Keleawe: conductivity, ka waiwai, a me nā 'ano noi

Ma na lālā o kēia hana ua loa hoʻomano hoʻohanaʻia e like me ke keleawe. Ka uila conductivity o keia metala ka loa kiʻekiʻe. Kēia wehewehe i ka feasibility o kona palapala noi kuhikuhi ma ka pou wilikî. i loaa keleawe conductors me ka maikai loa hana. O ka holo ana, ua hoʻohana 'ia i kēia mea hiki ke hooheheeia,ʻaʻole wale nō i loko o uila' enekinia, akā, i loko o nā hana. Ma muli o ia kona pilina me kona ano e like me ia'ku i corrosive ka make i loko o kekahi corrosive hana kūpono, refractoriness, plasticity, etc.

mōʻaukala 'ike

Keleawe o ka'ōlinolino iʻikeʻia e ke kanaka, mai ka manawa kahiko o ka'āina. Ua wehewehe i ke kakahiaka nui hoike ana o kanaka a me kēia mau mea kuhikuhi kona prevalence ma ka ano i loko o ka palapala o nuggets. He nui nā kānakaʻepekema manaʻo i ka mea, ua ka mua keleawe'ōlinolino loaʻa hou mai i ke kanaka o ka oxygen i huiʻia. Once nā pōhaku pono enaena, i loko o ke ahi a me ka hoʻomaka koke ho'ēmi, ma o na la ia e'oāwa. Hope i ke keleawe koi hoʻomaka e paka i ka pahu me ka hou o ka lanahu, a puhi upa makani. Hou ana o keia kaʻina ua lilo i alakaʻi i ka hanaia'na o ke kumu e'a'ā ana. Aka hope, hoomaka ae la ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia e loaa ma ka oxidizing smelting i eliia.

Keleawe: conductivity mea

Ma ka quiescent moku'āina, a pau o kekahi metala noa electrons puni ka nucleus. Ka wā i mawaho kumu o ka waiū e hoonohonoho i loko o ke kaʻina, a lilo i nā moku halihali mokulele o kaʻikena. Ke degere o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia hana, e hele ma ia hope kapa conductivity. Ke pa alima o ke ana i loko o kona International Si Siemens ua hoakakaia e like me 1 knm = 1 ohm ^-1.

Ke conductivity o ke keleawe o loa kiʻekiʻe. E like me ia i kēia anakahi, ia surpasses a pau i ike i keia kumu ke hooheheeia. Maikaʻi ma mua o kona pono hele wale i ke kālā. Anakahi conductivity keleawe mea 57h104 knm ^-1 i ka wela o ka +20 ° C. Mahalo i kēia kona waiwai i kēia mea hiki ke hooheheeia mea a ianoiyuaa a me ka loa, he pono ole o nā mea a pau i ke alakaʻi mele hoʻohana ma ka hanalima, a wahi lulu mau hana.

Ke keleawe melemele maikai ku ikaika uila haawe ana, a me ka ike loea a me kaʻaʻahu. Eia hou, i kēia mea hiki ke hooheheeia ua wehewehe aku ma ke kiʻekiʻe mahele heheʻe i ka wahi, a (1083,4 ° C). Kēia, ma ka huli, e leie aku ka keleawe no ka lōʻihi manawa e hana i loko o ka hahana loa moku'āina. E like me ka mea prevalence he alakaʻi mele like Aluminum hiki wale paʻi me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia.

I ka hopena o impurities ma ka conductivity o ke keleawe

O ke ala, i ko makou manawa no ka smelting o kaʻulaʻula metala e hoʻohana nui oi Ka Uluwehi O Ke 'ana i kūpono ma mua i loko o ka wa kahiko. Eia naʻe, a hiki i keia la e maemae loa cu mea aneane hiki ole i. Ke keleawe He mau makana me ka dukima huikala. Ua hiki e, no ka laʻana, silikone, he hao paha beryllium. Ia manawa, i ka nui impurities i loko o ke keleawe, o ka emi kona uila ke keʻena. No ka hana ana i kaula, no ka laʻana, ka mea, he pono wale lawa maemae metala. Wahi ana i hoakaka, no keia manao hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia me ka nui o ka i oi aku 0,1% keleawe impurities.

Loa pinepine i loko o kēia mea hiki ke hooheheeia mea loaʻa i kekahi pakeneka o ka luaipele, arsenic a me ka antimony. Ka mua waiwai me ka nui loa ho'ēmi i kā ka ductility o ka mea. Ke conductivity o ke keleawe a me ka luaipele loli aʻe nui. keia admixture i i hoʻomakaʻikena. Ia mea he insulator maikai. Naʻe, i ka pou conductivity o ke keleawe luaipele, aole ia kokoke i kekahi ala i aloha ia. ʻO ia pili i ka thermal conductivity. Me ka antimony a arsenic ke ku pono ana i ka oiaio. e hiki ke emi i ka pou conductivity o ke keleawe loa kēia mau kumu.

oka a

Me ka dukima mea hoʻonui hiki ke hoʻohana 'oi loa no ka hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikaika o ia i ea mea e like me ke keleawe. Kona uila conductivity, ka mea i emi. Akā, kā lākou hoʻohana hiki me ka nui loa nae i ke ola o nā'ēheu kēia'ēheu o nā huahana.

Ma ka hapanui o na hihia, e like me ka ikaika-ō a mea hoʻonui hoʻohana keleawe Cd (0.9%). I ka hopena o ka cadmium keleawe. Kona conductivity ka 90% o ka conductivity o ke keleawe. I kekahi manawa, kahi o ka cadmium i mea hoʻonui i hoʻohana like Aluminum. Ke conductivity o keia metala o 65% o ka hookahi huahelu keleawe. E hoomahuahua i ka ikaika o na kaula i loko o ka palapala o ka mea hoʻonui i ke hoʻohana ', a me nā mea a me nā waiwai - piuta, phosphorus, chromium, beryllium. I ka hopena o ke keleawe o ka kekahi momoku ahi. A hui o ke keleawe me ka kiniki i kapaia o ke keleawe.

ano oka a

Hilinai metala uila conductivity ke ole wale ma luna o ka helu ana o impurities i loko o ia mau mea, akā, no hoi ma nā nā hoailona. No ka laʻana me ka hoʻoulu paio hahana maoli nō mahana hiki keleaweʻikena e kahe ana ma ka mea emi. Ua ololi ke conductivity o ka uea i kona ano o ka hana. I ka hale, a ma ka hana hiki ke hoʻohana i pahee-annealed keleawe kaula a me ka ikaika e holo pololei ana. Ma ka Lolina mua o ka hiki, e hele ma iho, ma luna o kaʻikena.

Naʻe, i ka loa nui kanawai, o ka papa, hoʻohana mea hoʻonui a me kā lākou ka nui o na pou conductivity o ke keleawe. I ka papaʻaina ma lalo makana i ka heluhelu me ka 'ike' ana i ka hiki o ka papa, e hele loa makaainana oka a pau o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia.

Ka uila conductivity o ke keleawe a me ke keleawe ulaula like. Naʻe, ka mea mua metala huahelu, o ka papa, he uuku lalo. Akā,ʻo ia a me kona kiʻekiʻe ma mua ia o ke keleawe. E like me ke keleawe uea ua hoʻohana loa kaiāulu. O kēia mea, ae emi mai o ke keleawe, akā, ma ka ia a me na koina emi. Loa pinepine i ke keleawe e hui 'ana, clamps a me nā māhele no radios.

Ke keleawe oka a pau o ka kiʻekiʻe e kū'ē'ē mai

Mau alakaʻi mele kumuhana i hoʻohanaʻano nui i loko o ka hana o resistors, rheostats, uila kani a me na manao ona. Loa pinepine hoʻohana 'ia no kēia mea keleawe oka a constantan a me ka manganin. Ke resistivity o ka mua (86% cu, 12% HI, 2% Ni) mea 0.42-0.48 micromhos / m, a me ka lua (60% cu, 40% Ni) - 0.48-0.52 micromhos / m.

Palapala a me ke kaʻi lau waiwai o thermal conductivity

Ke conductivity o ke keleawe - 59,5 miliona / m. Keia huahelu, e like me ua oleloia, mea pololei, akā, ma ke ana wela ma waena o +20 ^° C thermal conductivity o kekahi metala wale, a me he mea he conductivity hoopaa. E hoʻokau i kona kānāwai Wiedemann - Manuela. Ua ua hana i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ma kiʻekiʻe mahana, a ua hoikeia ma ka kēia haʻilula: K / γ = π ^2/3 (k / e) ² T, kahi y me - ka conductivity, ke k - Boltzmann ka ikaika, e - kula haʻahaʻaa kauoha.

O ka holo ana, ia ka pilina i koe, a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia e like me ke keleawe. Thermal a me ka uila conductivity mai he loa kiʻekiʻe. Ma kekona wahi ma hope o ia mea ke kālā ma luna o nā o kēia nā hoailona.

I ka hui o ke keleawe a me ka Aluminum kaula

In makahiki hou i loko o ka hale a me ka 'oihana, hoomaka iho la increasingly kiʻekiʻe uila mana e e hoʻohana. Ma Soviet manawa, ia i ka hapanui o ka pilina mai nike Aluminum. Ka hou olelo o kona hana ana, Eia naʻe,ʻaʻohe hou halawai. I kēia lā, no laila, i loko o ka hale, a ma ka hana e pinepine i ka Aluminum uea keleawe hoʻololi. I ka papa kuhikuhiE lanakila o ka la mahope, i hou i ka refractoriness, ka mea i loko o ka oxidative kaʻina hana o ko lākou lawelawe waiwai ka mea, i hoemiia.

Pinepine i ka modernization o ka uila, Aluminum a me ke keleawe kaula i ke e pili ana. Hana keia e ole 'ana. Maoli, i ka conductivity o Aluminum a me ke keleawe ulaula OAOOUIEeE ole he nui loa. Akā wale nō i loko o kēia mau mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Oxidizing i ka manaʻoe kūkulu o ka Aluminum a me ke keleawe i waiwai. No ka mea, o keia, ka conductivity ua me ka nui loa hoemi i ka pilina. Oxidative ho film o Aluminum ÿokoÿa nui kiekie ae ia'ku ma mua o ke keleawe. No laila, pono e hana wale nō ma ka kūikawā mea hoʻopili i ka hoʻohui pū 'ia o kēia mau ano o conductors. Ua hiki e, no ka laʻana, clip, kāpili ma luna i loaʻa ka maluhia ke hooheheeia, mai 'ia'okesaside. Kēiaʻano ua maʻamau a me adapters ai pili aku kaula ma luna o nā alanui. Ma na keena pinepine hoʻohana huina'ōpā. Ko lakou mea i manao ai ka loaʻa o ka kūikawā papa i eliminates ka hui 'ana ma waena o ka Aluminum a me ke keleawe ulaula. I ka wa e kaawale aku o ia mau conductors i loko o ka wahi lulu āina a puni, kahi o ka hilo kaula paipai e pono e hoʻohana i ke Kauai, a Nut i kekahi palapala "alahaka".

physical waiwai

Pela, ua loaʻa mai i ka pou conductivity o ke keleawe. Kēia huahelu e oko i ka hana i o ka metala impurities. Naʻe, i ke koi no ka keleawe i loko o ka hana me ka nānā 'a me kona nā mea eʻoi aʻe physical waiwai, e loaa' ikepili ma luna i ka mea i hiki mai i ka papaʻaina ma lalo nei.

Nine Inch mall

E like me na ano o ke keleawe, o ka pou conductivity a me thermal conductivity i ka loa kiʻekiʻe a me ka mea waena ma waena o nā kumu o ka mua triad hui VIII, a me ka mea mua kona'ākilikai pae o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina. Ma kona kumu o Nine Inch waiwai loaʻa:

• ka welelau o ke ano pono a pau o;

• hana e paka i nā pōpō i huiʻia me ka insoluble sulfides.

Hapanui ano no ka keleawe mea divalent moku'āina. Mea like me ka mekala 'åkilikai i eliiaʻi ka mea, ua kokoke ole. Kona reactivity mea i haʻahaʻa. Ma ke alo o ka CO ₂ a me ka wai ho film hanaia uliuli kalepona ma luna o ke keleawe ili honua. All keleawe paʻakai i make 'ona. Ke mono- a divalent hoakaka i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeiaʻano he loa paa luna 'i huiʻia. Ka mea kiekie loa waiwai no ka hana, ua ammonia.

Laulā o ka i

Ke kiʻekiʻe thermal a me ka uila conductivity o ke keleawe hoʻoholo kona ākea palapala noi i loko o kekahi mau hana. O ke ala, ka hapanui o ka metala ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o uila wilikî. Naʻe, i kēia mea,ʻaʻole i ka wale 'āpana o kona palapala noi. Eia hou, ke keleawe i ke hoʻohana:

• ma Jewelry;

• ma kuhikuhipuʻuone;

• ka wā e hana ana i ka wai a me ka paio hahana maoli nō nenoai;

• i loko o ke kinoea pipelines.

E paka nāʻano o nā mea i hoʻohanaʻano nui keleawe oka a me ke gula. Kēia maoli ka ia'ku e deformation o ka mea e nani ai, a abrasion. Ke kuhikuhipuʻuone hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia no ke keleawe cladding o nā hale a me nā facades. Ke kumu nui ia Morohiha o ia ka hoʻopau mea mau nō. No ka laʻana, a lahilahi o kēia mau metalaʻaʻahu kaupaku o ka luawai-ike kuhikuhipuʻuone palena'āina - ka Hui Hale Pule Nui i loko o ke kūlanakauhale Kelemānia o Hildesheim. Ke keleawe kaupaku o ka hale i malama kona kūloko ma ka lewa no ka aneane 700 makahiki.

enekinia, nā lawelawe

Ke kumu pono o ke keleawe wai na ohe i kekahi mea paʻa a me ka pono. Eia hou, i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia mea hiki ke paʻa kūikawā kūlana waiwai o ka wai, e ka mea pono no ka meaola. E hoakoakoa ia pipelines a me ka paio hahana maoli nō i ke keleawe ulaula şarkı i maikaʻi loa hoʻomākaukau -ʻano nui ma muli i kona ka popopo ia'ku a me ka ductility. Ka wā pilikia mahuahua puʻe mau laina hiki ke pale aku i mea nui e haawe ma mua o kila. Ka wale drawback o ke keleaweʻohe o kā lākou kiʻekiʻe kāki.