Hoomalu o Pskov: papa o hostilities, a me nā hopena

Ka Livonian War (1558-1583) - i ka nui loa kekahi hanana no ka akau aina o Rusia, a me ka nui o ka hoomalu ana o Pskov no ka oihana koa mōʻaukala. Ke aupuni ua i ke kaua no ka lahui kalepa? Ooia, a komo i ka Baltic e kū'ē i ka Livonian Papa. Russian mua pōmaikaʻi - he holomua kūpono 'ma ka hikina hapa o ka aina Livonian pau i loko o ka lanakila. Akā, ma hope o ka'opi o ka Papa i ka 1561, ua komo aku la na hoalauna kaua, he, iini iho la e lawe i ka apana o ka uhaʻi aina. Rusia i ke kaua me Lithuania, Poland a me Kuekene.

'ōlohe wiwo Pskov

I ka lā mua o ka Livonian War Pskov la oia iʻeleu loa i loko o ia: ia i kekahi poe koa Ivana Groznogo i loko o ka hooilo 1558, a ma ka mea ia manawa na kanaka o Pskov, alai ae e Prince Shuisky hui keia kai eʻe. Pskov iho ua i e hiki mai, akā, i ka 1559 na kēia kanaka Kelemānia luku i ke kaiāulu o Red a me Sebezh mau rebuffed. A laila, Lithuanians kaua akula i kokoke i ke kulanakauhale, holoʻokoʻa ana a ke ahi na mea a pau i loko o lākou ke alanui, ka mea, ua i kuʻi 'ano koke, akā, hoi aku la i ka 1569, a i ke kulanakauhale o Izborsk.

Auamo alai ae e King Stefan Batory i ka 1579-ka m i Polotsk, a me ka makahiki ma hope kaua akula i ka Pskov a me Novgorod aina. Lūkini hao wale Ke oleʻike piʻi i ka mea maikaʻi o nā manawa, Batory a me ka mea, ua 'ike nui, akā, no ka mea, ma kā lākou i nāʻelele koi ia Poland, a Livonia maoli Lūkini aina pu me Pskov, Novgorod a me Smolensk. Maoli ai, Ivan Grozny ia ia ke hana i ole e hele, a ma ke kauwela o 1580 ka Polish kaua i hele mai i ke kakaka Nui. Nā kānaka o keia kulanakauhale nui, hiki ole ke ku imua o ka poe koa ikaika, a no ia mea, puhi iho Posada, a i puʻuhonua i loko o ka pā kaua o nā mea a pau. Ka mea, hōʻole e haawi. Nā koa he kaiʻewaʻewa, ua hoʻopioʻia ke kūlanakauhale, i nā mea a pau make.

Batory hele i Pskov

I ka 1581 i ka poe kaua aliʻi o Poland hele i Pskov. Inā Batory e hoʻokele i hoʻopio i kēia kūlanakauhale, paha, Ivan Grozny i haʻakoiʻia e pili ana i ka poe pono ole ia ke ao nei i, a me ka haawi aku i na Lūkini aina akau-komohana. Akā, i ka hoomalu ana o Pskov i wahi. Mau kāʻeʻaʻeʻa hanana, ua ike mai hoike lehulehu, mai nā kaua aoao elua. Description o ka hanana e like me ka hoomalu ana o Pskov, hiki ole kāpae'ōlelo i ke aliʻi o ka kakauolelo Stanislaw Piotrowski, ka mea i mālama i ka diary, hōʻike no i au mamuli lā o ka hoʻopuniʻana kēlā me kēia. He kanakolu pule ku i ka defenders o ke kulanakauhale i ka poe Polish koa, i ua ka piena o makani ino mai ai i ka pakaua, ua ho'āʻo ana e eli i lalo ka pā o ka piʻi aʻela i luna, i ka i kekahi mea betrayal. Ua ua mea a pau ma ka makehewa. Pskov pale ma Ivan ka 4 ku paa.

ʻO ka wā Batory manao, e lawe Pechora pā, ke ho'āʻo pilikia. na defenders i make. A laila, heleʻo ia ma luna paha, e like me ka kaua wili i ka oopa, a me ka poʻe koa ua māluhiluhi. January 1582 i ka manawa o ka hōʻailona o ka truce no elima makahiki, ma a Bathory hoole loiloi mua mau manao, a hoi aku la i ke pio Lūkini kulanakauhale. Pskov Pale Kaua 4 ia Ivan i hiki ke hoola i ka poʻe komohewa, mai ko lakou mau aina, i ka mea - i ua hookoeia mai, a me ka mea kahiko Lūkini mokuna. I ka hoomaka ana o ka makahiki kenekulia i ka lua o ka pale o Pskov. Ka hoa paio i kēia manawa ua okoa, a me ka ho'ōla, a hoopakele ae o ka aina Lūkini - ke ia kulanakauhale, nurture meʻe. Ke hoopuni mua i ao mai ai i kanaka. Ano, ua hiki ke pale aku i wale akā, no hoi, e hoouka aku ia lakou. A lōʻihi a me ka pilikia wā o ka haole 'uao i pau i loko o ka lanakila no ka paakiki, a koa hoʻi Lūkini kanaka. I ka 1611, ua pio ke kulanakauhale o Staraya Russa, Ladoga, Novgorod, Gdov, Porkhov a me ka Swedes Kuekene King Gustavus Adolphus hoʻoholo ihola i ka'ōlohe wiwo hoomalu o Pskov i loko o ka hala. Eia naʻe,ʻo ia miscalculated.

Swedes

Na Swedes ho'āʻo e lawe Pskov i ka hoʻomaka o ka 1615, ua hahauʻia, a ma ke kauwela houluulu i ka poe koa nunui ma lalo o ka mana o General Horn, a hoʻopuni ihola lākou i ke kūlanakauhale hou. Ke alii, hele mai e ike pehea ka Pskov, e hina ia. Akā, defenders o ke kulanakauhale makemake e haʻaheo ana iho ua hele aku la Ivan Grozny. Hoomalu o Pskov, ma kaʻenemi ua nui ka ikaika ma mua o kaʻauamo, a me ka Livonian naita i kēia manawa, i nā mea a pau i paa i hana i manaʻo mai, ho'āhewa wale he IeAUPIIe, IAa IO ka hoʻokō. Kuekene hao wale hoopio Snetogorsky hoailona , a noho ma laila. Literally ka ia lā i ka noho o Pskov i ka sortie a hanaia mai nui poino, a hiki i i ola General Horn. makau o ia ka hoʻokō 'ole' ke alii ua, a hoʻoholo i ka mea nunui lawa kona poe koa. Heʻanoʻewaʻewa i kona poe koa ma na kapakai o ka muliwai nui, a me ka noi kilo.

A mau mahina ma hope, hele mai i ka mercenary poʻe hao wale, a me Gustavus Adolphus Snetogorsk hoi aku la i ka hoailona. Ke kūlanakauhale Ua loa puni, na alanui a pau i wahi e - piha blockade. Lanakila kaʻenemi nō, mai ke kūkulu'ākau mai - mai o ka puka a hiki i Ilyinskikh Varlaamovskoy hale kiaʻi. Kukuluia na wahi paa, e kau pū a me ke kiʻekiʻe o luku mai i ka pā pōhaku. Pskov ku. Wall mākeke koke ho'āla hou aʻela, a me ka ho'āhewa wale 'ana kokoke i kela la, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO me ka kaumaha ka pōʻino i ka enemi.
Gustavus Adolphus ua maluhiluhi o ia ia'ku, a hoomau iho la oia i ka maluhia ke kūkā 'ana me Rusia. He makemake maikaʻi malu hua'ōlelo, akā, laila, puhi Pskov ma kona poʻe koa a pau i ka pauka. Au i ke emi hope mai Pskov, a hoʻi i ka Lūkini kulanakauhale o Rusia - Ladoga, Novgorod, Porkhov, Staraya Russa, Gdov a me na mea he nui 'ē aʻe aina ku e na komohewa. Ka mua hoomalu o Pskov - mai ka Stefan Batory hao wale - ua nui kaumaha, akā, i ka townspeople aʻo i ka hailona.

Nā kumu o ka Livonian War

Na Livonian Papa i hoʻokumu i ka hopena oʻumikumamālua kenekulia, a hopu kokoke i ka anai ?? eoi? O ka mea kēia Baltic - Courland, Livonia a me Estonia. Eia naʻe, ma ka umikumamaono kenekulia, kona mana ua aneane maloo. Mua, ke olonā wāwae o ka mana o ka Papa o na hoopaapaa ana ua loaʻa ma ka increasingly krepnuvshim Reformation ana: kâlâ keʻokeʻo haku hiki i loaʻa i kona manaʻo ma loko o ka pilina me ka Archbishop o Riga, i ke kulanakauhale i i ike i kekahi o ia mau mea, animosity increasingly ano hoomainoino. Hoʻonāwaliwali i Livonia hana a pau o kona hoalauna, o Rusia. Ka mea o ia ma mua o ka Hekikai o ka Papa i loko o kēia mau 'āina Lūkini aliʻi i loko o piha mana o Baltic nā panalāʻau e, no laila, e Moscow Tsar, noonoo iho la i ko lakou mau mea e pono ai ma Livonia kupono.

Ke kālepa waiwai o Hawaiian aina hiki ole ke overestimated, a me ka Livonian Papa kaupalena i ka pili aloha ma waena Rusia a me WesternʻEulopa,ʻaʻole maalo ae la oia ma kona wahi poʻe kālepa a me nā mea hoʻopukapuka kālā. Hooikaika ana o Rusia, e like me ka pono me manawa, i ole makemake i kekahi i kekahi aupuni. Nō hoʻi, Europa haku a me ka waiwai, maiʻEulopa Livonian Papa ma Rusia iʻaʻole hoʻi e hala. No keia, a me ka Lūkini Livonians hana pela. E kiai ana ia hoʻonāwaliwali i recalcitrant hoalauna, hoomaka ae la Moscow Tsar e makau i ka wahi Livonians e pono ikea houʻenemi mau hoalauna. kūkulu Ivan III ku pono ana i ke kulanakauhale o ko Narva kou Ivangorod. A hiki hou aku e hoʻomōhala ana i kuleana e hoʻohana i ka Baltic Sea Ivan 4. Ka pale o Pskov, kaʻenemi mea mai, e hoao aku ia ia hewa Lūkini tsar, i hoike mai ana kēia mau kuleana , ua 'āwīwī.

Ka hoʻomaka o ka Livonian War

uaʻoiaʻiʻo o ka pomaikai o ke akemāmā ke aliʻi, akā, no ka Livonian War kauo aku la ia, e like me ka mua kekahi, a me ka Swedes, ka wā o ka neʻeʻana i kona mau lā e hoʻokēʻai a me ka maikai. hoomanao kēia manawa Ivan Grozny Livonians kahiko aelike e pono ia e uku aku i ka waiwai auhau i ka Lūkini moku'āina, a 'aʻole i hoʻolauna i ka lōʻihi loa manawa. Livonians ke kūkā ', like loa me ka mea hiki, lohi, akā, ke aliʻi koke nalowale ke ahonui, a wawahi ae la i pili o ka maikaʻi-neighborliness, i ka 1558, hoomaka ae la iwakalua-kumamalima makahiki i ka War Livonian, initially holomua. Lūkini hao wale haele kokoke i ka pau ana o Livonia, nā pā kaua, a ikaika loa a me ka ikaika kulanakauhale koe. Alone Livonia i kohu kūpono ia'ku ua hiki - Moscow ua ua lawa ka ikaika.

Ka moku'āina o ka Papa haule iho ma ke kaʻawale, ka nohoaliʻi piecemeal hoalauna loa ikaika loa. Estonia - Kuekene, Livonia - Lithuania, i ka mokupuni o Saaremaa - Denemaka gertsogts Magnus, Kurland mea hou i ka ekalesia ona undergoing secularization. Ka Haku Kettler lilo ke Duke, a olelo pale hihia oia Polish pio e. Ua mea maoli wale i ua koi ka hou ona mai Ivana Groznogo 'ole-noho nā panalāʻau e. Nui maopopo, i ke aliʻi o kekahi mea i manao e hoole aku. Ua i laila ma luna o ka Livonian War, he hou aku i komo. Aka hoi, Moscow ua eo. Ke alii o ka poʻe hao wale luku Lithuania i ka Vilnius. Lithuanians ua makemake no ka makemake o ka maluhia a me ka haawi aku Polotsk. Akā, Zemsky Sobor ma Moscow ma ka honua i ole ana. Ke kaua, hele ma no kekahi makahiki he umi. Like loa me ka Polish-Lituania noho aliʻi iʻaʻole iʻikeʻia kekahi o ka loa loea luna.

Stefan Batory

Rusia wale ua na'lii hoʻonāwaliwaliʻia ma ka makahiki o ke kaua. Eia hou, i ka luku aupuni a me ka oprichnina. Ma ka hema o ka Crimean Tatarsʻano, ae kauoha mai i ka Volga, Astrakhan a me Kazan Khanate. I ka 1571, Khan Devlet Giray i ua hoonohonoho unexpected mnogovoyskovoe kaua,ʻo ia puka 'o ia mai ke ahi mai o ka pau ana o Moscow, koe wale no ka Kremlin. I ka kēia makahiki, e 'oe i ka pomaikai ia ua i hiki mai ai - Lūkini aponoia ma lalo o ke alakaʻiʻana o Mihaila Vorotynskogo luku aku i ka Tatars ma ka opiopio. 'O kēia ka manawa e hana, hoomaka ae la decisively a Stefan Batory - State Center o ka aina ka loa hune a me ka waiwai, a me kanaka. Nui rati no Livonian fronts ua ole e ohi. Hae kupono rebuff halawai. I ka 1578 Ua luku Lūkini poʻe hao wale ma Verdun.

Ma ka Livonian War huli wahi. A makahiki ma hope, Stefan Batory hoopakele Polotsk, a laila, i ka Luke Nui me Velizh. Ivan Grozny ho'āʻo i ka holo ikaika ma Batory diplomatically, hoʻouna i na elele a hiki i ka'Aukekulia Emperor, a me ka Pope. Akā,ʻaʻole i hoihoi i loko o nā noi o ka Russian Tsar ke Polish ke aliʻi, a ma ka 1581-ka m, oia hoʻopilikia Pskov. Ua ua paʻakikī, akā, ku e aku la i ka pale o Pskov. Stefan Batory ho'āʻo i ka pale a hiki i ke koho ana o ke aliʻi ma kaʻai hoʻi, akā,ʻaʻole Kelemania,ʻaʻole hoʻi Moscow mea,ʻaʻole hiki ke noho ma luna o ka noho aliʻi o kekahi luna a luna. He Ua wae ai, e hōʻike i kona mana Transylvanian kia'āina. A ma hope o ka pau ana o ka truce kaua hou. Naʻe, hoomaka ae la ia i ka Lūkini Auguseto, a me ka malu o Pskov i ka Livonian War, ke West i hōʻike ai i ka paakiki, a ingenious hiki ia i ka maka o ka Lūkini komohewa.

Ke kahua ma ka hoʻomaka o ke kaua

I ka mea ia manawa hiki mai na kaua a me Kuekene, ma ka Lūkini hiki ole kahu ai, e lawe ma luna o ke kūlanakauhale o mau maka, me ka hookipaia a me ka Baltic kai. Livonia ua endearing i ka lanakila o ka Lūkini mō'ī, a i ole mau loa lōʻihi. He vainly iho no i Stefan Batory, mai kapa aku koʻu hoahānau i loko o ka naʻe, a me ka hoalauna - no ka mea, o ka mea ho omaka mea,ʻaʻole no ke aliʻi. Livonia Ivan Grozny mau noʻonoʻo i ka fiefdom. A me na makaainana koho ma ka makemake o ke kanaka, ua hoopaakiki iho la i loko o nā kaua, paipai aʻo kai eʻe ai Kelemānia a me ka Hunakalia infantry mea kaua ma luna o ka mea āna i hoolaia mai ai lakou i lilo, ia ia he wahi lihi iki o ka pū - nui a me ka maikai.

A, o ka papa, ka mea, ua i ka manao o ka lanakila maluna iho o ka makaukau hokai lalani poorly o Lūkini hao wale. Alakaʻi Stefan Batory ua he akamai. Akā,ʻaʻohe mea naaupo, a me Ivan Grozny. Hoomalu ana Pskov hoike - pehea. Polotsk i hoʻopale ai i oi aku mamua o ekolu hebedoma, akā, i ola, eia nae o ka hoomalu ana i hele e na kanaka a pau, opiopio, a me ka elemakule - i mai i ka ahi, i kokua mai koa. Luku ma Polotsk ma hope o ka lawe i ka Stefan Batory ua ia wä, e like me ka hope, i ka wa a ke Polish ke aliʻi i ke kūlanakauhale ma hope o kūlanakauhale - Usvyat, Velizh, Great Luke.

koi Batory

Ivan Grozny i puʻe wale akula kēlā iā negotiate, kahi āna i kaumaha aku Poland Livonia - koe nae na kulanakauhale eha. Eia naʻe, Stefan Batory koi ole wale i ka pau ana o Livonia, akā, Sebezh. A he, he hailona o ke kala - eha tausani gula, e uhi i ko lakou mau koina o ke kaua.

Ma ka palapala,ʻo ia i makau ole ai i ka hoohihia ana i ke alii Lūkini, e kahea ana i kona Moscow Parao a me ka'īlio hae. Hoao mai ana e hoʻokuʻikahi keia, aole ia e lilo hou holomua. I ka 1581, Polish lākou poʻe kaua i ka mokupuni, a hoʻopuni aʻela iā Pskov. A 'aneʻi a pau na successes, a pau i ka haaheo o ka gentry, a ma, no ka mea, hoomaka ae la ke pale ana o Pskov. Livonian War hiki i ka hou ke kiʻekiʻe.

Pskov pā

City ua i ia manawa i ka pā 'ano hale lio: nei laila, he ikaika paia, ka mea, i pū lehulehu, i hana i ka poe koa ikaika me ka hoao ana i kiaaina. Hoomalu o Pskov alai ae e Ivan Shumsky - kaulana no kona prowess Haku. Haliʻaaʻela ka manaʻoo mākou hanana, i kēia mau mea i ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o ka piha moolelo - "Ka moʻolelo o ka Hoʻonani o Pskov". defenders o ke kūlanakauhale i kūkuluʻia, e hooikaika i ka maloko, a mawaho paʻa paia, oiai o kaʻauamo, eli auwaha, a hookomo iho la i ka pū ma luna o ke anapuni.

Dawn hoomaka September 7 makani pāhili ke ahi o ka iwakalua pu. Batory maoli pono i ka uhaʻi ia i loko o ka pā i ka hoouka. Aia hoʻi, ka mea pa i koke kuʻi iho ma na wahi, a ma ke alanui i wehe i ke kulanakauhale i. Luna e noho ana i ka aina awakea, ua like kaʻaina i loko o Pskov ike. Akā, i ka hoomalu ana o Pskov Batory hoʻi i kāpiliʻia. E kaua aku i ka pua ana ka bele Holo aku la a pau e noho ana o ke kūlanakauhale,ʻaʻole wale nō i ke kaua. A pau i hiki ke hali i na mea kaua, wikiwiki aʻela ia i uhai ma ka noho pilikia loa wahi. Mai na paia o ka hoʻokikina auamo i hoohainu iho la i kaumaha i ke ahi, akā, ka wiwo ole ma ka lanakila kipaku aku la ia i mua o literally ma luna o nā kupapaʻu. Ma ke kulanakauhale ka mea, e nō uhai.

Lūkini mana

Pskov ua mau hale kiai kau Polish aliʻi hae, a ua Lūkini ua Rose ma lalo o ka manaʻo koikoi o kaʻenemi mau poʻe a pau. Prince Shuisky,ʻauʻau i loko o kona koko, a me ka malihini, haʻalele i ka make lio, a me kona kumu hoʻohālike i emi Lūkini na lalani. Ma keia paakiki manawa o ka Pskov clergyʻikeʻia i loko o ka mānoanoa o ka kaua me ke kiʻi o ko kākou Lede a me na kea laa, o ka haipule, ma ka honua brightened i Russian Vsevolod-Gabriel. Ikaika noticeably perked mai, a holo i loko o ke kaua me ka hou ka lohi ole. kupu koke Svinuzskaya hale kiai, ua piha oia me ka poʻeʻenemi, i loko o ka lewa - Lūkini pūkaua puhi ia. Ma ka auwai me na papa o ka heana o ka poe enemi, e noho ana i loko o ka hale kaua. ʻenemi poʻe hao wale, ua weliweli iho la ia, ua piha oia me ka weliweli a me ka dumbfounded. O ka holo ana, ke Lūkini i ole panic, a ku pu. Ua paopao Polish koa, a luku aku literally ma ka holo.

Pskov kupa e komo like i loko o ka kaua - weheʻia i kaʻeha, lawe mai la ka wai, e neʻe ma luna o ko lākou mau pā pōhaku hoʻohioloʻia e kaʻenemi pū i ohi mai i na pio. Ke'ōlohe wiwo hoomalu o Pskov triumphantly huli i kaʻaoʻao mua o kona mōʻaukala. Eia, i loko o nāʻano a pau ho'āʻo nei e lanakila maluna Pskov Batory: he tunnel, ae hoʻolele ula-wela Kora naʻEsau uaki, i ke ahi a hiki i ke kulanakauhale, monitory palapala Lūkini luna hai mua ia mai ia e pōmaikaʻi ai i loko o ka hanana o ka make imminent a me ka weliweli ma ka ia tenacity. Ma ke ala, aʻu i hoouna aku ai i ka palapala a me ke kōkua o nā pua, no na kanaka o Pskov i ole ana i ka negotiate. Ka pane, hoouna aku la lakou ma ke ala hookahi. Aia ka Lūkini 'ōlelo' ia i kākau e haawi Pskov, e hoʻololi i ole, mākou e kaua aku. A me ke alo o ke olonā wāwae i loko o Pskov i invented kona mines. Ka poe i aa e wawahi i ka pa, i peʻe ma hope o nā papa, loaa hohono baila aʻela i.

honua

Ivan Grozny honua ua nō i, a me ka mea, ua i ka hailona o ke kumu. Batory ua manaʻolana no ka oluolu lanakila, akā, Pskov no i hapai mai. Eha a me ka hapalua tausani koa Pskov ku e he kanalima tausani waiwai poʻe hao wale o ka Polish ku i ka ikiiki, a me ka lanakila kanakolu pule literally a no ka maluhiluhi o kaʻenemi regiments. Kūlana pale hana ma plugging puka i loko o ka pā pōhaku, eli auwai, ua paʻa nā kupa, a lawe mai.

Posada kokoke i ke kūlanakauhale i mua puhi na kanaka o Pskov a me ka holoʻokoʻa heluna posadov ia puʻuhonua, i loko o ke kūlanakauhale. ʻenemi hao wale haʻalele me ka palapala, no ka mea, i ka noho ana o ke kulanakauhale i pinepine kaua, kauwa looted Polish convoys, e hoomaau scouts ma foraging, a me nā koho ai haawiia i Pskov. Batory i i ike i ka mea i nalowale. Akā, i ka 1581, ua hele nō negotiate me ka Lūkini tsar, a i ka truce.