Maxwell ka kumumanaʻo a me kona hiʻona

Ano, aneane mea ike i ka uila a me kaʻume mākenēki mahinaʻai i pololei e pili ana i kekahi i kekahi. O ka mea, he kūikawā lala o ke kālaikūlohea i haʻawina no ka electromagnetic aʻike manaʻo. Akā, i loko o ka 19th kenekulia a ka mea i ua kālaiʻia e Maxwell ka electromagnetic a kumumanaʻo, na mea a pau ua loa okoa. Ua Ua manaʻo, no ka mea hoike, i ka uila kihapai hoʻomaopop 'ana i loko o wale (particles) a me nā kino, me ka uila e malama, a me kaʻume mākenēki waiwai - he loa okoa ke kahua o ka' epekema.

I ka 1864, ka mea kaulana Pelekāne physicist D. K. Maksvell wahi i ka pololei mea hoʻopili o ka uila a me kaʻume mākenēkiʻike manaʻo. Opening ua, ua kapaia "Maxwell ka electromagnetic a kahua kumumanaʻo." Mahalo iā ia, ua hiki ia ke hoʻoponopono i ka helu o ka intractable i ka olelo o ka electrodynamics ia manawa, ninau.

Most kiʻekiʻe-Profile discoveries ua mau muli ma luna o ka hana o ka mua noiʻi. Maxwell ka kumumanaʻo - mea i koe. A kiʻiona hiʻona mea i Maxwell i me ka nui loa hoʻonui i nā hualoaʻa loaa mai ma kona mau mua. No ka laʻana, ka mea, ua kuhikuhi mai ia i loko o ka hoʻokolohua Faraday hiki ke hoʻohana ole wale i ka paʻa loop o ka lawelawe mea, akā, he ana i kekahi mea. Ma keia hihia i ka huakai kaapuni mea hōʻike no ka solenoidal uila ke kahua i loli ai ole wale ke aniani puka olu oia o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Me keia wahi o Hawaii i ka wa a ka dielectric mea i loko o ke kula mea oi pololei i ka olelo o ka polarization paialewa. Lakou i hana i ka hana, i mea e hoʻa'ā i ka mea a hiki i ka kekahi ana wela.

Ka mea mua e hoʻohuoiʻia o ka pilina o ka uila a me ka ʻume mākenēkiʻike manaʻo ʻikeʻia i loko o 1819. H. Oersted kaulana ia ina he pono ma kahi o ke alakaʻi mele hoʻonoho panana, i ke kuhikuhi ana o ka pua deviates mai o ka North Pole.

I ka 1824, A. Ampere ua kālaiʻia i ke kānāwai o ke AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o conductors, hope kapaia ka "Ampere ka kānāwai."

A eia ka mea hope, i ka makahiki 1831, Faraday i keʻano o ke kala pono i loko o ka huakai kaapuni, i kahi i loko o ka hoʻololiʻume mākenēki kahua.

Maxwell ka kumumanaʻo o ka walaʻauʻana pilikia o electrodynamics e hoʻoponopono i: i ike māhele o ka makana o ka pou 'āhewa' ana (paialewa) e hooholo i kekahi mau 'ano o ka ua loaʻaʻume mākenēki a me ka pila nui kihapai. Kēia kumumanaʻo 'Aʻole i manaʻo iā lākou iho i ka maomeka hp'pnphp kaʻike manaʻo' ia.

Maxwell ka kumumanaʻo ua pili loa kaulike e kauoha aku, e like me ia ma ka'ōnaehana o nā helu kaulike ua noʻonoʻo i electromagnetic a hana kūleʻa ana i ka mämä holo o ka malamalama, nānā 'ole o ka meakino. An pono o ka kumumanaʻo o ka mea i ma luna o kona kumu uhi ia mau kula i mea:

- paha kŘpa a nui au a me ka 'āhewa' ana, māhele i loko o ka buke nui (na manawa he nui i ka nui o ka'Ātoma paha lātoma);

- e loli ikiʻume mākenēki a me ka uila kihapai ĸokoĸa ana nä pane wikiwiki ma mua o ka wā o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o nā nā lātoma;

- mamao ma waena o ka hōʻailona i ko wahi i ka makahiki a me ka kumu o ke kula, ua oi aku ka nui o nā'ātoma (nā lātoma).

A pau i kēia paipai e pili kuhikuhi i kaʻike manaʻo o ka macrocosm Maxwell ka kumumanaʻo. Hoikehonua, ke kālaikūlohea hou keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o wehewehe hua'ōlelo o quantum kumumanaʻo. I Maxwell o nā papakuhikuhi quantum hoike e ole i ka heluʻia. Aka hoi, i ka pono o ko Maxwell ka'ōnaehana o nā helu kaulike hiki ana e halawai me kekahi mau hana nui loa ia. He hana hoihoi ia mai manaoia nuʻa pou paialewa a me ka 'āhewa' ana, ia mea theoretically hiki ia i kā lākou iho, akā, heʻume mākenēki ano. Ma keia i ka makahiki 1831 i Dirac, denoting lākouʻume mākenēki monopoles. I mau, me ka walaʻauʻana tenets o ke kēia kumumanaʻo.

- heʻume mākenēki kahua ua loaʻa ma ka alternating uila kahua;

- alternatingʻume mākenēki ke kahua paha ke he uila ke kahua vortical ano.