Ke akea o ke alahao moʻokūʻikena i loko o Rusia a me nā'āina

Hoino aku halihali - kekahi o na alakaiʻano o ka halihali ana i ohua a me ka ukana. Mau kanaka manaʻo o ka Track laula, e noho ana i loko o ka huakaʻi. ʻO nā kānaka i ka mea a mau mea kiko'î i dictated. No nā kumu, ke alahao Track alanui he nui oko ao i loko o nā'āina'ē.

A wahi moʻolelo

Science fiction mea kākau maiʻEnelani Gerbert Dzhordzh Uells mai nei i ka Track e e pepa paia ma muli o ka mamao ma waena o nā huila o ka maʻamau lio kaʻa. Information hiki ke loaʻa i loko o kona hana "kilo".

? Ac? O ka hoino aku amo mea ma ka waena o ka 19th kenekulia. A laila, i ke kanaka nunui poʻe i loko o kēia kaiaulu like ka nui me hiki mahuahua kona aoao ma ka pāʻoihana koʻikoʻi a hanohano. O ka papa, i ka mea ia manawa i kākau nui ka ulu ana i loko o ka hana.

Nā locomotives mua i ike like i kekahi koho e horsepower. Kā lākou mau mea kiko'î i hoakaka pahuhopu nei me ka nui o na luina. I ka mea dictated ma ka nui o ka hoino mua a me ka Track laula (1,435 mm).

'Aʻole i waiho a pau o ke ala mua ma luna o ka muli o ka nui maliuia kūmau. No ka laʻana, o ka laula o ke alahao meheu ma ke alanui, mai Dublin a hiki i Drogheda (Ireland) ua 1600 mm o.

Ke paio no ka moʻokūʻikena nui

Izambart lunaʻenehana Brunel, ka poʻe i noho i loko o nā makahiki 1806-1859, ua mau koi i ka palena manawa o ka Track. I ka makahiki 1835 ka mea i pau i ka hana o ka Great Western Road. Ka mamao ma waena o ka mawah ua 2135 mm o.

Hoa pāonioni ma ke kahe like i ka mea o ka laula o ke alahao moʻokūʻikena e e ia me ka hae, ka mea i noho ai a hiki i 1845. Iloko o ka hihia i ua pono? Anoee mākou i ka hana o keʻano o nā alanui. No ka hana ana i ka mea wale nō pololei olelo hooholo maʻEnelani i hana mai i kekahi hana hale kanawai Komisina, i ua e kukulu iho i kaʻaʻahu nui o ke alahao Track. Pela, i ka 1845 ua ke kānāwai ma luna o ke kūkulu o aeaciui ai me ka Track moʻokūʻikena o 1.435 mm o. Akā, loaʻa nāʻaoʻao i mea ole pahuhopu nei i keiaʻikepili, ua loaa ia ia e? Aeiino?. Violators alo i ka uku ana i £ 10 no kela a me keia mile, no 1 lā o ke ola o ka 'ino ai alanui.

Special ana no ka Ireland

Great Western Road i puʻe wale akula kēlā i kūkulu i kekahi, he kolu hoino aku. No ka Hawaii, ke aupuni Beritania i ka koe (Track laula 'aneʻi, a hiki i keia manawa 1600 mm). Ma ke aupuni i loko o ka 40s o ka 19th kenekulia ana coexisted moʻokūʻikena o eono hae. I ka pilikia i ua hoʻonā 'ano, i ke aupuni ua hōʻike' he hookahi hae, e hoʻomaulia i ka awelika.

Iron alanui USA

Ma ka US, ua imi mai Hawaii e kaʻawale lākou iā lākou iho i ke kaua kūloko. O ka holo ana, keia e e lewa ma ka amo. Ke ala mua ka loa e lauwili mamao ma waena o nā mawah. In New York City kānāwai ka mea i hoopaaia i hiki ole nā lālā pili i alanui (moʻokūʻikena ia ua 1524 mm).

Mai ka makahiki 1865 a hiki i 1886, he mea ka hui ana o 'Amelika alanui. States e hoomaka ana e imi aoao e launa pū ', maʻamau English ua lilo hou aku a hou kākoʻo.

Wale i loko o Feberuari 1886 aponoia ka "Convention", i enshrined i ka hoike ana o ka hookahi Track i loko o ka United States. 21.000 ei lōʻihi o ke kuamoʻo i pereshito i pono mau lā. A makaukau i 79 mau lā. Laula ma ka US alahao moʻokūʻikena i ua mālama i ka 1435 mm o. ʻO ia ka nui i ka aeaciui ai ma Canada.

Europa? aeaciui

English moʻokūʻikena (1,435 mm) Ua haawiia mai i na Europa'āinapuniʻole. 'Aelike i keia nui i aponoia ma kekahi aina i kekahi mau manawa: ma Bavaria i ka 1836, Prussia i ka makahiki 1837, ka holoʻokoʻa German TC - 1850.

Mai moʻokūʻikena alahao ma Europe, aponoia ma England, ia me ke kumu a me ka mea i ka loa, he pono ole.

Eia naʻe, e eʻimi i nā kêia kanaka o kēia mau mea kiko'î i kahiko Roma. I ia mau lā, i mea e pale aku paʻa pōʻino nā kaʻa kaua, ka mea i hoʻoholo i ka hana i kekahi kaa me ka mamao ma waena o nā huila (a ia mea like no 1.435 mm).

ākea moʻokūʻikena

Kaawale mai Hawaii, ke akea Track (1600 mm) i hoʻohana ua ma ka'āina e like me Australia (hapa 'ia mai ka makahiki 1854), a Brazil. Ka lehulehu (1676 mm) Ua wahahee ma Spain i ka makahiki 1848, ma Portugal - ma ka makahiki 1854, ma Argentina - i ka 1857-m, a hiki hope - i loko o Inia, Chile, Ceylon.

Ma kēia mau'āina a pau hookama laila moʻokūʻikena nō koe Hoʻohaku.

He aha ma Russian

moʻokūʻikena alahao ma Rusia ua oi ma mua o ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia. Mai na kii i ka 1829 mm o kau ana ma ke ala o ka Tsarskoye Selo, ka aina ua hoʻoneʻe i ka nui o 1524 mm o. Ua ua ano o ke kuamoʻo Moscow - St. Petersburg. I ka wā e hiki mai i kēia koho, a ua lilo i ke kūmau. Apparently, ua aie ka Lūkini nā kānakaʻenehana ka huahelu i loko o ka United States. I ka manawa o nā kuhikuhipuʻuone a 'Amelika i ua' Imi limahana ma charting hou alanui.

Laula 1524 mm o ua, ua hoao ia e? Aneiai ho. A hiki aku oe e hana i kekahi Track aupuni hanau mai la i ka waiwai e lilo aku, ua emi mai o lapuwale. Paha ka mea, ua hoi he kaʻakālai olelo hooholo. Like kokoke aina makemake ole e hiki ke hele io lākou lā i ke aupuni ma hoino aku amo? Ooia.

Ma ka hopena o 60-ies Track i hoemi ia i ka 1520 mm o. Kēia i hana ai no ka pono o ka ho omaulia. I ka lā, amo? Ooia me ka meheu 1520 a me ka 1524 mm o ua lua i loko o ke ao nei me ka olelo o ka lōʻihi o nā alanui (huina lōʻihi like 'ole).

Ke akea o ke alahao moʻokūʻikena ma Rusia, a Europe i lawe i ka hae i kekahi mau manawa. No ka mea na wahi mai e hele mai i kekahi mau huahelu lipke,ʻaʻole iʻikeʻia no kekahi.

Lūkini subways

Ke akea o ke alahao moʻokūʻikena ma Rusia ma nā mea a pau metros o ka ia me ka loa o ka aina Railroad. Ua pili kekahi i ka mea a pau i ka Moscow aina. Russian tram laina e like me ka mamao ma waena o nā mawah - 1520 mm o. Aia nō kekahi mau kūlanakauhale i mea okoa ma keia pili ana. In Rostov-ma-Don, no kekahi laʻana, Europa waiho Track. Kona laula, he 1435 mm o. Ma kekahi Lūkini nāʻoihana a me nā kauhale o ka Moscow no ka neʻeʻana o nā trams hoʻohana i kekahi wahi paiki Track laula o 1000 mm o. He kūlanakauhale e like me Kaliningrad (Rusia), Pyatigorsk (Rusia), Lviv (Ukraine), Zhitomir (Ukraine), Vinnitsa (Ukraine) a me na mea e ae.

'āina me ka Lūkini moʻokūʻikena

Track akea me nā hoailona o ka 1520 a me ka 1524 mm o ia lŘlŘ hou i loko o kekahi mau Hawaii. Heʻano nui ka mua Soviet Union , a kokoke Finland, Mongolia, Afghanistan. O ka holo ana, keia aʻole i manaʻo 'ia ka mea' ē aʻe Track malaila mai e pili.

Aia nā koho kekahi wā kekahi mau alahao canvases i hoʻohana, i ka laula o i mea okoa, mai ka maliuia hae. No ka laʻana, ma Pulakalia mea he mahele uuku o ke alanui ma Varna ma o ka waʻapā. In Germany - i loko o ke awa o Sassnitz. Ke akea o ke alahao moʻokūʻikena ma Kina ma ka palena: kau akamai me Rusia, a o ka pololei nui. North Korea i ka 2011, hoihoi hou ia ka aina ma ka mokuna i kela kapa Hasan - Tumen. Romania i kekahi laina e hoʻohuiʻia ka Metallurgical Plant a me Moldova. Nō hoʻi, i kēia mau papa pihi i loaʻa i loko o Solowakia, Kuekene, Iran.

I loko nō o ka mea i ka moʻokūʻikena alahao ma Europe mea okoa mai mākou kiko'î, wahi me ka Lūkini moʻokūʻikena hoola i ke kala no ka pinepine halihali ana i ka waiwai, mai nā hale hana, mea kanu a me ka nui i ka pilina paʻa ohua kalepa.

Ka hoʻohana a ololi moʻokūʻikena

I ka wa e hoomaka ana e waiho i ka mawah ma 'Enelani iʻikeʻia i loko o ke alanui me ka Track o ka 590 mm o. A laila, he alahao Track stele ma Farani, Pelekiuma a me Scandinavia. Ma Rusia, pilikia-moʻokūʻikena alahao (ma 1871) i hoʻolauna.

Ma kekahi'āina, na alanui e nō i hoʻohana. No ka laʻana, ma ka Cape Colony lākou lōʻihi mea ai nui (112,000 kilomika), ka mea, ua noho ua hoʻololiʻia. Ke alanui ua kapaʻia - "Cape moʻokūʻikena", kona laula - 1067 mm o.

Ma ka'āina o South Africa a me Central Africa, ka 'âina Pilipino, New Zealand, māhele o lapana a me Australia no hoi i na pilikia w / w, o ke alanui. Ka laula o ke alahao Track ma Sakhalin no hoi i ka nui o 1.067 mm o. Mai ka 2004 JSC "Lūkini aeaciua ai"? Aeiino? E hoonui kalepa puke.

In Japan, no ka kiʻekiʻe mämä holo Loko Ka hale laina a hiki i ka mamao ma waena o nā mawah 1435 mm o.

Ke akea o ke alahao moʻokūʻikena i loko o Rusia ma ka mokuna me Poland, a Kaliningrad i ka ia. Ano, South Station o ke kulanakauhale, e hooponopono mau o kēia mau alahele.

Ma ka USSR, ka mea, ua hoʻohana like Track 750 mm o loko o ka laula. Mau alanui i ka lua o ka loa hanohano a me ka hoʻohana 'ia a hiki i ka makahiki 1980. Currently, ka mea, ua hoololi ae la kekahi ma lalo o ka hoʻomaopopo like hae, a wale paa.

Ma kekahi Europa aina e hoʻohana 'ana i ka 1000 mm o Track.

keakea o ololi-moʻokūʻikena alahao

Ololi moʻokūʻikena Ua mau koho no ka kumu o ka hoʻokele waiwai. wale mālamalama mele, ua noa e neʻe a puni ia. Ua kōkua emi i ka lilo o ke kūkulu o ka R / W pena. Helu hōʻike i ke alanui a hiki i Festinoge e loaʻa ekolu manawa like nui ina ia he maʻamau.

Eia naʻe, i kēia laula mea,ʻaʻole lawa e lawa pono ai nā mea a pau e pono ai. Ma ka hopena o 19th kenekulia, hoomaka ae la ka aina i ka 'Imi hoʻoneʻe i nui nui like' ole.

I loko nō o ka hilinai nui o na poe kokua o ka puali ololi moʻokūʻikena alahao a me ka makemake, e ho'āʻo i ka feasibility a me ka practicality o kēia mau canvases, mau ike i lohe ole ai mamua ma ka hapanui. A hohola iho la ia me ka wikiwiki nui 1435 mm o-ala ma na alanui o kekahi mau loina.

Ano, pilikia nā moʻokūʻikena hoʻohana no ka hanalima halihali i ka nui nā hale hana a me nā mea wili, no ka oo? O? Ooia, ma mines, ma ka laina kekahi ma ka aina no ka amo ana o ohua.

Kekahi mau 'ikepili helu a me curiosities

Road me ka Track o 1.435 mm o i ka loa, he pono ole. Lākou e like me ka 75% o w / b'āpana. Lehulehu huahelu ma waena o 11% a me ka NGR - 14%.

Ka lōʻihi o ka w / E ala i loko o ke ao nei - 1,2 miliona ei. Ka hapanui o alanui i waiho i loko o ka US (aneane 240 tausani kilomika). Ma kekona wahi Canada (90,000 km). Ekolu wahi no ia Rusia (86,000 km).

Ke narrowest Track laula (0 mm) hoʻolaha hapa w / w, no ke alanui i loko o Germany kahi hoʻokahi hōʻino aku i hoʻohana. Kēia alanui pohole mana.

Ke widest Track hoino aku alanui (3000 mm) ka'āuna ka General Staff o Hitler, e lawe mai ana i ka noho ana Ukraine a me Europa, nā'āina'ē aʻe maka mea. Lanakila ma luna o ka Nazis i keia manao ole i ke Akua. Ka ekolu-mika akea o ke alahao moʻokūʻikena i loko o Ukraine ua noho wale ma luna o ka pepa.

Ka loa, he pono ole moʻokūʻikena

Track laula (mm)	Lōʻihi (km)	alanui inoa	'āina kahi ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia
1676	42300	Mauna	India, Chile, Pakistan, Argentina
1668	14300	Iberian	Spain a Portugal
1600	9800	Ipelana	Hawaii, Brazil a me Australia (hapa)
1524	7000	Russian	Estonia a Finland
1520	220000	Russian	i loko o ka Moscow aina, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Mongolia (hapa 'ia)
1435	720000	Europa	Europa, Canada, USA, China, Australia, Korea, NorthʻApelika, Middle Hikina, Cuba, Panama, Mexico, Venezuela, Peru, Uruguay
1067	112000	Cape	South Africa, Central Africa, Japan, Indonesia, Taiwan, New Zealand, Australia, Sakhalin (Rusia)
1000	95000	mika	Asia (Hikina Hema), India, Bolivia, Brazil, Uganda, Chile, Kenya

Pilikia a me ka hoʻohana 'ana o kekahi Track widths

Ka hoʻohanaʻana i fabrics me ka okoa hoʻokolo i loko o kekahi aina i ka meaʻano o nā hana a he leo me ka halihali ana i ka ukana a me ka ohua. I wahi o ka "aha" mau mau aoao i e e transplanted kanaka (neʻe maila waiwai). Kekahi hoʻohana bogie mail 'ike loea i ka' ē aʻe ia i kona kalaka.

Ke akea o ke alahao moʻokūʻikena ma Rusia, a Europe ua wehewehe aku ma ka 85 mm o. No laila, a pau ka mokuna: kau akamai pili i nā pilikia. Ka loa hoʻohana 'ia mau hae - o ka Europa, a me ka Lūkini moʻokūʻikena.

Ka nui loa ka helu o ka ai pili aku kumu (15 na apana) i kia ma ka mokuna wahi me Ukraine. Ua kaua ma Poland, Solowakia, Hungary a me Romania. Ke akea o ke alahao moʻokūʻikena ma Rusia, a Ukraine no ia. Aka hoi, na kaa a pau i ka pūʻali. Kēia hana i ma ka liʻiliʻi loa, elua no hora no ka ohua amo. Ukana mau ukali i e pule ma o ka lālani e hana permutation.

enehana kekahi mea i ka 'akomi moʻokūʻikena loli i? ac? i ka makahiki 1968. Keia ia lŘlŘ ma haʻahaʻa mämä holo me ke komo ana o aeaciui ai? Aaiuo eaa.

O ka holo ana, e noonoo pono i kēia mau kumumea, he nui loa kanaka makemake e hoouna aku i ko lakou mau waiwai ma ka moana. Baltic awa i hoakaka ukana. Me ka Poeikohoia o Europa alahao poe, a me ka hooponopono ana o Lūkini aeaciua ai e mau ana i ka manawa kūpono o ka hoʻomaikaʻi pili 'o Randy alanui i loko o ka' akomi pololei.