Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky: Kawaihae, hana, aneiai wale

Mikhail Ivanovich Tugan-Baranowski - he Lūkini-Ukrainian economist, pomaikai no kālaiʻike 'oihana a hiki i ka hoʻomaka o ka XX kenekulia. He ua no hoi he pono-ike politician a me ka statesman. Tugan-Baranowski mea he 'elele o ka ai-kapaia loio i Marxism ma Tsarist Rusia. Yozef Shumpeter noʻonoʻo ia i ke koʻikoʻi loa, Lūkini economist o kona manawa. I loko o kona ola, i palapala mai i ka helu o ka hana hoolilo a hiki i ka kumumanaʻo o ka waiwai, i ka puunaue ana o ka lawelawe makahiki, mōʻaukala o ka'ōnaehana a me ka nānā 'ana ma luna o olelo'ōnaehana.

Tugan-Baranowski: Kawaihae

Wā e hiki mai Nobel makana uwa maila i hānauʻia ma ka January 8, 1865 ma me. Salt, kokoke Kharkov. I kēia lā, ka mea, o ka mokuna o Ukraine, akā, i ia manawa i ka aina no a hiki i ka Russian aupuni a pau. Tugan-Baranowski hele mai - paternal laina - ano o Lipka Tatars. Nä känaka 'epekema makuahine ua lāhui Ukrainian mai Poltava māhele' āina. Tugan-Baranowski hele aku i ke kula ma Kiev a me Kharkov. Mai noho 'ana kamaliʻi, leʻaleʻa o ka kālaiʻike, oia aʻo i nā hana o Emmanuila Kanta. I ka 1884, ua komo i ke Kulanui o Kharkov, kahi āna i hoomau i kona ao ana i na sciences maoli. ʻEhā mau makahiki ma hope, Tugan-Baranowski loaa i ka PhD. Akā, ma kēia manawa aʻu i ua manawa hoihoi i loko o ka hoʻokele waiwai kālai'āina, no laila, ua hoʻoholo e hoʻomau lākou hoʻonaʻauao. I ka 1890, Mikhail Ivanovich Tugan-Baranowski loaa kekahi degere. A makahiki mua, oia mare i ke kaikamahine a ka luna hoʻokele o ka St. Petersburg Conservatory, Lidii Davydovoy. He Ua 'Imi' ole i loko o nā hana, a ua kukulu i ka holomua kālaiʻike 'oihana. I ka hoʻomaka o ka 1919, i hoouna aku ai i kaʻaha kūkā Tugan-Baranowski ma Paris i ke poo o ka Ukrainian'aheʻelele. Iloko o ka huakaʻi,ʻo ia i ae mai i mau ho'āhewa wale o angina pectoris, a make iho la ia ma luna o ka huakaʻi ma Odessa ma ke kolu.

Ka hoʻokahuli aupuni naʻau i loko

Oiai këia ma ke Kulanui o Tugan-Baranowski hoomaka ae la e 'Imi komo i loko o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni o ka neʻeʻana aku i ka tsarist? Eia i loko o Rusia. He ua kama'āina me Vladimir Lenin ka hoahanau, Aleksandr Ulyanov, ka mea i hana i ka makahiki 1887 no ka lawe 'ana i loko o ka ho'āʻoʻana ma luna o ke ola o Alexander III. Aloha keʻakeʻa ma ka hopu ia ana o Tugan-Baranowski no ka mea hope loa i loko o ka haumāna h ÷ ike i loko o St. Petersburg, hoolaa i ka 25th lā hoʻomanaʻo o ka makeʻana o ka mea kākau Nikolai Dobrolyubov.

Ka muaʻana 'atikala

Aʻana me kēia 'oihana Tugan-Baranowski hoomaka i ka 1890. Kona 'atikala mua, haawiia i "ke ao ana o ka marginal auoiauo o oicyenoaaiiie pomaikai" i paʻiʻia ma October i loko o ka puke pai "loio i Gazette". Ma keia hana, ua convincingly ua kūkākūkāʻia i ka hana kumumanaʻo o ka waiwai , a me kona laekahi marginalist? Aneia iainiiaaiea ole i loko o ka antagonistic confrontation, akā, hoʻokō kekahi i kekahi.

"Life o ka hale hoʻokamakama kanaka"

Ma hope o ka mea mua pomaikai nui i loko o ke kula o kaʻimi naʻauao 'epekema Tugan-Baranowski hoʻoholo i kākau i ka pōkole Kawaihae a me ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o ka aneiai manao o Pierre-Dzhozefa Prudona, a me John Stuart Mill, no ka moʻo o ka buke, a i paʻiʻia ma ka paʻi hale Pavlenkova. He huli he wahi hana, wale 80ʻaoʻao. It Mikhail Tugan-Baranowski Proudhon nema aku no ka nele o na hana mau i loko o ka hope hoao, kona stylistic hilahila, nele o ka manaʻo a me ka hiʻohiʻona kākoʻo o Napoleon ka? Eia. Na manao no Mill, hina iho la ia Mikhail Ivanovich no ka uhane, no ka mea, ua hoike mai i ka pololei hoomaopopo ana o ka uhane o ke kālā no 'epekema, ma muli o ke ao o ke ano.

E hoomakaukau ai ka hoao ana, a lulumi

Like Karl Marx, a Friedrich Engels, Tugan-Baranovsky ikeʻEnelani i kekahi laʻana no ka ulu'āina, i loko o pakahi Rusia. No laila, i ke kupulau a me ke kauwela o 1891 ke nä känaka 'epekema paʻa i loko o ka Beritania Museum, këia i ka ohi ana o pohihihi keia buke, a me nā ana helu hana. Alaila, hoi aku la oia i St. Petersburg. ʻO kekahi mau makahiki, ua lilo i loko o ke ao o ka pāʻoihana pōʻaiapuni kumumanaʻo. I loko o keia manawa, i palapala mai i ka nui-unahiʻole, i hana "Lolina Crises ma Hoikehonua, England:. Mea, lalau mai a me ka hopena ola kanaka ka ma" No ka mea, ua i ka 1894, degere o ka hakuʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai pili aupuni, mai ke Kulanui o Moscow. Ma hope iho o ia, hoi aku la ia St. Petersburg, ua hiki ke hele i ke kulanui no ka lāʻau kū o ka Hope Kumu. Tugan-Baranowski hana ma laila a hiki i 1899, ia ia i hoʻokuʻu no ka pili aupuni unreliability.

kālai'āina

I ka 1895, M. Tugan-Baranowski, a me ke kākoʻo '-mea kākau P. B. Struve hui i ka Free Economic Ahahui. I ka 1896, ua lilo kona Luna hoomalu, a palapala iho la i kekahi o kona mau loa kaulana o kona mau 'atikala "ka nui o ka waiwai ololi ma ka mōʻaukala." I loko nō o ka mea i ka hoʻokele waiwai o Tugan-Baranowski ua Marxist ma ke ano maoli, ke nä känaka 'epekema i loa i ka aoao i ka lola honua nohona-kemokalaka neʻeʻana, a i waho e like me ka manawa i kēia manawa i loko o Rusia. I ka 1898 ike aku la ia i ka malamalama o kona nui loa hana, "Lūkini hola i loko o kona hala a me ka makana." No ka ia, ka mea i loaa i kona doctorate ma Moscow State University. Mai 1901 a hiki i 1905 Tugan-Baranowski komo 'Imi i ka lehulehu ke ola o ka Poltava māhele. He hoomaka ae la e hana ana i loko o ka kūloko zemstvo. Ma hope o ia, ke nä känaka 'epekema hoi i St. Petersburg. Here ia i hana like me ka lecturer, a me ka Kumu ma ka 'aoʻao hoʻokele waiwai o ka oihana o ka ahaaina o ka polytechnic, a kalepa hui, e like me ka malū kulanui Shanyavsky ma Moscow.

Neokantianism a me kālai'āina

Ua, uku hoopanee i ka loio i Marxism ma Tugan-Baranowski pio ole. He mea hoihoi ma ka Neo-e 'ōili mai ma na mea he nui o kana mau hana o ka wā XX kenekulia, hoolaa i ka Free neʻe. I ka 1901, ua paʻi "Notes, mai ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻokele waiwai pili aupuni" i loko o ka "aupuni waiwai" Magazine. Kēia hana, e like me kona sequel, ua unuhi 'ia i loko o Kelemānia i ka 1915. I ka 1919 ua ka hana mua o ka nä känaka 'epekema ma ka Ukrainian' ōlelo i kapaia o "ke alu like, kona ano a me ka hana." Mai ka 1906 ka mea, ua hana pu me Mihailom Grushevskim. Me ia i palapala mai ai i ka puke noiʻi kūʻikena "ka Ukrainian kanaka i loko o kona hala a me ka wā e hiki mai." Tugan-Baranowski ua he lâlâ o ka Ukrainian Social-Federalist Party, a haʻalele mai ka General Secretariat o November 20, 1917, e ikaika aku i ka olelo hoolaha o ka Apana Universal o ka Central Rada, a olelo mai no ka pono, e hoomakaukau nui kū kaʻawale i Ukraine.

aneiai wale

All hana ma Tugan-Baranowski hiki ke maheleia i mau hui e like me na kumuhana i a lakou i hai aku:

1. Ma ka hoʻokumu paʻaʻana o ka socialism.
2. E like me ka puʻunaue manaʻo.
3. E like me ke kumumanaʻo o marginal pili i ka hoʻoponopono.
4. Ma ke kumu o ke alu like 'ana.
5. E like me ke kumumanaʻo o ka hanalima pōʻaiapuni.

Ma nā kumu o ka socialism

Tugan-Baranowski i he nui na makana no ke ao o ke alu like 'ana. He ua hoʻoʻuluʻulu manaʻo i ka Lūkini a me ka haole ka hoao ana. I kona puke "Ka Social kumu o ke alu like '", nolaila ia i kuu i ka 1916, ke nä känaka' epekema pili ana i ka manaʻo o ka Free neʻeʻana, a me ka ano o oicyenoaaiiie hana me ka Free. Maikaʻi mua o ka hoʻokumu o ka Socialist kamaʻilio, ka hou ke kanaka, a me ka lua - ka waiwai pono i mea pono loko o ka capitalist hapai ana o ka mahiʻai. Naʻe, i ka papa kuhikuhiE manao o keia palapala o ka ahakanaka ua ole ana i ka pono, a me ka hoomahuahua i ka hana loaa o ka poʻe hana ma luna o laila, a me ka hoemi ia i ka consumer Kailiokalauokekoa. Aia i kekahi mau ano o ka Free: kauwa, haʻahaʻa-bourgeois a me ka proletarian. ʻO kekahiʻano o ka hana hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka papa Pahuhopu, i hana ia. No ka Tugan-Baranowski ke alu like '- ia mea he paio ku e capitalism, akā,ʻaʻole mea kaua a me barricades, akā, ma ka hui maluhia' ana 'ana.

hoi o ka makana manaʻo

I ka kumumanaʻo o Tugan-Baranowski ka loaʻa o ka mahele kaawale ma kaulike i kaʻana like 'ana i ka nohona huahana. Ke nä känaka 'epekema kuhikuhi mai i ka pilikia o ka? Ueony haawi akuʻano papa hana, kahi haku o ke kulana i ole-hana papa. Uku hana loaʻa excessively hapa uuku wale no o ka nohona huahana. Ua mea i ai i ka proletariat like me ka papa hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka hana o ka socialism, no ka mea wale ka mea, ke kuu i ka hoʻokele waiwai mai na capitalists a me aristocrats. Recent loaa unearned makahiki, nolaila, e kaua aku me ia.

I ka kumumanaʻo o ka marginal pili i ka hoʻoponopono

Tugan-Baranovsky i iʻae aku i ka manaʻo o ka hana waiwai o Marx. Ke marginal pili i ka hoʻoponopono no ka mea, - keia mea i ke kumu o ka waiwai o oicyenoaaiiie waiwai. It EʻAʻole e hoʻonoho ai ma o ka lilo o ka hana, akā, ia mea he pono hoʻokō. E like me ke Tugan-Baranowski, ka pilikia mea i ka kumumanaʻo o ka marginal auoiauo ua pinepine misunderstood. Ricardo ka aoʻeleu ma Pahuhopu aʻe cia, a me Menger - pilikino. No laila, ka mea, i ole antagonistic ma ka maoli. Akä naÿe, i ka hana kumumanaʻo o ka waiwai o Ricardo a me Marx hoʻokō i ka manaʻo o marginal pili i ka hoʻoponopono, e hōʻike ma Menger. Na mea a pau o loko o lea lokahi. Ke nä känaka 'epekema hoao i ka marginal pili o ka' elele i reproducible waiwai ka manawa hapaʻauhau i kā lākou hana nui. Kēia kūlana ua pinepine haawiia e like me ka theorem o Tugan-Baranowski. Lenin i ole kaʻana like keia manao Ukrainian economist. Tugan-Baranovsky manaoio ia socialism i loko o ka makaukau 'ia - o ka pololei ala i ka noho kauā kuapaʻa, a me ka nui ilihune o ka heluna kanaka. kokua nä känaka 'epekema ka kūikawā kūlana o ka waena ka papa like me ka loulou ma waena o nā hana, a me ka intelligentsia. Naʻe, i loko o ka Soviet Union me kona hoʻonaʻauao he nui pilikia. Over manawa, o Lenin Cuticura i ka hale o ka socialism - keia mea i ka wā e hiki mai.

Pähola o? Iecaianoaaiiuo pōʻaiapuni

Aneiai manao o Tugan-Baranowski he akea a lawa. Ka loa kēia mea i kona pähola 'o ka waiwai kūʻai pōʻaiapuni. Tugan-Baranowski i ka noiʻiʻana hanalima crises maʻEnelani. Lākou mau kumu ike aku la oia i loko o disproportionate paukü e auaaeaiea, a ua ikaika i kaupalena pali, kumu waiwai. I kana hana "Lolina Crises ma Hoikehonua, England", oia 'aloʻahia i ka capitalist hoʻokele waiwai iho e hana i ke kuai, no laila ka mea,ʻaʻohe hoʻokau' no kona ulu ana a me ka ulu ana. Eia naʻe, Tugan-Baranowski ua kūkākūkāʻia i noa Competition i keakea mai i ke anoe o? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Ke kumu o na crises aole ia i manao ole wale ma lalo o-hokii, akā, i ka pilikia i ka ai a me ka kala holo. E like me ke kumu o kona waiwai kūʻai kalapona kumumanaʻo o nä känaka 'epekema i Marx ka manaʻo i hanalima fluctuations e pili ana i ka nele o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika hou o ka paa kulanakauhale alii. Penei, e like me Tugan-Baranowski, ka hanalima pae o ka pōʻaiapuni i ho'ākāka 'waiwai kūʻai kānāwai. Fluctuations ana ma muli o ka nele o ka parallelism i loko o kaʻokoʻa i nā wahi o ka hoʻokele waiwai i loko o ka piʻiʻana, he OOAaAeAa ma waena o waihona kālā a me nā makauliʻi, disproportion i kumukūʻai no consumer a me ka kulanakauhale alii waiwai. Tugan-hookolokolo aku la ia a me ke kūlana o ka uku kumu i loko o ka hoʻokele waiwai. I mai la oia i kona mea ulu mea he hōʻailona ia o ka aina iʻuʻuku kapikala, a me ka mea hope, o ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o ka ulia, e like me ka mea nä känaka 'epekema.

Tugan-Baranowski: hana

1. "Ka hanalima ulia i loko o ke kālā no Pelekane, kā lākou mau mea, lalau mai a me ka hopena ola kanaka i ka ma" (1894).
2. "Ka Lūkini hola i loko o ka hala, a me ka makana" (1898).
3. "Ke ao ana o ka marginal auoiauo" (1890).
4. "Proudhon, i kona ola a me ka hana" (1891).
5. "(Essay) ma ka History o Kalaiaina hoʻokele waiwai" (1901).
6. A helu o ka hana i loko o Kelemānia.
7. "Sketches mai i ka hala koke mōʻaukala o pili aupuni hoʻokele waiwai a me ka socialism" (1903).
8. "ʻimi naʻauao kumu o Marxism" (1905).
9. "Socialism like me ka maikaʻi ao" (1918).

Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky - he poʻokela economist hoʻomaka o XX kenekulia. A kūikawā wahi i loko o ka ulu ana o ka 'aoʻao hoʻokele waiwai e like me ka' epekema malama i kana pähola 'o ka hana pōʻaiapuni, a lilo iho la ia i ka mua o ka manaʻo o ke ami waiwai kūʻai. Ke nä känaka 'epekema i ike ai i ke kumu o ka ulia mea,ʻaʻole wale nō i loko o ka overproduction, akā, i ka hemahema o ka'ōnaehana o ke dala a me ka uku holo. He mea i pono i ka 'elele o ka loio i Marxism, akā, i kekahi o na economists loa kaulana o ka hope kenekulia. He ua i ka 'oihana, ka mea i hoolilo i ka kumumanaʻo o ka waiwai, kaiapili makahiki hoi o ka makana manaʻo, ke kūpono' ana o nā kumu o ke o ka'ōnaehana. Ka Hoʻoilina Mikhail Ivanovich mau e hoopiha i ke kālā no ka noiʻi a me nā hoʻoholo 'Tugan-Baranowski i nalowale lākou pilina i kēia lā.