A, i ke kahua o ka paa. Loa uuku nā pōaka hoʻomaka e hoʻohui pū kekahi i kekahi i loko o ka chaotic ano, a me ka mea huli mai i ka ai-kapaia polycrystalline. Oia ke kino o isotropic.

'ano waiwai

He aha e hoʻoholo i ka mea kino ai, a me mechanical waiwai o na kino? He nui'ātoma paa ana, e like me ke 'ano o ke aniani' ole. ionic ano nā pōaka ionic paa ana, a 'o ia hoʻi i ke ala apuupuu hoʻololi mai kekahi'Ātoma i kekahi. Ma keia hihia, ke kahua o ka ikaika a me ka negatively kauoha (particles). Ionic hoopaa, ua hiki ke ike i ka mea hoʻohālike - nāʻano nona i keʻano o nā oxides a me ka paʻakai. Kekahi hiʻona o ionic nā pōaka - haʻahaʻa ka wela conductivity, akā, e me ka nui loa hoonui kona hana ana i ka wa a enaena. Ma ke aniani puka olu oia i hiki ke ike i kekahiʻano o nā lātoma i OAOOUIEeE ikaika'ātoma hoopaa.

A hailona no nā minelala hao i ke loaʻa wahi ma ke ano maoli, i ka mea pōaka 'ole. A me amorphous moku'āina o ka mea - ia mea i ke ano i loko o konaʻoe i palapala. Wale i keia hihia i ke kino o formless, akā, na nā pōaka ke lawe i ke kino o ka maikai polyhedra me ka palahalaha maka, e like me ke ano hou kupaianaha ka maikai a me ka maemae o ka puaʻa hiwa.

He aha e nā pōaka? Amorphous-mea pōaka 'ole

Ke ano o ia mau kino, ua ikaika no i haawiia mai e pili ana. No ka laʻana, he berulo mau nana, e like me ka hexagonal prism. Pana aku au i ka iki hoʻokolohua. E he uuku aniani o ka paʻakai paakai o cubic shape (bola), a waiho ia i loko o ka kūikawā pāʻoihana ua paʻa kūhohonu loa me ka nui i hiki no ka ia paakai. Over manawa, oe e hai i ke kino koe ka ia - ia hou i ke ano o ke kupa a me ka poepoe, i mea hoʻomaopop 'ana i loko o nā nā pōaka o ka paakai.

Amorphous-mea pōaka waiwai - kēia mau kino, i hiki ai ke komo nā amorphous a me ka mea pōaka kūlana. He aha e loli ai i ka mea waiwai o ia i ka 'ole? ʻano nui heʻokoʻa lākiō o nā puke a me kekahi wahi ma ka pili ana i kekahi i kekahi. Common examples o ia mau mea nā pālolo mea, porcelain, aniani pālolo. Mai ka papaʻaina i ka waiwai o ka mea me ka amorphous-mea pōaka 'ole i ka ike ia porcelain paka me ka i kā mākou pakeneka o ke aniani pae. Nā hoailona fluctuate loko o 40-60 whith pakeneka. Ka haahaa maʻiʻo ke ike ma o ka hana o ka pōhaku ninini - emi o 5 pakeneka. Ma keia hihia, o ka mea kiekie oia ka wai omo e i pālolo nā kile.

E like me ua ikeia, hanalima nā mea wela e like porcelain, pālolo pōhakuʻula, pōhaku kēia mea kūʻai, a aniani-pālolo - Ua amorphous-mea pōaka noi, no ka mea, aia no iloko olaila glassy pae ana na nā pōaka i loko o kona 'ole. It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka mea waiwai i kuokoa o ka maʻiʻo ma ke aniani pae.

amorphous ke hooheheeia

Ka hoʻohana a amorphous waiwai loa 'Imi mau hana i loko o ka' inikua kula. No ka laʻana, hoʻomaka koke anuanu maila i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ua hoʻomano hoʻohana iʻoki kino. Aie i ka mea nā Aey? Acaeoey, ua hiki ke holo i kū kaʻawale ma hope loa nā palapū na kanaka. Ka mea o ia ka waiwai o ka amorphous 'ole mea he biomaterial maikaʻi no ka implantation i loko o ka iwi. Ke kūpono kūikawā nā kui nao, papa, mākia, mākia hoʻokō i ka loa fractures. Mua, iʻoki kino no na hana i hoʻohana kila a me ka titanium. Wale ma hope ka mea i malama ia amorphous mea decompose loa lohi ma ke kino a me ka mea he mea kupaianaha hiʻonaʻo ia ka mea e hiki ai e loaa i ka iwi. A laila, i ka waiwai ua UAIAaIN ma ka iwi.

Palapala noiʻano amorphous 'ona i loko o metrology a me ka miomio mechanics

Miomio mechanics ua nānā 'ana i waho e neʻe, a no ia mea, ua kapaʻia. A oi nui kūlana ma ka hana, e like me ka pono me ka metrology, e pāʻani anaʻoi loa-kūlike loa hana ana palaoa, keia e leie aku no ka pono o ka manao maalea o amorphous puaʻa hiwa. Mahalo i ka mea pololei ana lawe mai keʻena hoʻokolohua a me ka noiʻi institutes i loko o ke kula o mechanics a me ke kālaikūlohea, he mea-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo o hou huahana, hana o ka 'epekema ike.

polymers

Kekahi laʻana o ka palapala noi o amorphous mea - i polymers. Ka mea, e lohi hoʻololi mai ka paa i ka wai, oiai ka mea pōaka polymers i ka mahele heheʻe i ka wahi, aole i mua o kekahi i hoopalupaluia, mahana. He aha ka ka physical moku'āina o amorphous polymers? Inā mau waiwai i ka haʻahaʻa wela, oe, e hai ia mea, e ia i loko o ka glassy moku'āina, a ho'āʻo i ka waiwai o ka puaʻa hiwa. Gradual paio hahana maoli nō ka poʻea pau i ka mea i na polymers hoʻomaka e hele i loko o ka moku'āina o ka mahuahua elasticity.

Amorphous mea, examples o a mākou e alakaʻi, e hoʻohana nui ma ka hana. Superelasticity moku'āina apono 'polymers somehow ino, a ua loaʻa i kēia moku'āina aie i ka māhuahua kohoʻia o nā loulou a me nā lātoma. Hou mahuahua i ana wela ke kumu na nā hoailona i ka pīlali i lilo i oi laholio waiwai. He hoʻomaka e hoʻoneʻe i loko o ka hana loli a me ka h ÷ moku'āina.

Inā e haʻalele i ke kahua me ka hooponopono ana, a 'aʻole i ole hou māhuahua ma ka wela, ua waiho olohelohe ia ka pīlali i ka make, i ka make mau loa. H ÷ moku'āina Hōʻike i nā wahi a pau o na macromolecules i loa lawe lima. A hiki aku ka mea e kahe ana pīlali lātoma, nā loulou i straightened wale, akā, i ka nui o kokoke i kekahi i kekahi. Intermolecular hopena pīlali huli i loko o ka paa mea (laholio). Oia kekahi kaʻina ua kapaia me mechanical vitrification. Kēia mea i hoʻohana 'ia no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o Film a me ka olona,.

Ma muli o ka polymers hiki ke hoʻomākaukau polyamides, polyacrylonitriles. E hana i ka pīlali ho film, ia mea pono i ka pahu i ka pīlali ma spinnerets i i ke kau-hoʻokino hamama, a, e kau ma luna o ka leki. Pela ua hanaʻia'ōpala mea, a paʻa i ka leki. Polymers pū nā likeʻole varnishes (ho okumu i ka hua ma ka ke aloha'ūheheʻe), adhesives, a me nā paʻa ana hoʻi mea a pele ahupapa me (kumu kēpau me ka filler), Ka lula ea Ke.

Noi o polymers

Kēiaʻano o amorphous waiwai ikaika infiltrated i loko o ko kakou mau ola. Ka mea i hoʻohana na wahi a pau. Mau nā:

1. Ke Kula Kaiapuni 'kumu no ka hana varnishes, adhesives, ea huahana (phenol formaldehyde kēpau).

2. elastomers a kemikala rubbers.

3. hō'īpaleʻia - PVC, a me ke kaulana ea PVC puka makani. He hoʻopale i ke ahi, e like me ka mea ua manaoia nonflammable, i ke kiʻekiʻe me mechanical ikaika a me ka hō'īpale ka waiwai.

4. Polyamide - substance ka maikaʻi ikaika, ia'ku e komo. Ua Ua wehewehe aku ma kiʻekiʻe dielectric ano.

5. Plexiglass a polymethyl methacrylate. Mākou ke pili ia i loko o ke kula o ka pou ka hana 'enekinia, a me ka hoʻohana' ana i kekahi mea no ka kūkulu.

6. Teflon, a polytetrafluoroethylene, - i ka ike insulator, a 'aʻole i ho'āʻo i ka waiwai o ka mea hoʻoheheʻeʻia i loko o ke aloha nā'uheheʻe. Ākea ka mahana huahelu, a me ka maikai dielectric waiwai ae, e hana ia e like me he hydrophobic paha Anati-kū'ēʻia.

7. Polystyrene. Kēia mea ua i paku ole ia i nāʻakika. He, like hoʻi me PTFE a me polyamide, i ke manaʻo me ka insulator. Loa mau nō e ku e ia me mechanical hopena. Polystyrene ua i hoʻohana kaiāulu. No ka laʻana, ka mea, ua pono ka me he mall a hō'īpale mea. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia ma ka uila a me ka Radio wilikî.

8. paha i ka mea maikaʻi ike pīlali no mākou - ka mea, o polyethylene. Material ho'āʻoʻia ia'ku ka wā kokoke ana iʻano pākīkē hana kūpono, ka mea, ua loa i kekahi ona mau. Inā ka AEeAaOA ua i ka polyethylene, hiki ole e makau, e deteriorate i kahi ma lalo o ka aoao o ka mea kaumaha ka ua. Polyethylene - ia mea i ka insulator. Kona hoʻohana mea nui. Mai ka mea, ua i omo 'ole, heʻano o ka pou huahana,'īpale ho film, wahī uwea kelepona a me ka mana laina, māhele no ka Radio a me na lako a pan.

9. PVC - mea he kiʻekiʻe-pīlali mea. He He He kemikala a me ka thermoplastic. Ka mea, i ka 'ole o nā lātoma a asymmetric. Ua aneane ka wai a me ka ua i ka ua e hoʻohana punching, a ma ka mōlina. Tewetewe koloriside ua loa pinepine hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka pou hana. Ke kumu no kaʻano o hō'īpale paipu a me hoses no Nine Inch hoomalu, o na pu ki mau kapa, grommets a me gaskets, uea a me ka uwea. PVC mea no hoi he hope maikaʻi no nā palapala alakai. Ua hiki ole ke hoʻohana like kiʻekiʻe-alapine (frequency) i puhi ai i dielectric. A pau ma muli o ia ka mea i loaʻa nō e kiʻekiʻe i loko o keia hihia, no ka dielectric poho hana. Ua loaʻa he kiʻekiʻe conductivity.