Midbrain: kuleana pili a me ka 'ole. I ka mana o ka midbrain a me ka cerebellum

Ma ke kaʻina hana o këia ana i ka lolo hoʻololi i loko o ka papa o ka evolution, ka mea, ua i hoʻomōhala manaʻo e pili ana i ke alo o kona pae ekolu. Ka mua o kēia mau (i ka lani kiekie loa) ka anterior. Ua nā basal basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, diencephalic Front olfactory lolo. Middle Oihana pili i ka awelika kiʻekiʻe. A e pili ana i ka lalo hope 'Oihana i he o ka medulla oblongata, cerebellum a me pons.

Ka awelika lolo hana a me ka 'ole o ka a mākou e noʻonoʻo i ka au mamuli, uluʻano nui ma lalo o ka aoao o ka pilikia makapō mea loaʻa i loko o ka papa o ka phylogeny. No laila, i keʻano nui o kona ho okumu i innervation o ka maka.

Ua hoʻi i hana i ka-oaio? A hālāwai hoʻolohe manaʻo i loko o ka wā e hiki mai, pu me ka-oaio? A o ka ulu a me ka hana i ka magic shell i 4 midbrain kaupaku. Ka 'ole o ka mea, mākou e kūkākūkā ma lalo nei. A hana no ka waenakonu o ka lolo i ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o ka lua o ka hapalua o keia Haawina.

Ka hooulu ana o ka midbrain

Ke kākoʻo a me ka auditory oaio? Ia i mea i loko o laila, lilo ka subcortical, waena, hookahi ma ka subordinate kulana me ka muli o nā kānaka a me nā luna holoholona i ka cortical hopena o ka pilikia makapō a me ka auditory analyzers ma ka forebrain cortex. Development i loko o kānaka, a ma luna mammals ka forebrain ua manaoia i ka mau alahele e hoʻohui i ka cortex me ka spinal hopena, hoomaka ae la e hele ana oukou ma ka hapalua like-lolo, o kona mau oihana Ua hoʻololi i ka uuku. E like me ka hopena, i ka hope i:

- subcortical auditory-oaio? A;

- pilikia makapō subcortical-oaio? A, e like me nā aʻalolo nuclei i innervate na nāʻiʻo o ka maka;

- a pau io na la, a pii aku mau alahele e hoʻohui i ka spinal kaula a me ka cerebral cortex hele ana oukou ma ka waena o ka maalo;

- laulau o keʻokeʻo mea ai pili aku i ka midbrain me na oihana likeʻole o ka Central ko mākou hopohopo nenoaiu.

'ole

Ka awelika lolo hana a me ka 'ole o ka a mākou e hoihoi i loko, o ka loa wale kūkulu a me ka huna uuku oihana (i loko o ka Hawaii photo ma luna o ka mea, ua hoailono aku la i mea eleele). Aia nō ka mea, penei ka papa kuhikuhiE māhele elua:

- mau wāwae, kahi loa he mau alahele;

- subcortical-oaio? A o ka hihiʻo a me ka hālāwai hoʻolohe manaʻo.

midbrain kaupaku

Ke kaupaku o ka midbrain, dorsal aoao, hūnāʻia ma lalo o ke kino callosum (ka hope hopena). Ua Ua subdivided i loko o 4 hooponopono pairwise ho okumu ana ma nā Groove (transverse a lonikū) holo ana crosswise. Ka luna mau puu - subcortical ioauoa o ka hihiʻo, a me ka lalo elua - lohe. Ma waena o ka luna protuberance i loko o ka Groove mea palahalaha pineal. Lawelawe ho okumu kauoha laterally, keu aku, a anteriorly, a hiki i ka palapala lolo. Ua hele na ho okumu ana. Ke 'au o ka luna ho okumu ana i lalo o ka uluna o ka thalamus i loko o ke ala e hiki aku o ke kīloi paʻewa geniculate kino. Pōheo'oma lalo nalo ma lalo o ka medial geniculate kino. Geniculate kino, i haiia ae maluna, i hui ole ia i ka waena, a me ka palapala lolo.

lolo anei i

Hele ma e wehewehe i ka awelika kanaka lolo kuleana pili a me ka 'ole. ʻO kekahi mea e noho ma luna o - kona mau wāwae. He aha ka mea? Kēia ventral loa, a iloko ona i kakauia a pau na alahele hele alakai i ka forebrain. E noke i ka'ūhā, ua mau semicylindrical manoanoa keʻokeʻo ili aku ai, i ka divergent huina, mai ka lihi o ke alahaka, a bapetizoia ma ka hemisphere.

He aha ka i ka lua o ka midbrain?

He nui nā hua'ōlelo Hiki ke loaʻa i loko o keia pauku, e like me ka'anatomia o ka midbrain. Ke 'ole, kona oihana kauoha i ke ano o ka rigorous scientific pololei. Mākou i hōʻike 'huikau Roma inoa haʻalele wale na kumu o hua'ōlelo. No ka mea ike mua He nui iho la ia.

E ka i aku nei au i kekahi mau olelo e pili ana i ka waena o ka lolo lua. He He haiki Kanal, a ua kapaʻia ka papa kuhikuhiE wai. Ke kai ua hoalaala ia me ka ependyma, ia mea ololi, he lōʻihi o 1.5-2 knm. Brain paipu hoʻohuiʻia i ka ha a hiki i ke kolu o ka ventricle. Turo wāwae hoʻohaiki ana kona ventral a me ka dorsal - i ka hale o ke midbrain.

Mau māhele o ka midbrain i loko o ke kea-mahele

Mākou e hoʻomau mākou moʻolelo. Hiʻona o ka awelika kanaka lolo hiki ke maikaʻi maopopo ma ka noonoo ia, a ma ke kea-pauku. Ma keia hihia, e hoʻohanohanoʻia ma loko o laila ka mea kēia ka papa kuhikuhiE māhele ekolu:

- ka uhi una honua;

- Turo;

- ventral Oihana,ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kumu wāwae.

Nā nuclei o ka midbrain

Ma lalo o ka aoao o ka optic mea loaʻa e like me ke kino midbrain nuclei e likeʻole ma loko o laila. I ka mana o ka midbrain nuclei no i ka innervation o ka maka. Ka Luna Nui colliculus i haahaa vertebrates meaʻano nui he wahi kahi i ka optic nā aʻalolo na welau, e like me walaʻauʻana pilikia makapō kikowaena. Ma kānaka a me nā mammals me amo i loko o ka forebrain o ka pilikia makapō palapala-oaio? A koe ma waena o ka luna ho okumu ana, a me ka optic nā aʻalolo, ia mea nui reflexes wale no. Ke medial geniculate kino, e like me ka pono me ma ka 'ōlelo o ka lalo ho okumu ana' ōlelo puluniu lohe loop. midbrain hale hoʻohuiʻia i ka spinalʻeluaʻaoʻao ano laulea. I ka papa o ka hale, hiki ke noʻonoʻo i kekahi reflex wahi no ka neʻe 'ana i anaʻano nui ma lalo o ka aoao o auditory a me ka pilikia makapō stimuli.

cerebral auwai

Ua Ua hoʻopuniʻia e ka Central oho waiwai, i loko o kona oihana e pili ana i ka autonomic nenoaiu. Ma lalo o kona ventral paia o ka luhi o loko o ka lolo kumu, he mau kāna mau 'ōlelo cranial Hawaii nā aʻalolo.

Ke nucleus o ka oculomotor nā aʻalolo

Ua oia mai o kekahi mau wahi likeʻole o ka innervation o ka extraocular nāʻiʻo. Posteriorly a medially mai ka mea, ua he uuku keu hou vegetative nucleus a me Media unpaired ke aupuni '. Unpaired Media a me ka hou kāna mau 'ōlelo innervate na nāʻiʻo o ka maka, i nā involuntary. Mākou i kapa a hiki i keia aoao o ka oculomotor nā aʻalolo a hiki i ka parasympathetic nenoaiu. Rostral i (ma luna) ka oculomotor nā aʻalolo nuclei aia i loko o ka lolo kumu Turo lonikū medial mea ulana lole Kora naʻEsau.

lolo anei i

Ka mea, ua māheleʻia i loko o ka waihona ipu wāwae (ventral) a me na hoewaa. Black waiwai lawelawe 'ana me ka mokuna therebetween. Kona waihoʻoluʻu ka mea, ua paa ia i ka melanin -ʻeleʻele pigment, a ua hookomoia iloko o ke aʻalolo aeee i hoolilo ia. Tegmentum - ia ka hapa o ka ia, i mea ma waena o ka substantia nigra, a me ka hale. Ua haalele mai ke kikowaena tegmental alanui. Kēia ma lalo wānana neural alahele, a ua noho ma ka tegmentum (kikowaena hapa). Ma kona 'ole - na olona, e hele aku, mai o ka ula nucleus, globus pallidus, ka reticular ho okumu ana o ka lolo, a me ka thalamus a hiki i ka waena o ka oliva, a me ka reticular kahua o ka medulla oblongata. Kēia alanui He hapa o ka extrapyramidal nenoaiu.

I ka mana o ka midbrain

He Radio He kūlana loa nui i loko o ke kahua a me ka mea hoʻonoho o rectifying reflexes mea e hiki e hele ana a me ku. Eia hou, i ke kuleana pili i iwaena konu o ka lolo o ke kēia: ia regulates Muscle leo, ua komo i loko o kona hoi o ka makana. A He He elue no ka papa hoʻolaukahi ka neʻe 'ana. Kekahi kuleana pili i - hoʻomaikaʻiʻana iā ia, he mea i ka rula o ka helu o vegetative keʻano o ka hanaʻana (moni 'ia, a mama, ha, ke koko,). Manawa, e hoomalu mai auditory a me ka pilikia makapō reflexes, e like me hoʻoulu i ka leo o ka flexor midbrain (i loko o ka Hawaii photo ma luna o ka mea, ua kahiāuli ma kaʻulaʻula) prepares i ke kino, e hōʻoia 'ia ai i ka pane ana i ka koke ikea ae hookaawale. Statokinetic a kūpaʻa reflexes i hoʻomaopopo ma luna o konaʻilikai. Tonic reflexes i rebalancing, kulou, i i uhaʻiʻia ma muli o ka loli ma ka wahi. Ka mea, eʻikeʻia ka wā i ke kulana o ke poo a me ke kino i loko o ka lewa ua hoʻololi aie i ka excitation o proprioceptive a me ka tactile receptors aia i loko o kaʻili. A pau kēia mau mana o ka midbrain paipai i ka mea Radio nui i kūlana ma ke kino.

cerebellum

Mākou Ano, ke hoomau i ka noonoo ana o ka cerebellum. He aha ka mea? He hindbrain 'ole. Ua ua hana i loko o ka ontogeny o cerebral rhombic bladder (kona dorsal pa). Ua Ua pili i nā papa likeʻole o ka'emi'ōnaehana e hoʻi iā mākou ka neʻe 'ana. Kona hooulu ana i wahi ma ke ala, e hoʻoikaika 'ana i ka spinal ke kaula, e like me ka mea hoʻonāwaliwali maoli nō o ko lākou mau vestibular kahua.

Research Luidzhi Lyuchiani

I ka mana o ka midbrain a me ka cerebellum aʻo Luidzhi Lyuchiani, he Italian physicist. I ka makahiki 1893ʻo ia i ike maopopo i na holoholona me ka loa a me ka hapa 'ia' wehe i ka cerebellum. He pū 'ana i mālama i Ka Ikepili o kona bioelectric haʻawina, ke kau helu keleponaʻana ia i stimulation, a ma koena.

Ua huli mai i ua hoʻokāʻoi i ka leo o ka extensor nāʻiʻo ka wā weheʻia ka hapalua o ka cerebellum. Hohola lala o ka holoholona, i ke kino ka manao, a me ka poo ua deflected ma kaʻaoʻao hoʻohana. Aia i ka neʻeʻana i loko o ka kaiapili ( "Foyer ana") ma kaʻaoʻao hoʻohana. I ho'ākāka 'ia kāna hana i nā o Keʻei, akā, i kekahi mau neʻe' ana o discoordination malamaia no.

Inā e wehe i nā mea a pau i ka cerebellum, eia hai neʻe kāna hana. Ka mea, o Keʻei o mai i nā manawa a hiki i ka mea i ka cortex ua ho'ā '(kona Hawaii āpana). Naʻe, i ka holoholona mea nō ma ka 'aʻe o ka ōhumu. Aia i paʻewa, awkward, sweeping mau kuko, i kunewa gait.

Na makana o Academician Orbeli

I ka 1938, Academician Orbeli loaaʻi i ka cerebellum kekahi ololi o ka mea loaʻa i hoʻomākaukauʻia, vegetative keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Eia hou kekahi, he mea kona pili me ka moku'āina o na nāʻiʻo o na nā loko. Loli i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ke koko, koko holo, ka hanu, digestion, a ana ma lalo o ka aoao o ka cerebellum, e pahuna ma ka hōʻoia' (trophic) ha awina ma skeletal Muscle.

Academician Orbeli cerebellum ua manaoia ole wale me he Hope o ka cerebral cortex ma ka rula o ka Muscle leo a me ka neʻeʻana, akā, no hoi me ka adaptive-trophic waena. Ma keia mau manamana,ʻo ia mai ka hopena ma luna o nā wahi a pau o ka lolo ma ka'emi'ōnaehana (ka kōkua aloha pauku). Pela i hooponopono pūnao, a me Central ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana ke hakuloli i? Aneie ana. Ua Ua loaʻa i ka ha awina o ka cerebellar cortex ua inextricably ua hoʻopili i ka cerebral hemispheres, a hele mai ma lalo o kona malama.

ka hopena

No laila, ua pokole noʻonoʻo i ka cerebellum a me midbrain kanaka. i ho'ākāka 'ia ma kā lākou mau hana. Ano, ia oe i mea he nui kūlana e pāʻani. Ko makou kino i nui papahana no laila, ua pau kona kino hana kā lākou hana, e pono ai ka mea, i nā mea a pau. I ka mana o ka medulla a me ka midbrain, e like me nā māhele o ke kino, oe e ike.

A eia ka mea hope, he mau hua'ōlelo. Ka lolo - i ka luna 'alima iloko olaila o ieeeea? O aeee hana pu. Ua Kākoʻo'ōlewa a me ka hanana ke ola, akā, me ka mea ala, a ua hiki ke pane i ka hoʻololi nā makana, alakaʻi a me ka hana e pono ai. Like no ka mea ola, ua hele mai ka wā kamaliʻi a hiki i kamaliʻi, a laila, i ke kanaka opiopio, a me ka waiwai nui wa elemakule, ke Pela no hoi o ka hana mai mākou kino. Alaila, o ka lolo hoʻololi. He pono, ma ka kekahi lima, i ka paakiki-kivila mai evolutionary a me developmental lauana o? Acaeoey. Akā, ma ka kekahi lima,ʻo ia ka mea hiki ke hakuloli i ka loli ma ka hana kūleʻa ma waena o ka papa, a me ka meaola.