Biosphere: na palena o ka biosphere. I ka haku mele 'ana o ka biosphere, a me ka mokuna. Ka luna palena o ka biosphere

Ke biosphere Ua manaoia e ia i ka iwi o ka Honua, i noho ma ka noho meaola i 'Imi hoʻololi ia, ma kona ola.

Mōʻaukala o ke ao

I ka manaʻo o ka biosphere like me ka wahi ola i komo i loko o 'epekema Zhan Batist De Lamarck i loko o ka hapa mua o ka XIX kenekulia. Ua i ka mea i hele mai hea ka mea i kona hoomaopopo ana. Akā, i ka manawa i dala e'Aukekulia nä känaka 'epekema Edward Suess. He hana ia ma ke kahua o ka geology a me ka biosphere maopopo ma ka totality o nā meaola. Ano, ua ano maopopo o ka makahiki "Biota". Suess hooku iho la ia i kona kuhiakau, a noiʻi i nā hualoaʻa ma ka hoonoho kaulana "Ka Recycle o ka Honua", a wehewehe i ka geology o ka Alpino.

ʻO kēia manaʻo o ka biosphere ua kālaiʻia Lūkini nä känaka 'epekema geochemist ka mea he encyclopedic ike i loko o na kihapai o ka' epekema - Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky. E like me ke Kumu o ka mineralogy ma Moscow University, lilo 'o ia i ka mea kākau o ka "Biosphere" nui ka hana, paʻi i ka 1926. Ua ua i loko o kēia hana, alaila, haawi mai i ka mua piha ka wehewehena o keia makahiki.

V. Vernadsky pono i manaoio aku i ka biosphere - mea he nui concentric wahi o ka Honua, a Radio ke kūlana o ka papa kuhikuhiE kemikala ikaika. Penei, ia mea he wa kahi ola ole ma ka manawa a mau loa ola, i ka mea, no ka mea biosphere ua wehewehe aku ma ke alo o ka meaola ola a me kā lākou mau metabolic huahana.

Nā 'ano o ka' ona i loko o ka biosphere

V. I. Vernadsky distinguishes kekahi mauʻano o ka mea i lilo i kumu o ke biosphere.

1. Nae i ka waiwai e noho ana, a ua hanaʻia ia e kekahi lākou o nā meaola.
2. Ka mahuaola i ua hana i, a ma hope o ka ha awina o meaola koe. Ua mea e pili ana i ka lewa kinoea, lanahu, ka aila, a no laila, ma luna o.
3. Inert mea i hanaʻia me ka piʻiʻana o ka meaola.
4. Bioinert waiwai - ka hui mai ana o ka ha awina o ka meaola i loko o ka huipūʻana me ka abiogenic keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

biosphere palena e hooponoponoia ia mea, ma ka like ana me ke alo o ka luna ai iiiaanoaa o 'ona i loko o ka honua leho.

E noho nei mea i loko o ka biosphere

Ka mea, ua maopopo ke hoomau aku i ka hoʻokumu paʻa ikehu keʻano o ka hanaʻana a me ka kemikala honua me ka obligatory komo o ke ola mea. V. I. Vernadsky ua kālaiʻia i ka manaʻo o ia. Ola mea - a pau e ola ana meaola nei i ka manawa, he hookahi kau o eiiiiiaiou, a ua hoikeia ma ka elemental Nine Inch haku mele 'ana, ke kaupaona a me ka ikehu.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE waiwai o ola mea o kona ha awina no a hiki i ka pilina a me ka papa ikaika aku nutrient pele. Ke kahawai i hanaʻia i hanu, no kou kino, nā'ōlelo. Ma kēia pōʻaiapili, i ka nui mana o ka meaola hiki ke noʻonoʻo me ka ikaika planetary 'ā ina ano o ke kaʻina hana.

Paʻa Polenekia o Nine Inch oihana mua ma waena o ka meaola a me ke kaiapuni i loko o nāʻaoʻao noke. Manaʻo o kēia kaʻina mea hiki i ke aloha a hiki i ke koke o ka haʻahaʻa Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o ka meaola i ka Nine Inch haku mele' ana o ko ka Honua ka pńpa.

Mea kanu e hali ana i kāʻamaʻai, ma ka biosphere ho okumu ana i luna 'ke aloha nā lātoma me ka nui lako hou o ka ikehu. Pela, ke ola mea accumulates a transforms nā i ka ikehu radiant o ka la. Hele a ikehu ua i hiki no i ka mea mau ulu a me ka ulu ana. Speed nā'ōlelo, e like me ka pono manaoia V. I. Vernadsky, o ka uku ma i ikehu ua hoololiia no ka kemikala biosphere.

palena

Part o ka biosphere, ma i loaʻa Ke ola meaola, kapa neobiosferoy. Ma na olelo e ae, o kēia au. A me ka makahiki i ua hale a hiki i ka meaola kahiko ka paleobiosfery.

Ka huina nui o Geosphere Honua mea ma kahi o 2420 ieeeea? Tons. Kēia waiwai He 200 manawa ka hū o ka lewa. Pela, ua hiki ke manao nei makou, o ka poe e ola ana mea, ahu iho i loko o ka huina nui Geospheres negligible.

Ka laulā a me ka unahiʻole, i ka Loaʻaʻia adaptability o ka meaola i "vsyudnost ola." E noho nei mea i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka noho i loko o nā kai, a me ka moana, alaila, E ke kumu ma ka aina. E like me ka Vernadsky, ka haku mele 'ana a me ka palena o ka biosphere e hoʻololi manawa.

It E e kaulana ia, e like me ka ano honua kahi leho hiki ke lawe wale biosphere luna '. Ua hanaʻia ka hana o ka "uhi" o kaʻahahui ola, a me ka mea i ka kaianoho koholā o ka ai iiiaanoaa o meaola, a e like me kanaka.

biosphere palena hoakakaia penei. Ua maupaʻa i ka lalo ka lewa ciia, ka luna ciia o ka lithosphere a me nā mea a pau hydrosphere. A me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lewa, wehewehe aku e anu, haʻahaʻa ka puʻuwai, a me ka hohonu o ka moana, i ka puʻe o a hiki e mai i ka 12.000 me ka lewa, - a pau i kēia biosphere. Nā mokuna o ka biosphere no laila, akea no ka mea, o ka loa laulā huahelu o ka mahana ioeeiiaiey o meaola.

It E ke kaulana i loaʻa nā koʻohune i hiki nei i loko o vacuo. Palena a hiki i ka Nine Inch olelo o ka hoʻololiʻana i kekahi loa pālahalaha. Ka oiaio o ke ola ana o ka meaola, no ka laʻana, ma lalo o ka ikaika ole o ionizing pāhawewe. Haʻawina hōʻike i kekahi? Ueo i ai Hardy a ia ma luna o kekahi mau ana hoʻohālike e hiki ka mea, a hiki ma waho o ka biosphere.

Ma waho aʻeo ia mau kumu rula, i ke ola o ka meaola aie a hiki i ka kūpaʻa o kaʻikena biogenic nā'ātoma.

Ka luna palena o ka biosphere

nei ma kekahi mau wahi kiʻekiʻe a pau i loko o nā wahi likeʻole o ke ao nei ola i loko o ka lewa. I mau mea o ke kūkulu hema, a North auamo, ua nui ka 8-10 ei, kokoke i ka equator - 17-18 ei, ma nā mea a pau nā wahi - 20-25 ei. Pela, ua piha ola me wale i ka troposphere - ka malalo o ka lewa

Ke physical kali kūkākūkā o ke ola i loko o ka lewa mea ma ka haahaa palena o ka'okikene kolu, ahu iho.

hydrosphere

Hydrosphere hoʻokumu moana, kai, ic ??, muliwai a me ka hau. Ma nā wahi hohonu o ke ola. Ke uie kekahi hapanui hewahewa o ola meaola noho ili papa a me ka Hawaiian. Akā, a hiki ma ka hohonu o ka 11.022 mika, ka hohonu kaumaha o ka moana (Maria), he mau poʻe e noho ana. Neobiosfera pū nā sediments i lakou no ka home i na mea kahiko.

Ka haahaa palena o ka biosphere

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ka lithosphere, ka lepo, o ka papa, o ka loa populous o kona wahi moe, akā, i kekahi i ke ola ana o ke ola ka nui malalo ia - ka hola 6-7 mau kilomika lola honua. Keia pili, ma luna o nā mea a pau, hohonu ka māwae, a me na lua.

Meaola noho i ka biosphere

Ola meaola e māheleʻia i loko o nā pūʻulu, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka ano o ka hana i ka ikehu e pono ai no ke ola: autotrophic a me ka heterotrophic. Ke kaianoho koholā o nā pūʻulu o ka Biosphere. biosphere palena i ho'ākāka 'ia ma kā lākou o ka makana.

Me ka Poeikohoia o autotrophic meaola i loko o kā lākouʻai ua ole i kekahi'ē aʻe mea ola hou pili. Ua pono ia i ka lń a me ka ikaika o Nine Inch paa ana o'okanikaʻole i huiʻia. A laila, a me ka mea e hiki ke hoʻohana i ka mana kahi, oiai e loaa ka mana ka mea, mai ka mea pōhaku waiwai.

Autotrophs i maheleia i mau subgroups. It phototrophs (uliuli) a me ka chemotroph (koʻohune). Ka mea hiki ke ola ana wale nō i loko o ka anal o Map mua. Akā, lua, ma o ka hoʻohana 'ana o Nine Inch i huiʻia o ka ke aloha ano like me ka mana kahi, ka mea mea mea' ē aʻe, he pono ole.

Heterotrophs ku e, e like me ka kumu o ka ikehu ka mana koi 'ia ke aloha waiwai i lawe ia e nā meaola a. Ia mea, me ka autotrophs ka ka mua hana i ko lakou ola makemake e hiki ole. Animals a me kanaka, e like me ka noho ana o ka biosphere, e heterotrophic meaola.

"Film o Life"

Ke unevenness o ka puunaue ana o ke ola - keia mea kekahi o ka nui hiʻona, a ua wehewehe aku ma ka biosphere. Nā mokuna o ka biosphere i ka haahaa pa apŘ o ke ola. Loa i malama ma ka huina o nā habitats. I mau, i ka puunaue ana o ke ola i loko o ka biosphere mea dramatically haoʻa. V. I. Vernadsky hoʻolauna i ka makahiki "ho film o ke ola" e wehewehe i me ke kōkua o nā loa densely nń wahi pa o ka biosphere. E leka pepa palena "lepo-ea." - ka mea, o ka mua o kēia mau Film, kona mānoanoa mea e pili ana i 2 i 3 knm ua poe ma ka lua o ka hui 'ciia "ea-i-lepo" -pribrezhnaya loloa, a me ka upwelling ciia. Ke kolu o ka ciia ua poe euphotic Ocean (200 m), m. E. Free anal āpana o ka poe Ray.

Pela, ke ola e hoano hou ana "i ka ili o ka honua," ua inextricably ua hoʻopili i ka manaʻo o "biosphere". Nā mokuna o ka biosphere - ka mokuna ola.

Māhele-ooieoeiiaeuiiai hui - heʻano papa hana e hōʻoia 'ia ai "o ka' ā ina makahiki o nā mea a pau e noho ana." Man, like me ka noho ana o ka biosphere, a me nā heterotrophic meaola mea he pololei aku i komo i loko o ka ikehu kalapona e kākoʻo ola ma ka Honua.