Analogues o penicillin. Antibiotics penicillin pūʻulu: nāʻikepili, olelo ao no ka hoʻohana

Ua weheia Penicillin analogues hou nā manawa kūpono no ka lapaau ana ma ka iapaau ana o infectious ka maʻi. Ka mea, ua oi hoʻopale i nā'ūhū o koʻohune, aʻano pākīkē 'ia o ka opu, i poʻeʻuʻukuʻaoʻao ole.

About Penicillin

Penicillins - ka mea, o ka mea kahiko ikeia antibiotics. Lakou hoike no na mea he nui? Ueony, akā, kekahi o lakou, i lilo lākou pilina aie i ka mea e kū'ē'ē mai. e hiki ke hakuloli i nā koʻohune, a lilo insensitive i ka hana o kēia mau ai '. Kēia i kānakaʻepekema, e ho okumu ana i hou ke ano o na punahelu, penicillin analogues ai hou waiwai.

Penicillins i haʻahaʻa kaʻawahia i ke kino, he hoʻomano hoʻohana a mea he anakahi maikai o bactericidal hookoia, akā, allergic reactions ia ia ua ikaika nui ae, he pono ole ma mua o kauka makemake makemake. O ke kumu ho i ka ke aloha ano o antibiotics. hiki i kekahi hopena maikaʻi ano nā pilikia i ka hoʻohuiʻia ia me nā ai ', o ka oi aku me ka like me papa.

moʻolelo

Ka mua iki i loko o ka moʻokalaleo o penicillin i wahi i ka makahiki 1963, i loko o ka puke e pili ana i 'ōiwi' Amelika lapaau ke kanaka. Ka mea, hoʻohana i ka läÿau, o fungi ma ka lāʻau lapaʻau mau hana. No ka mea manawa mua i loko o ka naʻauao ao ka mea, e hoʻokele e kiʻi Aleksandru Flemingu, akā,ʻaʻole ia i ka mea, akā, ma ka ulia, e like a pau discoveries nui.

Mamua o ke Kaua Honua II i ka microbiologists Beritania hana ma ke kahe ana o hanalima lapaau i loko o ke koi 'ia mea. Na ia mau pilikia Wehewehe i nā hāʻina i loko o laua, a ma ka United States. Mai keia wahi o ka penicillin i ka loa, he pono ole ia waiʻona. Akā, ma manawa, ua, ua hōʻike 'a synthesized i nā pūʻulu o antibiotics, i ka mea, i nā auou caiaiai ia me ka podium. Eia hou kekahi, microorganisms olalo e hōʻike hoʻopale ai i ka lāʻau, a huikau i ka iapaau ana o ka mea nā mea palahēhē.

I ka rula o ka antibacterial 'ana

Ka mea koʻohune aeea pa haku mele 'ana ka loaʻa o ka waiwai a pau i kapaia peptidoglycan. Penicillin pae o antibiotics loli i ka hoʻololi kemikala o ke kumuʻiʻo, inhibiting i ke kahua o ka mea e pono ai nā'ūhū. Ke microorganism ua make no ka mea, o ka mea hikiʻole, e update i ka halepaahao pa.

Naʻe, i kekahi koʻohune aʻoʻia, e pale aku i kēia brutal kaua. Ka mea, paka Hoʻokolohua-lactamase, a pepehi i nā nā'ūhū i aloha ia i ka peptidoglycan. E Makuakane me keia keʻakeʻa nei,ʻepekema, ua e ho okumu penicillin analogues i hiki loko a me ka Hoʻokolohua-lactamase, no hoi.

Ke kamepiula i kānaka

I ka hoʻomaka o ke au o antibiotics, kńnaka e manao ana pehea e liloʻawahia i ke kino o ke kanaka, no ka mea, aneane a pau e ola ana metry ninoieo o nā polokina. Akā, ma hope Noho i ka lawa helu o nā haʻawina i loaʻa i peptidoglycan i loko o kā mākou mau kino he mea uuku, a nolaila, i kekahi mea ino i ka lāʻau 'ke ole.

I ka pae o ka hana

Kokoke pau keia ano o penicillins hana ma gram-maikaʻi koʻohune genus Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium diphtheria, a me ka ahulau pathogen. Nō hoʻi, i loko o kā lākou pae o ka ha awina nā mea a pau gram-io microorganisms, gonococci a me ka meningococci, anaerobic ua mau laau la, a hiki i kekahi mau fungi (e laʻa me, Actinomyces).

ʻepekema invent hou ke ano o na penicillin, ho'āʻo ana e pale aku koʻohune noho hoʻohana 'ana i kā lākou mau bactericidal waiwai, akā, no ka iapaau ana o nosocomial nā mea palahēhē , keia pae o ka ai' mea hou pono. Kekahi o ka hopena maikaʻi 'ano o kēia' ano o nā antibiotics - koʻohune overgrowth, e like me ka kanaka liʻiliʻi ua panalāʻau e koʻohune ikepili koʻikoʻi i ka penicillin. He mea waiwai ka hoomanao ana i ka wā i lawe ka lapaʻauʻia.

O ka papa kuhikuhi ano (Mea Maluna)

Hoikehonua,ʻepekema kaumaha laekahi penicillins mahele i loko o eha pūʻulu:

1. Natural, a i synthesized e fungi. Mau nā benzilpenitsilliny a me nā kauka niho. Mau ai 'i kekahi wahi paiki pae o ka haʻawina,ʻano nui e ku e ia Gram-io koʻohune.
2. Semisynthetic hoomakaukau me ia'ku i penicillinases. Ka mea, i hoʻohana 'ia e hana i ka laulā pae o pathogens. Poeikohoia methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin.
3. Karboksipenitsilliny (karbpenitsillin).
4. ai 'hui me ka laulā huahelu o ka hana:
   - ureidopenitsilliny;
   - amidopenitsilliny.

biosynthetic palapala

No ka laʻana e alakai i kekahi o ka loa hanohano ma ka manawa o ka laau lapaau i like i ka pae. Loa paha mai ka pennitsilinov kaulana hiki ke noonoo "Bitsillin-3" a me "5-Bitsillin". Ka mea, ua loaa i ka pae ana o maoli antibiotics, a ua lilo i ka luna i loko o kona waeʻano, uaʻaʻole iʻikeʻia oi lea i ano o antimicrobial ai '.

1. "Ekstentsillin". Na Ke Kumu no ka ho ohana i hākālia nō i ia mea he Hoʻokolohua-lactam antibiotic o ka, ua kīkoʻo akula 'ana. Nāʻikepili no kā lākou hana e huʻi rheumatic maʻi a me ka mai, kena ae la ia e treponema (syphilis, yaws a me pint). Available i ka pauka. "Ekstentsillin" manual 'aʻole i waiho aku i ka hoʻohui pū' ia me ka ole-steroidal Anati-hoʻoʻino ai '(NSAIDs), no ka mea, he mea hiki ia hoʻok & AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. Kēia ke kūlana maikaʻiʻole i ka hopenaʻoi loa o ka nohoʻana.
2. "Penicillin-Fau" pili i ka penicillin pae. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka lapaau ana i infectious maʻi o mauka naehana'āpana,ʻili a me ka mucous membranes, gonorrhea, syphilis, tetanus. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia me ke kāohi ana ma hope oʻoki kino, e malama i ke kala rumatika, nīnūnē chorea, mea koʻohune endocarditis.
3. Antibiotic "puʻupuʻu" mea he Analog o ka māhele ma mua o la hoomalolo. Ua hele mai i loko o ka palapala o ka papa a me granules. 'Aʻole i paipai hui me NSAIDs a me ka moʻolelo contraceptives. Pinepine hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka iapaau ana o ka noho' ana kamaliʻi mai.

semisynthetic palapala

Kēia pūʻulu o ai 'nā chemically Hoʻololi' antibiotics loko mai o ka hopena he.

1. Ka mea mua e ku nei i loko o ka papa inoa "Amoxicillin". Na Ke Kumu no ka hoʻohana (ke kumukuai - e pili ana i ka haneri rubles) Hōʻike i ka lāʻau i ka palahalaha pae o ka ha awina, a ua hoʻohana 'ia ma ka mea koʻohune nā mea palahēhēʻaneʻane kekahi wahi. Kona pono o ia mea, i ka pilina paʻa i loko o kaʻakika 'ia o ka opu, a ma hope o omo i loko o ke koko lehulehu, uaʻoi kona kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ia o nā lālā' ē aʻe o kēia pae. Akā, mai idealize i ka "Amoxicillin". Na Ke Kumu no ka hoʻohana (ke kumukuai ma kekahi mau wahi e ĸokoĸa ana nä pane) ao mai ia e ole ka lāʻau e hoakaka ia i nā mea maʻi me ka mononucleosis, allergies a me ka hapai wahine. Lōʻihi-ʻia hoʻohana mea hiki ole no i ka nui nui o kaʻaoʻao reactions.
2. Oxacillin paʻakai paakai ua häʻawi mai ka wā o nā koʻohune paka penicillinase. Ka lāʻau 'Uaʻakika, ka mea hiki ke lawe hōʻike waha, ka mea, ua pono ke kemu i loko o ka naʻau liʻiliʻi. He ua hoʻomaka koke excreted ma nā puʻupaʻa, nolaila, ia mea e pono ai i mau malama i ka makemake lehulehu i loko o ke koko. Na wale contraindication - he allergic NaI. Ua ua hua mai i loko o ka palapala o ka papa a hue like me ka wai no ka pahu kui.
3. Ka hope Luna o semisynthetic penicillins - ka ampicillin trihydrate. Na Ke Kumu no ka hoʻohana (papa) Hōʻike i ka mea loaʻa he ākea pae o ka hana, me ka hoohuoi ana nā gram-io a me ka gram-maikaʻi koʻohune. Ua pono tolerated e hoʻomanawanui iki mai, akā, e hāʻawiʻia mai i ka ka poe i lawe anticoagulants (e like, kanaka me kāna hana o ka mea'ōnaehana mānowai koko'ōnaehana), e like me ka lāʻau potentiates kona hana a mālama nui.

'ūheheʻe

e kuai lilo aku la Penicillins ma keʻena kūʻai lāʻau lapaʻau like me ka lepo no ka pahu kui. No laila, no ka intravenous paha intramuscular hooponopono, ka mea pono e ia ka pono i loko o ka wai. Ma kekahi wahi lulu 'ia i ke hoʻohana helelei i ka wai no ka pahu kui, isotonic paʻakai koloriside pāʻoihana a novocaine mau-pakeneka. Ua pono e hoomanao i ka'ūheheʻe eʻaʻole eʻoi aku ka mahana.

Nāʻikepili, contraindications a me kaʻaoʻao mau waiwai

ʻO nāʻikepili no ka antibiotic lapaʻau mea diagnoses: lobar a me lobular pneumonia, empyema, sepsis a me ka septicemia, mea koʻohune endocarditis, meningitis, osteomyelitis. I ka haule hana mea koʻohune tonsillitis, diphtheria, heʻulaʻula kuni, anthrax, gonorrhea, syphilis, purulentʻili nā mea palahēhē.

Contraindications i ka lapaau ana i ka penicillin pae i ka pihoihoi. Mua, i ke alo o ka hypersensitivity i ka lāʻau a me kona nā mea loaʻa. ʻO ka lua, e kukulu i kaʻike, o ka epilepsy, aʻo ka mea hiki ole ke hoʻolauna i ka lāʻau i loko o ka spinal kolamu. Like no ka hāpai keiki, a lactation, ma keia hihia ke kakali ana i pōmaikaʻi pono kekahi oi aku i ka hiki ka pilikia, no ka mea, ka mea placental ke'ākeʻakeʻa mea permeable i penicillins. Iloko o ke? Eaia, ke keiki lapaʻau i ka hulina i hoolilo i kekahiʻaoʻao o ka ai ana, mai ka lāʻau i loko o ka waiū.

ʻaoʻao waiwai kānāwai ma kekahi mau pae.

CNSʻaoʻao waiwai hiki e nausea, ka luaʻi, irritability, meningismus, convulsions a hiki coma. Allergic reactions i hoikeia mai e like me ka ili lesions, kuni, oleloʻeha a me ka nani. A ua noho hihia o anaphylactic hawewe a me ka make. No ka mea, o ka hiki bactericidal hana vaginal candidiasis a me ka moʻolelo a me ka dysbacteriosis.

hana hiʻona

Kaiapuni Pono e hāʻawiʻia i nā mea maʻi me ka hihia hoʻi hepatic a me kaʻaʻa puʻuwai kuleana pili i ka wā hoʻouka kekahi naʻau ole. Ia mea,ʻaʻole e pono e waiho aku i ka hoʻohana 'ana o kanaka, ka poe i prone i allergic reactions, e like me ka poe i ka heightened pā lonoaʻili i ka cephalosporins.

Inā lāʻelima ma hope o ka hoʻomaka 'ana o ka Inc mea ole loli i loko o ka hoʻomanawanui ka ke ano i ole e hele mai, laila penicillin analogues e e hoʻohana' ana i kekahi e puku i antibiotics pae. Ka poʻe me ka manawa i oleloia ai, no ka mea hoike, i ka waiwai "Bitsillin-3", e pono e lawe mālama i Kāohiʻana o fungal superinfection. E hana i kēia, kākau mai antifungals.

Mau hea hana hōʻikeʻano e wehewehe i ka hoʻomanawanui i ka lawe ana i ka ka lapaʻauʻia me ka haʻahaʻa ka kumu kūkākūkā hou ia'ku microorganisms. A me ka lanakila ia e pono ai oi ikaika ai 'i i loaʻaoʻao ole.

Ua lilo paʻa mau i loko o kēia lāʻau Penicillin analogues. 'Aʻole nō naʻe ka mea, o ka mea mua hamama pūʻulu o antibiotics, ia nō koe pili no ka iapaau ana o ka meningitis, gonorrhea a me ka syphilis, i ka i lawa palahalaha pae o ka hana a me ka mehanaʻaoʻao waiwai, no laila ka mea, hiki ke hoʻohana' ia i loko o nā keiki. O ka holo ana, like me kekahi ka lapaʻauʻia, ma ka penicillins i contraindications a me kaʻaoʻao waiwai, akā, ka mea i offset e uku no ka palapala noi.