He aha ka allotropy? allotrope o kalapona, kemika

Kumuʻano o ke aloha i huiʻia - ka hiki e lilo kekahi kalapona nā'ātoma kaulahao a me nā pōʻaiapuni i interconnected. Ia mea i ka kŰia o ka isomerism. A me ke kumu no keʻano o ka poe noonoo ole 'okanikaʻole waiwai? Ua huli mai ia oe ke pane i kēia nīnau ma ka noʻonoʻo 'ana i mea allotropy. He me keia kŰia maoli i loko o ke ao nei o Nine Inch hehee wale paa ai i ke ola ana o kekahi mau ano o ka poe noonoo ole i huiʻia.

He aha ka allotropy?

Pane i keia ninau hiki ia pela. O kŰia ke ola ana o ka ia Nine Inch hehee ai i loko o ka palapala o kekahi mau mea waiwai. Ia mea, ina o ka halepaahao 118 i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina, ka mea, 'aʻole i manaʻo i ka mea hookahi helu o nā'ātoma ma ka ano. Kēlā me kēia o nā kumu mua (aneane pau) i hoʻokahi a oiʻano likeʻole, a me ka hoʻololi 'ana allotropic.

He aha kaʻokoʻa o ia waiwai? Ke kumu no ka kŰia ma ka ninau e holo nōhie elua:

• heʻokoʻa ka helu o nā'ātoma i loko o ka lātoma (allotropy haku mele 'ana);
• kaiʻewaʻewa puka olu oia i 'ole (allotropy palapala).

Pinepine i ka manaʻo ua pili i ka makahiki polymorphism. Eia naʻe, aia no he like ma waena o lākou. He aha ka allotropy? Keia hooponopono hou ana o ka Nine Inch hehee wale i loko o kekahi mea waiwai, nānā 'ole no paha ia mea i loko o kekahi moku'āina o aggregation. Ia polymorphism - kēia manaʻo mea pili wale i ka paa mea pōaka waiwai.

Ke Kula Kaiapuni ' allotropic ka hoʻololi' ana i huiʻia ana denoted ma Roma palapala mua o ka inoa. Alpha ua mau waiho i loko o ke alo o ka palapala, a i ka palena iki mahele heheʻe i ka mahana o ka baila aʻela i. No hoi ia i ka'ōlelo Hawaiʻi a me ka mahuahua ma ka hana ana, niioaaonoaaiii.

ʻOiai ka Nine Inch hehee ai i loko o ke kumu o ka poe noonoo ole waiwai ka ia, ka hoʻololi 'ana ka waiwai me ka nui loa okoa mai kekahi i kekahi, a me na kino a me ka Nine Inch. Ke easiest ala, e hana i ka allotropic pepa:

• ole-ke hooheheeia (koe wale no ka halogens a me inert kinoea);
• semimetals.

Ka liʻiliʻi loa allotropy ke hooheheeia? Anoee mai ka mea i hana i ka reluctant ia ka hoʻololi 'ana a me ka ole a pau. Ka huina i ka lā ma laila, he oi aku 400 kekahi mau ano o ka poe noonoo ole 'ona. Ka hou'okesaside ano o ka hehee ai, ka nui i ka helu o ka ike allotropic ka hoʻololi 'ana i ka ia.

kalapona ka hoʻololi 'ana

allotrope o ka kalapona - o ka loa, he pono ole, a ma ko kumu hoʻohālike ka hōʻikeʻana i ka kŰia ma ka nīnau. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ua hehee ai ka hiki ke ho okumu i kekahi mauʻano o ka hui okoa aniani puka olu oia i 'ole. Ma kēia kiʻi o ka poe noonoo ole waiwai ia Polar e ku pono ana i loko o kā lākou waiwai i olelo i koe, e kahaha no ke ano.

Penei, he allotrope o kalapona ka loaʻa o ka hope o ka hoʻololi 'ana.

1. He aha mea he allotrope o ke kalapona, hiki ke Hahai I, a ma hope kona helehelena, i mea fundamentally okoa mai ka mua kekahi. Kēia graphite. Loa palupalu waiwai, i hiki flake aku eaaei, a haʻalele i ka kiʻiona hoailona ma luna o ka pepa. Nolaila, kona hoʻohana no ka hana ana i mea e paʻa ai, he poe noonoo ole peni. Ke 'ole o kēia palapala - ka hexagonal pona. Pili 'o Randy ma waena o papa i nawaliwali, hoopuni haehaeia, haʻahaʻa nuʻa mea. Graphite ua hoʻohana 'ia e paka kemikala diamonds like me ka paa lubricant, no ka hana ana o nā uila aʻa lolo me Ka lula ea Ke filler, a ma nukelea reactors.
2. Fullerenes - kekahi maopopo i loaʻa allotropy. Kemika o kēia hui, ua like no ia o ka onaona hydrocarbons. No ka mea, o ko lakou kanu'ōiwi nā mea convex paʻa polyhedra, ua like no me ka Hui Pōwāwae mea poepoe. Fullerenes i pili e like me ka mea uholo uila ma ke akamai i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o superconducting i huiʻia me photoresist a me na mea e ae.
3. Lonsdalite tserafit a - elua hou mea pōaka allotropic nā loli o ke kalapona. Ua Ua ike kŘpa nei. Ma ka waiwai mea i like loa ke daimana, i ka wa e kaawale aku o impurities hiki e i ka paʻakikī i kekahi mau manawa.
4. Lanahu a me ka pouli - allotropy amorphous waiwai. Hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka wahie, lubricants, kānana, a no laila, ma luna o. E like me ka maʻiʻo ma ke 'ano o ka loa, he pono ole o na ka hoʻololi' ana a pau o ka kalapona.

daimana

Ka hardest o nā waiwaiʻike i ka lā, oaeuiinoe ma 10 heluʻai ma luna o ka Mohs me ka unahiʻole. Ka mea pōaka palapala o ka kalapona, i 'ole mea o ka palapala pono interconnected tetrahedral mea ulana pukapuka, ē aʻei kūpono.

Diamond Ua loa pono hiki ke hoopuehu malamalama, ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana i jewelery (diamonds). Manawa i kona lōʻihi paakiki, ua hoʻohana 'ia no ke kalai a me ka kuʻihao,ʻeli, anaiia, a me ka wili. I keia la a hemo ka? Iecaianoaaiiie oʻimi hoʻopunipuni diamonds ia ma ka hana.

'ē aʻe? ueo

Nō hoʻi, ma laila i kekahi mauʻano likeʻole o kēia hehee ai:

• nanotubes;
• nanofoam;
• Astrolite;
• nanofibers;
• glassy;
• graphite;
• carbine;
• nanobuds.

Paha, akā, putative ano o ke ola o ka poe noonoo ole kalapona i huiʻia: chaoit, kalapona a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia dicarbon.

ka oxygen allotropy

Kēiaʻano a mau nonmetal alodio waiwai:

• oxygen ma kinoea (ma ka maʻamau rula), i ka haʻilula o i O _2;
• 'okikene kolu kinoea, ka empirical haku mele 'ana o ka i noʻonoʻo O _3.

Ka mea, ua maopopo iʻaneʻi o ka kekahi kumu nui no ke ola ana o ka hoʻololi 'ana - ka lātoma. Normal oxygen ma - ke kumu o ke ola no nā mea ola (koe wale no ka anaerobic koʻohune). He mea heʻeleu aku i komo i loko o ke kinoea kuai, i ke kumu o ka ikaika no a pau ke ola keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Chemically - oxidant, a ma ka ai iiiaanoaa o reactions ua lawe mai.

'okikene kolu ua hana ma ka 'ano' ole kūikawā keʻena hoʻokolohua lako a ozonizers oxygen ma ka lewa ma ka ikaika uila hookuuia. Ma maoli rula - ka mea, Aloha ka uila. Ma haʻahaʻa nā hoʻohui like o ka kumumea ia mai he maikaʻiʻala hawaiian (ma hope o ka makani ino mau manao i loko o ka lewa). He He loa ikaika oxidant, Hekikai, chemicallyʻeleu.

phosphorus nā loli

Allotropy oxygen ma ka like i ka mea o ka phosphorus a. Ua hoi mai ma kahi o 11 kekahi mau OEeAAaO pu ole, ka helu o nā'ātoma i loko o ka lātoma, a nolaila, he Nine Inch mea paa a me ka waiwai. Aia he ekolu i ka pilina paʻa ano, a me ke koena, ma ka ano kokoke aʻole i hoʻomaka ai, a me ka popopo.

1. White phosphorus. It haʻilula F _4. A substance ua like no me keʻokeʻo pahee paraffin a iki yellowish waihoʻoluʻu. He oluolu e maule, haliu ae la ia i ka mea awaawa make, kinoea.
2. Red phosphorus - he kāpili ma luna, a ua loaa heʻawaʻawa loa ala. Haʻilula - P _n. Kēia pīlali 'ole.
3. Black phosphorus - oily i ka hoʻopā kaumaha, i meaʻeleʻele ma ka waihoʻoluʻu a pau loa ia wailana i loko o ka wai.

mea hiki ke hooheheeia nā loli

He aha ka allotropy ke hooheheeia, hiki ke loaʻa ma ke kumu o ka hao. Ua i koe i loko o ka palapala o:

• alpha;
• Hoʻokolohua;
• gamma;
• sigma shape.

Kēlā me kēia i kekahi, mai ka mua 'ole o ke aniani puka olu oia, a, me ka, waiwai. No ka laʻana, alpha-palapala - ferromagnetichna a me ka Hoʻokolohua -paramagnetik.

Nui, a pau ke hooheheeia ikeia mai allotropic nā loli i ka lilo i ka huina o 27 Nine Inch hehee wale.

piuta allotropy

Mea i loko o ia ka Alpha-palapala - he oho he lepo lā, a koe wale nō ma haʻahaʻa mahana. Hoʻokolohua-palapala, ma ka kekahi lima, mea hiki ke hooheheeia, silvery-keʻokeʻo, a me ka pahee ductile. Aia mea ma kiʻekiʻe wela hana - mai i 161 ° ^C. One palapala ua hoʻololi 'ia no kekahi ma vivo, ina degere kulu.