Maka kaʻaila i loko o ke ao nei. Lūkini aila momoku ahi

Ma ka hopeʻumi makahiki hou, a nui me Media, pā ai ma luna o ka ikehu kumu waiwai. No koe a me ka aila. Ke kāki o kēia 'ano o ka hydrocarbon maka mea ua hana ke kaumaha ma muli o ka hoonohonoho hou kālepa, e like me konaʻano. Maka aila e wehewehe aku ma ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana a me ka wahi o ka molekumu o, a i ka pololei hopena ma luna o ia mau mea.

kekahi mau 'ike

ʻano a papa o ka aila - ka qualitative ano o ka maka mea,? Iecaianoaaiiie no i ua lawe mai ma luna o ka ia kahua, okoa mai na mea e ae ma kona haku mele 'ana a me ka uniformity. Oil punawai i okoa hoʻomaopop 'ana i wale i kona hoakaka, a nolaila, ua laha ka pono i loko o kona Mea Maluna. E Nohie i ka'ōnaehana o ka mea hoʻolilo, ka mea i i conditional ma ke kaawale ana o ka malamalama, a me ka kaumaha aila.

Ma ke ao nei makahiki produces oi ma mua o 20 lama o ka hoʻouku. No ka laʻana, ka papa kuhikuhiE mea hoʻolilo makaʻaila i loko o Rusia - Urals kaumaha ka aila a me ka malamalama Siberian malamalama, ana a pau 5ʻano likeʻole i lawe. Ma kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia he mea oi ma mua o ke kakini lama. Ma nānaina o ia 'ano mea ole a pau o ia hiki ke kūʻai liloʻia aku ma luna o ka lahui wahi kanaka. No laila, i ke kumukuai o kela a me keia momoku ahi me ka nānā 'pili ana i ka peni mäka papa - Pelekāne Brent maka kaʻaila, i ka US WTI, a me ka Middle East Middle East maka.

Ka waiwai o kēlā me kēia hōʻailona me ka nānā 'ana i ka aila uku ho'ēmi a me ka uku nui loa e pili ana i ka pa a ka papa ke kaumaha ma muli o ka maka mea e like ai. No ka laʻana, kaumaha aila me ka maʻiʻo kiʻekiʻe o nā impurities a me ka luaipele e e kuai no ka emi a me ka mea ia Brent WTI.

Ano o ka maka mea

E like me ka rula, ua ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka aila, me heʻeleʻele oily wai, akā, e like me ka ho'ākāka' ana mea i paa io ole i loko o nā hihia. Kala like 'ole e hoano e maiʻeleʻele i melemele a me ka aniani moakaka.

Ka loa nui ano e no hoi na coefficients o ka (viscosity) a me ka heheʻe. Kekahi mau maka aila e solidify ma haʻahaʻa mahana, oiai na mea e ae noho wai i loko o nā mea a pau malie ana. No ka mea, o ka nohona o nā 'ano i conditional mahele o nāʻano likeʻole i loko o ka malamalama, a me ka meakino kaumaha.

Ma keia hānai ua aneane hoʻohana maemae palapala, no laila, e loaa i ka marketable huahana aila ua ua hoʻopōaiapuni. Ka mämä holo a me ka hoʻokōʻana o aaioee i ka maka mea mea pololei hapaʻauhau i ka pa apŘ a me ka luaipele maʻiʻo a me impurities.

Lightʻano likeʻole i oi pipiʻi no ka mea, o ka ia e huahana e like me kakolina, kakolina diesel wahie, kerosene. loaa wahie ka aila a me ka wahie no ka umu o na papa kaumaha i i hoʻohana emi pinepine ia, no laila, i ka lilo o ia ma lalo iho nei.

hana hoihoi 'kūʻiʻo

A hiki i 1973, i ka waiwai e lilo aku ana o "ʻeleʻele gula" ua i hou aku 3 na dala. Ke kumukuai Ua mahuahua 4-pa ma hope o ka pāpā ma luna o ka mea hoʻolilo o ka maka mea, mai ka mea ¶ʻO'Araba aina. Ma mua o nā 80s i ka ulia i loko o ka Middle Hawaiian'āina, i ka waiwai e lilo aku kaulua ma waena o 15 a me ka 35 dala.

Oil me ka haʻahaʻa ka sulfur maʻiʻo ua kapaia "ono" a me ka kiʻekiʻe - ".ʻawaʻawa" Oia ka inoa, ua lanakila 'o ia, no ka mea, i loko o ka 19th kenekulia, ua ho'āʻo ka mea, aila poʻe. Ke kāki o aaioee huawaina makaʻaila mea me ka nui loa ma luna ma mua i loko o ka aaioee o ka mea ala. No laila, ka mea, ua mau loa ke kumukuai.

A kiʻiona hiʻona o ke kumukūʻai e loaa hou mai i loko o New York mea i ka ua'ōlelo dala kumukuai o ka maka mea no barela, a me nā huahana mai ia - i loko o keneta no ke galani.

Ma London, ka mea hana Internationalʻaila kā haawi aku i na, kahi ma ka lā kālepa oi ma mua o 50.000 e hiki mai ana ma luna o kekahi mau papa o ka maka aila a me Brent aila.

Helu hānau o kaʻaila i lawe mai wale no 1% o ke au e hiki aelike.

Maka kaʻaila i loko o Rusia

Huina waiwai hoʻolilo mai Rusia 6 papa o ka aila.

Urals hua mai la i ka Khanty-Mansi hana nona iho District a me Tatarstan Repubalika. Kēia mark Ua wehewehe aku ma ka maʻiʻo kiʻekiʻe o ka luaipele i huiʻia, a kaumaha hydrocarbon. Ke kumukuai o Urals aila ua nānā 'ia e kona discounted no North Sea kaha Brent. Kēia papa i hoomakaukauia ma ka hoʻohuihui i ka aila a me ka West Siberian Volga, no ka mea, o ka mea a ka mea e like ai poino. I kaʻumi makahiki i hala iho nei, hoao mai ana e hookaawale ia mai ka Urals Tatarstan pono hana. Ke kumukuai o Urals aila ua hanaʻia ma luna o ka huakūʻai mail RTS.

Siberian Light hua mai la i loko o ka Khanty-Mansi hana nona iho Area. Na ka sulfur maʻiʻo maloko mea aneane 3 manawa e emi ma mua i loko o Urals.

Artic Oil ua extracted i loko o ka holopapa o ka Pechora kai. 'O kēia ka mua Lūkini aila kahua, aia i loko o ka Arctic Ocean. Ka hanohano nō hoʻi hiʻona o keia momoku ahi o Lūkiniʻaila mea kiʻekiʻe nuʻa a kiʻekiʻe luaipele maʻiʻo. Oil ua extracted i loko o 60 ei, mai ka Hawaiian ciia, mai ka paa anuu.

Sokol wehewehe aku ma ka haʻahaʻa ka maʻiʻo o impurities. Scout ma Sakhalin Island. Mea hoʻolilo Via ka Harabov.

ESPO Ua wehewehe aku ma ka haahaa nuʻa a me ka haahaa ka sulfur maʻiʻo ua hua mai i loko o Hawaiian Siberia. Ua kaʻi aku ma nā ESPO pipeline.

Vityaz - Sakhalin aila momoku ahi, like me ka mea e like ai i ka Omani maka. Hoʻolilo i ka māhū pipeline.

Maka kaʻaila i loko o ke ao nei: o ka global Mea Maluna

Ka a pau honua Mea Maluna o ka "ʻeleʻele gula" Ua nānā 'ana ma luna o lama elua - Sweet maka ka aila a me ka Light Sweet maka aila.

Sweet maka aila - maka mea me ka sulfur maʻiʻo i oi aku mamua o 0.5%, e like me hydrogen sulfide a me ka o carbon dioxide. I keia manawa, ua hoʻohana 'ia kēia hōʻailona i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ke kakolina.

Light Sweet makaʻaila mea haʻahaʻa i ka mahuahua. (Viscosity) a me ka pa apŘ hiki oko a.

Ma muli o nā 'ano o kēia mauʻano likeʻole, a hiki i ka maka aila Ua hāʻawi lākou i nā kēia notation:

• malamalama (kiekie loa nuʻa);
• maka (haʻahaʻa mahuahua maʻiʻo);
• kaumaha (haʻahaʻa nuʻa);
• ʻono (haʻahaʻa luaipele).

piliʻano

I huina, he 3 kaʻaila momoku ahi i loko o ke ao nei, a ua manaoia e ia i ka i maopopo nä haumäna.

Brent (maka) - North Sea maka meakino nuʻa he 0.5% luaipele impurities. Hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka meakino-pepa paia stills, e like me kakolina. Ke kumukuai o Brent maka aila - i ke kumu no ka ho okumu ana o kumukūʻai ma luna o ke kolu o nā mea a pau i nāʻano likeʻole i loko o ke ao nei.

WTI ua o koʻu mau i loko o ka 'Amelika moku'āina o Texas. Ua he nuʻa oi aku ma mua o Brent, luaipele maʻiʻo - 0,25%.

Dubai maka - aila mai ka United ¶ʻO'Araba Aupuni'EmiraʻAlapia Hui PūʻIa. I ike like Fateh. Ua loaʻa he haʻahaʻa nuʻa. Ua loaʻa mai i ka 2% luaipele impurities.

ʻano likeʻole hookomoia ma ka OPEC mea hoʻolilo hinai

OPEC (o ka hui oʻaila kā ka hoʻoliloʻana Aupuni) ma ka helu ana i ka waiwai e lilo aku ana o kekahi poe palaualelo a me kekahi hoʻohana i ka 'inideka "hinai OPEC». I ka lā, i ka OPEC hinai kikowaena 11 lama o ka "ʻeleʻele gula":

• Saharan Blend (Algeria);
• Es Sider (Libua);
• ¶ʻO'Araba Light (Saudi Arabia);
• Basra Light (Iraq);
• Bonny Light (Nigeria);
• Iran kaumaha loa (Iran);
• Kuwait mea hoʻolilo (Kuwait);
• Murban (United ¶ʻO'Araba Aupuni'EmiraʻAlapia Hui PūʻIa);
• Qatar Hawaii (Qatar);
• Girassol (Angola);
• Merey (Venezuela).

Oil o ka iwi kuamoo o ka hapanui o nā noʻeau hoʻokele waiwai - nā aʻoʻia a me ke kino. Oilʻimi loa i ka lewa lawe mai nā ma ka pelapela, a ma luna o nā shelves o ka moana. Aia nō ma luna o ka 20 kekahi mauʻano likeʻole o ka "ʻeleʻele gula". Eia hou kekahi, kēlā me kēiaʻano i kona mau hanana Nine Inch haku mele 'ana. Ke kumu nui i maopopo kahi inoa i aloha ia i ke kumu kūʻai ma ka global pālākiō, ka mea, ua ea ae Brent, WTI a me Dubai maka. A hehi ihola au Russian aila e hele ana no ka mea hoʻolilo: Urals, Siberian malamalama, Arctic Oil, Sokol, ESPO, Vityaz. Au e hiki mai aelike no ka hoolako ana maka mea i loko o ke ao nei huakūʻai wahi kanaka. Holo nōhie, keia mea New York a me London kumukuai kūkaʻi. Ma Rusia e hana RTS (Moscow).