Lerner Index. Kumu a me ka hopena o monopolization o ke kuai

I loko nō o nā ana hoʻokele waiwai, a kau ia e ka luna o kekahi mau aina, e hana me ka monopoly, keia kŰia loa, he pono ole. Ke monopoly mana o ke kanaka poʻe poses he nui hoʻoweliweli 'ana i papa hana.

Monopoly a me kona kumu

Ma lalo o monopoly maopopo i ke kuai dominance o kekahi Hookah (implementer), a me ka hui pae ana o kanaka (cartels).

I ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o ka monopoly:

1. Laholio koi. Kēia ololi, ma ka huli, ua nānā 'ia ma ke alo ma ke kuai like huahana, i ka mämä holo o ka Customer pane e loaa mai ai loli, i ka manaʻo nui o ka waiwai no nā kānaka kūʻai mai, market saturation, heʻano o ooieoeiiaeuiuo uea' o ka waiwai, a me ka kūpono pae o ka makahiki nā kānaka kūʻai mai.
2. market lehulehu. Where 2-3 poe uhi 80-90% o nā mea kūʻai mai, monopoly i Konakele. Māmā ma mua i loko o nâ wahi.
3. Alu like 'ana ma waena o nāʻelua poʻe. Hana cohesively, kūʻai a me nā hoʻohua i nui ka mana.

Ka hopena o ka monopoly

Company me ka monopoly mana, ka noonoo e hoʻohaiki ana i ka nui o ka ia auoiaea o ka waiwai a me nā pūʻulu kiʻekiʻe kumukūʻai. Ua loaʻa i kumu hoʻopaipai i lalo? Iecaianoaaiiuo na koina. Eia hou, i ka poʻe incurs nā koina ma ka mea e malama a me ka hoʻoikaika i kona kulana.

Monopoly i loko o ka makeke hiki aku ai i ka mea ole:

• waiwai i hoʻohana inefficiently;
• Society aole i loaa ka mea e pono waiwai;
• Aia nō i nā makana no ka hooulu ana a me ka hoʻokomo 'ia' o ka 'ike loea hou;
• e ala? iecaianoaaiiuo koina.

E like me ka hopena o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie, aole ia i hiki i kā mākou e hiki ka hoʻokōʻana.

monopoly uku

Kekahi hopena o ka manao wale hoike ana o ka monopoly rula hooponopono o ka monopoly kumu kūʻai.

Ma lalo o monopoly maopopo i ke kumu kuai mea me ka nui loa divergent mai lākou maʻamau 'ilikai, a hiki lawe wahi i loko o ka hoʻok & kaiapuni. Ma lalo o maʻamau rula, i ke kumu kūʻai ua hanaʻia e like me ka hopena o ka lākiō o ka consumer koi a me ka market lako. Ma lalo o na kumu o ka monopoly kumukuai ua waiho Hoʻohaku kumuhana ma ka pae ana e hōʻoia 'ia o ka oi ka waiwai, a hoouhi i ka oi koina.

Monopoly kuai i ke overestimated a underestimated. Inflated kumukuai mea heʻilihune o ka dominance o ka retailer nui. Inā, nae, ke kuai ua Kīwala'ō ma lalo o ka mea kūʻai mai nui me ka helu nui o nā mea kūʻai, ka mea e kamaʻilioʻana i understate i ke kumukuai, e like me ka nui i hiki.

Lerner Index me he anakahi o ka monopolization

I ka nui o ka monopoly ka mana a me ka makeke lehulehu ua anaia mai ka manawa ma ka rula o ka manamana nui, i ka 'inideka, a me ka' inideka o Lerner Garfindelya-Hirschman.

Lerner ololi Ua manaoia i ka 1934. Ua mea kekahi o ka wā epekema ka 'ike i ka nui o ka monopolization a me ka helu ana i ka poho hoʻonuiʻia e ka Hui aie i ka monopoly. I na mea a intuitive, keia huahelu maopopo characterizes i ka hopena o ka monopolization. I kēia ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia ma ka economists a pau ma luna o ka honua i loko o ke kālailaiʻana i ka noho maikaʻiʻana o ke kaiāulu.

Inā na waiwai i hua mai, a kuai lilo aku ma lalo o ka monopolization, kona kumukuai, e mau e oi aku ma mua o ka marginal kāki. Lerner Index o ka hopena o ka mahele ana i ka uku o ka upena marginal lilo kumu kūʻai. Ka nui o ka uku oko a mai ka waiwai e lilo aku, i ka oi aku o ka waiwai o ka 'inideka ai.

I ka ho omaulia a me ka hoakaka ana o ka Lerner Index

Lerner Index he pōpilikia like penei:

• _{Au L = (P - mc)} / P = - 1 / E _d.

P - o ka monopoly kumukuai, a mc - marginal kāki.

Pono Competition hoʻohuʻu i ka naueue ole hiki ole ho ololi i ke kumu kuai pae. Price mea ma luna o kaʻilikai like me ka marginal kāki (P MS), niioaaonoaaiii:

• P - mc = 0;
• _{I L = (P - mc)} / P = 0 / P = 0.

I kekahi uku, piʻi pū i pili i ka marginal koina Hōʻike i ka poe mai i kekahi mana. ʻO kā mākou hiki waiwai o ka 'inideka o 1, a me ka mea he PAaIEN o ka loa monopoly.

Lerner Index hiki e hoike ia ma kekahi ala - ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i ke kaʻi lau waiwai o ka elasticity :

• (P - mc) / P = -1 / E b;
• I _L = -1 / E _d.

Index E _b characterizes ka elasticity o ke koi i loko o ka poʻe o nā huahana ma ka hua'ōlelo o nā kumukūʻai. No ka laʻana, ina E = -5, laila au _L = 0,2.

Ka nui kiʻekiʻe o ka monopolisation, aole ia e mau manaʻo i ka poe hookipa mai he. Ua hiki ke lilo aku ma luna o ka malama o ko lākou credibility like ka nui o ke kālā i nā mea a pau he hoʻolimalima i like me ka hopena o ke kumukuai, piʻi pū, ka mea, ua hoohaahaaia iho.

Hoike ana mai o ka monopoly i loko o Rusia

Iloko o ka hoʻololi manawa, i ka 90-ies. o ka hoʻokele waiwai Lūkini i ua wehewehe aku e ka lehulehu kiʻekiʻe i loko o ke manufacturing kaiaulu. Ke kuai i Kīwala'ō ma lalo iā Naha Pōhaku-nui a papa hana, i ka i waeia o ka pāʻoihana hoa ua loa i kaupalena '. Business pomaikai nui ka ikaika e kaukaʻi ma ka ikehu na lako. Auana nā hoailona mau poʻe i hāʻule? Iecaianoaaiiuo puke, hele lakou ilalo, kaʻina mea i loko o ka moku'āina o stagnation.

I ka makahiki 1992, ma hope o ka liberalization o ka papa kuhikuhiE âlapa pôhili ma ke kuai i lilo i kekahi o nā 'āina a me ka māhele monopolies. Ka ninaninau 'ana e pili ana i ka kaʻoihana kālā o ka nui onipaa no ua loaʻa ma ka uuku hoalawepu, no ka mea, o ka mea hana ma ka nunui pae imbalances pilikia.

Monopolists me ka pili ana i nā mea kūʻai mai inflated kala, a loaa hou makahiki. i ole i ka noho lawa ikaika levers o ka ole ma ke kumu kuai pae. Ke kanawai ua unclear a me ke aupuni hui - oi nawaliwali. Lawe ka lanakila o ke kulana, na monopolists o kekahi lālā o ka malu hui ma cartels. Aia he mau cartels i waena o nā kānaka kūʻai mai a me nā mea kūʻai, e like me kāwili.

Me ka Hekikai o ka hou ke kenekulia, ke kahua i uuku loli. Kokoke a pau o ka monopoly i hanaʻia i loko o ka '90s, hoʻomau i ka hana. Formally decentralization i loko o kekahi mau hana i paʻa, akā, e ala ana kinoea kala a me ka uila paipai i monopolies nō ka ikaika. Disproportion, ua loaʻa ma ka aoao ikaika loa o ka nui âlapa pôhili i loko o ke kuai, ua lilo kekahi o na kumu o ka ulia 2008-2009 GG.