I ka haku mele 'ana a me ka' ole o ka lepo

Lepo mea he nui waiwai maoli. Ua i nā holoholona ka hahai i, kanaka - ka ai a me ka hanalima kahua - pono no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka maka mea huahana. Ia n oaa mau ae la ia no ka kenekulia a me millennia. A me keia la ke alo manaʻo kanaka o ka ninau i ka pololei o ka aina. Akā, i kēia mea hiki ole me ka ike ole o ka mea 'ole, ka waiwai, haku mele' ana a me ka 'ole o ka lepo.

I ka moolelo o ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i ka momona, ahu iho o ka honua

Back ma ka 18th kenekulia, nä känaka 'epekema ike i ka lepo ua i mai o kekahi mau eiiiiiaiou. Ka ukupanee i loko o keia waiwai laila, nui hope. No ka laʻana, ma Kelemania, mai ka 1879 a hiki i 1899 makahiki paʻi noiʻi i loko o kēia wahi lawelawe 'ia e Wollny a me kona kula. Ua hookupaa lehulehu keʻena hoʻokolohua haʻawina ke kaukaʻi o ke kino ai 'waiwai o ka lepo ma luna o ka nui o kona mau popo palaoa a me ka lepo maʻiʻo.

I ka makahiki 1877, he nä känaka 'epekema PA Kostachev kaulana ia ma hope o ka mahi o ka aina puupaa ka mea,ʻawa koke, i hiki aku ai i ka emi ma ka hua. Lepo me nā hale ua hoihoi wale hope i koe ma lalo o perennial herbaceous kanu i nā mahinaʻai. Kēia mau haʻawina a pau o ka nui. Ka mea, hoao iho la e mahiʻai lepo kanu'ōiwi Radio he nui kūlana agrotechnical.

Ua uku ia ka luna, ahu iho o ka aina i loko o ka 30-40-ies o ka hope kenekulia nui noonoo. Ma kēia hihia, na ka noiʻi i pili kela nui o ka lepo 'ole i loko o mea o ka fertility. Kēia mau hua'ōlelo mau i ke kiekie ai i ke ano o ka synonyms.

Ka 'ole o ka aina a me kona waiwai e i noʻonoʻoʻia e kānakaʻepekema ma ka 50-60-ies o ka hope kenekulia. Ke kumu o ua noʻonoʻo loi o grassland nenoai. hoomaka ia ka noiʻi, e ninau aku i ke kūlana o ka lepo 'ole i loko o mea o ka fertility. A me kekahi manawa, ka mea, e hoole ia.

Naʻe, i kekahi kānakaʻepekema hoʻomau i ka hana noiʻi i loko o kēia wahi. A laila e kū mai i ka hana o Academician V. V. Medvedeva. ʻepekema, ua aʻo i ka 'ole o ka aina a me kona manaʻo nui ka hoʻohana micromorphological ki ina hana like. Ma keia hihia, ka mea hoʻohana holomua makemakika hana i hiki ke kālailai, a hōʻuluʻulu i nā haʻina. Medvedev i ka hopena o na hana paʻi i ka 2008 i ka monograph ma luna o ka 'ole o ka lepo. Ma keia hana i ua hoʻoʻuluʻulu manaʻo mākou haʻawina i ho'āʻo ai i ka holomua o ka thermal a me ka lewa? Eia o ka luna papa o ka honua pono, akā, i kahiko o ka'āina maikaʻiʻole i ka ulu o ka mea kanu.

Ke kumu o ka wehewehena o

He aha ka ka 'ole o ka lepo? Definition o ka makahiki Hōʻike i ka lākou o okoa 'Ohi a (paʻi), a oko i loko o lākou ka nui a me ka shape. D. kēlā me kēia no kēia mau kumu oia no ka waiwai interconnected e kanu aʻa, humus a me ka mea e like.

Lepo 'ole ka loa nui. He ka papa kuhikuhiE ololi kuleana no ka fertility o ka aina. Pakahi aku la ia nui no ka pono kīvila o ka 'ole o ka luna lepoʻalihi moana. Kēia ahu iho la, ma i ke kūpono 'ana o ke kumu'ōnaehana o na mea kanu. Ua noho likeʻole ka lepo meaola. Mai keia moana lipolipo laila mea i ka lako hou i ka māhuaola a me ka wai e pono ai no ka ulu ana o ka mea kanu. Ia mea ke kumu o ka luna, ahu iho o ka lepo pono i ke koena ma waena o kona wai, paa a me ka gaseous pae. Kēia like Ua like penei - 25:50:25.

Mea Maluna ma ka 'ole lepo

Ka luna lipolipo o ka honua i i kaʻokoʻa nānaina. Ka mea, e unstructured a me ka mall. Ka mua o kēia mauʻano mai nā 'granulometric oihana mua nona ka moku'āina ua wehewehe aku i razdelnochastichnoe. A luku mai hoʻohālike structureless lepo mea one. Ma kona wahi humus a me ka palolo (particles). Hoʻololi Kind nā hale ma waena o aina a me ka mall structureless. I kā lākou kamaʻilio huahelu i kekahi i kekahi, ua nui loa nawaliwali.

Momona lepo ua manaoia e e mall. Ua maikaʻi ia kaua ke pale makani a me ka wai ka'aʻaiawāʻana, a hiki wawe ka haihai ia, e eku ana. Inā o ka haku mele 'ana o ka lepo me nā hale, a hiki ia, e lawe momona, a laila ka mea, ua' O ke kaulike pu ana o ka lewa, ka wela a me ka wai? Eia. He ololi, he maikaʻi ia i kanu kino a me ka hooulu ana o liluwelo keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

Ole-mea kūkulu soils e hiki i ka hoʻokemuʻana i ka wai ola ole. Eia kekahi, ka ua auwai ma na aina i lilo i kumu o ka'aʻaiawāʻana. Air a me ka wai i loko o ia mau soils e hakaka. Rain Falls mai i haʻalele i ka aina lipolipo ona mau. Kēia ia lŘlŘ no ka mea, o ka mea mālama nui capillary ala o ka wai. Ka lepo muli o kona maloo. Mea kanu ma keia hihia ke aloha, e hoomakaukau no ka ia oi loli a me ka mahuaola. I loko nō a pau i kēia, ma ka sidelines me ka structureless soils ia mea hiki ke loaa i kekahi kiʻekiʻe hua. Naʻe, i kēia, e hoopai ikaika hana kākoʻo mahiʻai 'ana i kūpono ma ka pae kiʻekiʻe.

'Ole ho okumu o topsoil

Ka luna moana lipolipo aina i kupono no ka kanu ola ma lalo o ka aoao o keʻano o ka hanaʻana mau 'ia ka poʻe. Penei, o ka lepo 'ole kahua i wahi ma kekahi ÿano kaawale ana, ahu iho' Ohi a me kekahi mau kinona a me ka nui like 'ole. Ka lua o ka kaʻina mea he na shaping 'ole a me ka waiwai o ka loaa mau.

Researchʻepekema Ua hōʻike ana i ke kahua o ka lepo me nā hale, ka mea i hiki ma lalo o ka aoao o Nine Inch, physico-Nine Inch, liluwelo a me ka physico-me mechanical aʻe.

Penei, hoʻopiha ho okumu ia lŘlŘ me ka alternation desiccation a me ka humidification, ke kūpaleʻana a me ka thawing. I ka haku mele 'ana, a me ka lepo kanu'ōiwi nā loli ma lalo o ka aoao o ka nui burrowing holoholona mai ka'aloʻahiʻa ka lawe' ana ma ka ulu aʻa. Hoʻololi i nā waiwai o ka luna, ahu iho o ka aina a me ka kiʻekiʻe machining kahua pū.

No hoi, o ka haku mele 'ana a me ka' ole o ka lepo hilinaʻi nui ma ke alo o ka lina waiwai. Ka mea, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO mau humic colloids. Mau kumu i hiki ke hoʻololi 'ana i ka coagulation' ole o ka lepo i loko o ka wai-hoʻopale. Keia ano hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke dala o ka humus, ma paʻi 'ole, hiki ke hoopaa a ka hoʻokemuʻana i ka wai a me ka hanai ana ia i ka capillaries ili honua. Ma hope o ka ua ma luna o ia'āina, ua ole i hana pńpa, a ho'ēmi i kā ka oxygen ma lako i na aa o ka ulu mea kanu.

kaumaha soils

E like me kona ÿano 'ole ua puunaueia e ka lepo a me ka Lok, one Lok a me ka peat momona aina. Pehea e hoakaka ia? Mechanical haku mele 'ana o nā soils hookolokolo aku la ia i kekahi laʻana. lepo (particles) ia, mai kekahi mau wahi o ke keena moana lipolipo, e hoolilo ana ia i ka recess 20 knm, nā Eia kekahi laʻana i laila, hui pu me ka huakaʻi o ai i ka berena maka maʻamau wai. Inā e loaʻa i ka mea poepoe, akā, he mea hiki ole eʻolokaʻa mai i ke kaula, i ka honua e pili ana i ka one Lok. Ma mehana hana hana ia'āina i ke hoʻolaha like Lok. A i loko o ka hihia i ka wa a ka poepoe ua olokaaiaʻe mai, mai kaʻaha, a laila merges i loko o ke apo, haawiia keia i like honua lepo. Kēiaʻano o arable, ahu iho ua kuhi kaumaha. Kēia mau soils i ka pa apŘ kiekie a me ka (viscosity). Ka mea, e oluolu e pili pu a me ka paʻakikī i ka kaʻina, i kona hoakaka ana kona inoa.

I ka eli ana pālolo lepo, aole ia e popopo. Ua ano nui ōpū i mea hiki ole e uhai mai a me ka hoʻokaumahaʻia. Inā ua aina e palau, a nana no hoi e moe i lalo, a laila, e hele mai i ka hana a pau i mea ole. Ma hope o kekahi mau manawa hou i ka puupuu lepo pili pu. Ke kahua e i e mahi hou.

He aha mea i ke kumu no ka hana o ka mea kaumaha soils? Ua Ua pili pū i ka 'ole mea, ua uuku hoʻopiha (particles) a waiho ma waena o ia i ka uuku pokole.

High compaction o ka lepo kamaaina i ke kumu o ko lākou poʻeʻilihune breathability. Kēia, ma ka huli,ʻo ia ka mea i ka lako me ka lawa ka oxygen ma na kumu o na mea kanu. A i kaupalena 'ia ka hookipaia ana o ke ea i ka microorganisms i noho i loko o kēia mau soils. A uuku ka nui o ka o oxygen 'aʻole hoʻi ia i ka decomposition kaʻina hana o ke aloha' ona a hiki i ka hope hoʻololi iho huahana. Kēia i ka lepo, uaʻilihune ia, hiki e moe kanu Pono no ko lakou ulu ana ke aloha mea. I mea no ke aha la he mea scant liluwelo ola i loko o ka lepo papa. Kekahi mau māhele o kēia mau aina i kapaia make. Ka mea nele i ka ulu microbiological Poakolu.

Spressovanoy hoʻopiha lepo (particles) ua pili i ke ano o ka aina, e like me kā lākou permeability. Ka pālolo moana lipolipo ua,ʻaʻole i hanaʻia e hoʻomōhala ana i capillary nenoaiu. I mea no ke aha la ma ia hewa hele ona mau. Nā aʻa o nā mea kanu i loko o ia mau kula me ka pilikia nui ma ke kiʻi i ka nui e pono ai ka wai no ko lakou mau ola.

I mea kaumaha soils he mea kekahi io hiʻona. Inā 'ohi i ka wai i loko o ia, ka mea' aʻole e hele i loko o ka haahaa papa o ka lepoʻalihi moana. Nui puke noho i loko o ka ulu ana o ke kumu'ōnaehana o nā mea kanu, e hiki aku ai i kona ka palaho.

Kekahi hiki apuepue olelo aku i ka mea momona a me nā hale o ka lepo i ka lepo kāwili. A ua hoopaa ia ma ka holo arable, ahu iho i loko o ka ua i kēia. My kulu e wawahi i ka poe liilii, ka lepo 'Ohi a. Clay popo palaoa kekahi, i loko o liʻiliʻi eiiiiiaiou hapa 'ia' wailana i loko o ka wai. Ke kūpono slurry ka loa paa e hoopaa ana lepo 'Ohi a. Ma hope o ka maloʻoʻana o ka mahinaʻai i ka uhiia e ka paa a me ka loa anuanu pńpa ke kaupalenaʻana anal o ka oxygen, ona mau a me ka malamalama i ke kumu nenoai o na mea kanu. O kŰia ua kapaia "pōhaku puna lepo." I ka hana o ka lń hiki aku ai i ńlua o ka lepo, me ka 'ole o ka a no keia mea, ka i oi anuanu.

Ae, pālolo soils waiwai ma ka kumumea oihana mua a me nā minelala hao. Eia naʻe, mea kanu mea e hiki ke hana ia mau mea i ke aʻo. Ka nui, e hoike i ke kumu'ōnaehana hiki ka hoʻokemu wale ua mau ka mahuaola i mea i loko o ia ka pono kino, a nō ka hopena huahana o microbial aaioee. Clay lepo ka loa poorly wai permeability. Ka mea, he poe ilihune ma ka liluwelo ola. Kēia e loli ai i ka impossibility o maʻamau laau no kou kino.

Low e haawi i ko ma luna o kēia mau aina i kekahi no o ka mea i ka lepo papa aie i kona pa apŘ, poorly enaena, ma ka lā o ka kukuna. Ka loa loa wahi no ka mahiai i ke kauwela wā noho unheated.

Ka hoʻomaikaʻi kaumaha soils

No ka maʻamau kekahi mea kanu i nā mahinaʻai me ka lepo lepo e e hou e wehe ai a me ka lumpy 'ole. Wale i loko o kēiaʻaoʻao, e hana 'ano kūpono no ka ulu ana o ka mea kanu. Pehea e hoʻoikaika i ka lepo me nā hale, i ua noʻonoʻo pono loa? He mea hiki i ka maʻamau komo i loko o ka lepo ua hemohemo a me ka e pono ai eiiiiiaiou. Ka mea, e ia peat a me ke one, Lime paha lehu. Eia hou, e hana 'ano kūpono no ka mea ulu o ka mea kanu pono manure a me ka compost. Mau eiiiiiaiou e hana i loko o ka lepo a me ka maʻamau liluwelo ulu meakino.

Ka hoʻomaikaʻi lepo 'ole i ka hua'ōlelo o ka wai, nona iho me ke kūʻokoʻa wā oe e ia one. Kēia e ka poʻe hoʻonui i ka thermal conductivity o ka lepo kaumaha. i ke kaʻina hana sandsing lepo lipolipo lalana ana ia ia ma hope koke maloʻo mai, a lilo i makaukau no ka hou aaioee.

Light paha one soils

No kēia mau lipolipo i wehewehe aku ma ka haahaa nui o ka lepo (particles). Ke kumu nui ka leo o ka lepo i ke one. e loaʻa wale uuku dala ma ka humus.

Sandy soils i ole no kekahi mea i kapaʻia ai ka ia maʻiʻaʻai. Ma hope o ka hana maikaʻi i ia mea he Snap. A me keia makemake ia granular lepo 'ole. Mahalo iā ia, i kēia mau lipolipo i kiʻekiʻe ka wai a me ka ea permeability. Eia naʻe, ka mea e prone i ka'aʻaiawāʻana a me ka mea i hiki ke hoopaa i ona mau i loko o ko lākou mau papa. Eia hou kekahi, one soils mea ole wale pono-e lalana ana mai. Ua hoi loa koke ho'ēmi.

Akā,ʻaʻole wale no laila, e hiki ole ke olelo i ka mea pono lepo kanu'ōiwi nā mea one. Ma kēia mau lipolipo ilihune liluwelo ola. Keia mea aie a hiki i ka nele o ka ona a me ka mahuaola no ka noho microorganisms i loko o kēia mau soils.

Hoʻoikaika one lepo

i loko o ka malamalama lepo mau e ai pili aku, a hoailona iho la i eiiiiiaiou e paka i ka wa e ohi ai maikai. Hou ana mai o ka lepo me nā hale attributable i na maʻiʻaʻai, e lilo ia i hiki ma ka hoʻohuihui ia me ka peat paha silty me ka ho okumu frass a me ka palolo. Kēia, e hoʻopiha i ka ili ma waena o ke one (particles). A no ka muli o ka ho'ā 'ia no ka liluwelo mea kanu, e pono ai i ka hoike o ke humus a me ka compost.

No one soils e e noʻonoʻo i loko o ka pukana o ka mea hoʻomomona enrichment. Light soils i kēlā wahi aku me ka hele ma waena o ka ona mau e washes mai o ia mau mea a pau ma ka maikaʻi kēia hehee wale. Ia mea ke kumu o ka hoʻokēʻaiʻana i ka mea hoʻomomona ma luna o kēia mau mahinaʻai hoʻohana wale, a hoʻolilo au iā lākou pinepine ana, akā, ma ka liʻiliʻi puke.

awelike lepo

Loamy honua i ka loa maikaʻi no ka mahiai a me ka mahiʻai mala. Ka mea, i ka mea maikaʻi loa lepo me nā hale, kahi oko moe i loko o ka mōhaiʻai lumpiness. I ka haku mele 'ana o ka aina, a he paa, a māʻona nui (particles), a me ke olonā i dusts eiiiiiaiou. Land ma ia kihapai Ua oluolu e hana i käna. Ma hope o'ō'ō palau ana ia mea, e ole lilo'opihia, a 'aʻole i hana paa ōpū.

I loamy soils i ka hailonaʻana o nā minelala hao a me ka mahuaola, me ka hapahā o ka i ua compensated ma ka hana microorganisms. Oia soils i ke kiʻekiʻe ea permeability a me ka wai. Ka mea, e ike pono i hoopaa mai ai ona mau, e like me mehana koke a uniformly ma Map. Aie i ka mea 'O ke kaulike hydration ma ka Lok mālama i ka ikaika ana wela.

Hou i loko o kaʻawelike lepo

I mea e malama i ke kokuaia mai e māhuaola i ka kupono pae, pono e ma ke kamepiula compost loamy aina. Additional mea pōhaku a me ke aloha fertilizers i purposefully ma hope o ka mua Ka Ikepili arable moku'āina.