Ka popopo-hoʻopale kila. Steel papa: GOST. Kuhiliʻole Steel - kumukuai

Makahiki ma muli o ia ka popopo lilo ka hailona o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Eia naʻe, i oi aku poho ua hana ai i ka hoʻokō 'ole' ana o ka metala huahana like me ka hopena o ka popopo hoouka. Koina koi 'ia no ka hope wahi a hoomau pono, kaʻa, kai a me ka muliwai moku, lako a hoʻohana' ia i loko o ka Nine Inch hana, i na manawa he kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka lilo ana o ka mea i hele aku i kā lākou? Iecaianoaaiiuo.

Aia nō i nuiʻauhau'ēʻaʻe poho. I ka poe nā, no ka laʻana, kulu o ke kinoea make a me ka aila, mai ka corroded pipeline, meaʻai spoilage, luku o ka hale kahi Ű a oi. Nolaila, hooponopono o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ka popopo mea nui.

No ke aha lā i ka make ana o ka mea hao mea?

Ma mua o haliu ae la ia i ka ninau o ka mea i ka popopo-hoʻopale kila, e ka hana a me ka manaʻo o ka popopo, a me ka pā o ke kaʻina.

I unuhi 'ia mai ka Roma corroder - corrosive. Pahele noho'na makaainana i ulu disintegration o ke hooheheeia a me kā lākou mau oka a pau, a ia lŘlŘ ma lalo o ka aoao o ka Nine Inch papa, i kapaʻia ka popopo. Ke kumu no keia hoʻokō 'ole' o ka Nine Inch naoh (redox naoh) o ka mea hao mea me ka gaseous a kinowai meakino i loko i ka mea, i ke aupuni '.

He aha ka ka popopo-hoʻopale steels a me ka oka a?

Kuhiliʻole a me ka wela ka pale kila a oka a manao no ka hoʻohana ma corrosive hana kūpono ma kiʻekiʻe a me maʻamau mahana. No laila, i ke kumu nui koi 'o ia nā mea o kēia pae - ka wela ia'ku (ia'ku i ka gaseous meakino a kiʻekiʻe wela mahu) a me ka popopo ia'ku (me ka hiki i ka pono ko oukou pale ana i ka corrosive aʻe ma maʻamau ana wela).

Ka popopo ia'ku ano o ka lako, a ua hanaʻia ma luna o kaʻilikai passivation ho film mau nō i loko o ka corrosive 'ia, a ua ālai' ka anal i loko o kaʻoi papa o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a reacted me iaʻano pākīkē 'ona.

Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ka popopo-hoʻopale kila - he kila ka ia'ku i intergranular Nine Inch, electrochemical a me ka 'ē aʻe ka popopo.

Nine Inch haku mele 'ana

Metal ka waiwai i hooponoponoia ia mea, ma kona Nine Inch haku mele 'ana. A hiki i ka maʻiʻo o 12-13% chromium kila i kuhiliʻole, i mea eii? I loko o ka lewa a me ka Nine Inch hana kūpono. Mahuahua ka chromium maʻiʻo i 28-30% hana ia i ka pilina paʻa i loko o corrosive hana kūpono.

Other hehee wale hoʻohana no ka doping nā manganese, Aluminum, titanium, nikala. Loa hoʻomano hoʻohana 'oka a, haku mele' ana o ka a ka awelika nikala maʻiʻo o 10% chromium - 18%, kalapona - a ma waena o 0.08 a 0,12% titanium - 1% (12X18H10T - ka popopo-hoʻopale kila, GOST 5632).

Mea Maluna ma ka ano o ka microstructure: austenitic kuhiliʻole kila

keia papa ia'ku corrosive hana ua mahuahua ma ka alloying hehee wale nikala (mai ka 5 a hiki i 15%) a me ka chromium (15 e 20%). Austenitic oka a insensitive e intercrystalline ka popopo, aka i ka o carbon maʻiʻo i loko o ia e e ka li ili ma mua o ka palena o kona solubility ma austenite (0.02-0.03% a me ka emi). Nonmagnetic, pono waiho kokoke ana i kuʻihao, anu a me ka wela deformation. Ua maikai loa processability. He aho no ka hana o ke kila hehee wale fasteners, welded hale a me nā palapala noi i loko o kekahi mau hana.

martensitic papa

Kuhiliʻole steels i komo i loko o ka martensitic papa i eʻume mākenēki, a i kiekie ae - like like me ka austenitic - nā hoailona o kā mākou paakiki. E hoopaakiki ana ua loaʻa ma ka hoopio ai hoi i a me ka hui. Ua pono hoʻomākaukau no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o nā huahana manao no ka hoʻohana i ka hana kūpono o ka meakino a me ka nawaliwali pinepine '(e laʻa me, he helu o nā huahana o ka meaʻai hana ai no ka manufacturing pahi kahi kōmi' manaʻo).

ferritic papa

At kiʻekiʻe ka popopo ia'ku ka waiwai o kēia mau papa e like me haʻahaʻa-kalapona kila. Ka awelika chromium maʻiʻo o 11-17%. Hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka ohua nā mīkini home, oihana mua o kuhikuhipuʻuone hoanmike, lumi kuke oihana a pau.

Austenitic-ferritic papa

Ka popopo-hoʻopale kuhiliʻole kila o keia ano i ike okoa ia hoemi nikala maʻiʻo a me ka chromium maʻiʻo kiʻekiʻe ana (21 e 28%). Like hou alloying hehee wale nei iluna niobium, titanium, a me ke keleawe ulaula. Ma hope o ka wela lapaau i ka lākiō o ferrite a me ka austenite - e pili ana i kekahi i kekahi.

Ma o ka ikaika o ka austenitic-ferritic steels, austenitic oi palua. Pela no ka mea, ua ductile, pono ke ku imua o hawewe wahie, i ka haahaa nui o ka stress-ka popopo ńlua a kiʻekiʻe ia'ku i intergranular ka popopo. Paipai no ka hoʻohana 'ana i loko o ke kūkulu, manufacturing, no ka manufacturing huahana e hele mai i loko o hui' ana me kai.

Austenitic, martensitic papa

Ke chromium maʻiʻo o ka 12 a hiki i 18% nikala, - mai 3,7 i 7,5%. Additional oihana mua - chromium a me ka Aluminum. E hoopaakiki ma ka hoopio ai hoi i (Halau> 975 ° C), a mahope hui (Halau = 450-500 ° C). Austenitic-martensitic kuhiliʻole kila welded pono, a i kiʻekiʻe me mechanical waiwai.

Kuhiliʻole kila: ke kumukuai (nā kumumea ka heluna i ke kahua)

I ka haku mele 'ana o ka ka popopo hoʻopale ke hooheheeia e pipiʻi alloying hehee wale e like me chromium, nikala, titanium, molybdenum. Kā lākou waiwai i kuleana i hoonoho iho la i kumukuai. No nā ahi (kalapona, mall, poepoe e hali ana, koʻi lipi, a pela aku .. D.) hoʻohui pū i nā kumu mua i heluʻia i loko o ka liʻiliʻi mea, like me ia loaʻa ka popopo hoʻopale steels mau kiʻekiʻe. Naʻe, i ke kumukuai i oko ma ka makeke kūlana, a me ka waiwai e lilo aku koi 'ia no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o kuhiliʻole kila.

mechanical e waiwai

Brand kuhiliʻole steels pono i ÿano waiwai e halawai hoʻokumu hae no manufacturing. Mau nā:

• i kā mākou paakiki o Brinell (HB);
• elongation (%);
• hua mai ikaika (H / mm o ^2);
• Waimaka ia'ku (H / mm o ^2).

Ma hope o iecaianoaaiiuo o kēlā me kēia'ōhui (heheʻe) o ka huakūʻai huahana ua kulana kupono e ku e ia i ke ÿano waiwai a me microstructure o ke kila kaha GOST. Hopena o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua hoike o Eia kekahi laʻana i hoakaka ia ma ka palapala ma ka manufacturing.

Notation kila papa

he nui assortment o ka oka a me steels i loaʻa i loko o kekahi aina. I ka Ia manawa aole mea nō i kūwaho hoʻi nenoaiu o omaka.

Ma kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia, ka mea hana mau notation nenoai. Kēia kahua aie a hiki i ka helu nui o ka hae i ka hoʻolālā (AJS, ANSI, ACJ, SAE, AWS, ASTM, ASME), hana kekahi mau hihia no na hoalawehana, mai ana a me nā mea kūʻai mai o ke kila huahana o US Manufacturers mai nā'āina.

In Japan ia ke kila me ka palapala a me ka nui e hoike ana i ko lakou poe, (haʻahaʻa-oka a, kiʻekiʻe-oka a, keia oka a, srednelegirovannye, kiʻekiʻe-quality, kiʻekiʻe-ka pono a me ka'ōlelo.), Ke kaʻina helu ma loko, a me ka waiwai o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia.

Ma ka'āina o ka Europa Union inoa regulates ka hae EN 27 100, a hoʻoholo i ka mea i loko o a o ka ia ka inoa a me ka pūkaʻina helu.

Ke Russian Hui Ua ulu ka alphanumeric'ōnaehana i loko o ka Soviet Union, e like me a ka i koho steels. Maʻamau prescribes ke koho 'kēlā me alloying hehee ai, kekahi o na mea hiki ke hooheheeia Lūkini poʻo letter.

No ka manganese o H, Si - C, chromium - X, Ni - H, molybdenum - M tungsten - B vanadium - F, titanium - T, Aluminum - Yu, niobium - B, Li - K, zirconium - C, boron - R.

Nā helu e hahai ana i ka palapala Hōʻike ka maʻiʻo o alloying nā kumumea like me ka pakeneka. Inā ke kila haku mele 'ana he emi o 1% o ka alloying hehee ai, ua ole i hookauia mai i ka helu, ma ka maʻiʻo o ka 1 i 2% ma hope o ka palapala i hāʻawi i 1. Olelo aku la o hoailona i ka hoomaka ana huahelu helu pono e hoʻokohu' ia i ka awelike kalapona maʻiʻo ma-haneri, o ka pakeneka i loko o kaha haku mele 'ana.

I ka laulā o nā huahana ua hanaʻia mai kuhiliʻole kila

Ka popopo-hoʻopale kila ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ke kēia huahana.

• ia thermally etched a me ka anaiia a lahilahi;
• netravlenyh thermally lapaau ana a lahilahi;
• a thermally untreated netravlenyh a lahilahi;
• heat-, cold- a me ka wela-olokaa Aloha Bikiniʻohe ;
• wela-ʻolokaʻa kila holehole mai ai i mau manao;
• calibrated hexagons;
• Koʻikoʻi a hanohano o kuhiliʻole kila;
• kuhiliʻole uea (wela-ia a me ke anu-e holo pololei ana);
• ka hoike ana a me kūikawā waiwai;
• forgings;
• 'ē? ueony, a? ac? moku'āina hae a me oaoieei alakaʻi (Li).

poepoe o ka palapala noi

E like me kekahi o ka maikaʻi ikaika Eia kekahi laʻana, aesthetics, ia'ku i ka luku mana o ka popopo a me ka kiʻekiʻe mahana, ka suitability no ka hoʻopōʻaiapuni a me ka mea paʻa o ka hana, ua halawai mai la me nā mea a pau hui hoʻomaʻemaʻe koi maikaʻi ka ponoʻilikai lapaʻau, ka popopo-hoʻopale kila ua hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia i loko o aneane nā kula o ka hale, a oicyenoaaiiie ha awina.

Kuhiliʻole kila mea ma kiʻekiʻe koi i loko o ka petrochemical, Nine Inch,ʻiʻo pepa a me ka pepa, ai hana, no? Ieoaeunoaa hana, ka mana hana, shipbuilding a me ka amo ka hana 'enekinia, mea kani-ana a me ka mau o? Aneie hoomalu.

Ka hoʻokōʻana a me ka mea paʻa o nā huahana i mai kuhiliʻole kila, ka mea, ua manao e hana i kēia papa a me ka momoku ahi, hoʻomaopopo i ka physicochemical waiwai a me ka 'ole o ka microstructure. E ho ohana i ke hooheheeia e e hoʻopale ai i ka waiwaiʻino wale i o ka popopo, ma ka ikaika e like me ko lakou mau waiwai, e hiki no ke lawe ka lanakila o nā mea a pau i ka C. Brewer pono o ka 'enehana kēia mākou.