Nā mea pā'ani: nā hi'ohi'ona a me nā waiwai

I kēia lā, ua'ike'ia e pili ana i ke ola'ana o nā mea like'ole he 3 miliona. A ke ulu nei kēia ma'amau i kēlā me kēia makahiki,'oiai e ho'omau mau ana nā kānamai-synthetics a me nā mea'epekema'ē a'e e loa'a nā pūnaewele hou i loa'a kekahi mau mea maika'i.

'O kekahi o nā mea lā'au he mau kānaka maoli, i hana'ia i ke'ano. 'O ka hapalua'ē a'e he hana kāpili a hō'ano. Eia na'e, ma nā hihia mua a me ka'elua, ua nui ka hapa nui o nā mea lā'au pa'akikī, nā hi'ohi'ona a me nā hi'ohi'ona a mākou e no'ono'o ai ma kēia'atikala.

Hō'ulu'ulu'ia nā'ano lā'au

Mai ka makahiki XVII ua'ae'ia e hiki ke'ike'ia nā mea i'ike'ia i loko o'ekolu mau moku'āina: nā mea pa'a, ka wai, nā mea pālolo. Eia na'e, ua'ike'ia nā hi'ohi'ona no nā makahiki i hala aku nei ma ke kahua o ka'ike kilokilo, physikics, kelekino, ke ola honua a me nā'oihana'ēhana'ē a'e. 'O plasma kēia.

He aha ia? 'O kēia mau māhele a i'ole ke kinona'ia. A laila ua ho'ololi'ia nā mea i loko o ke ao holo'oko'a. Pēlā, aia i loko o ka ho'opuka plasma e:

• Nā mea waena;
• Nā mea li'ili'i;
• Nā pae ki'eki'e o ka lewa;
• Nebulae;
• Ka hui'ana o nā hēkiona he nui;
• Nā Hōkū.

No laila, ke'ōlelo nei lākou i kēia mau lā he pa'akikī, wai, mea'aila a me ka plasma. Ma ke ala, hiki ke ho'ololi'ia kēlā me kēia kinoea i kahi'ano'āina, inā e ho'omalu'ia ana ia,'o ia ho'i, e ho'olilo ia i iiona.

Nā mea pā'ani: nā hi'ohi'ona

'O nā hi'ohi'ona o nā mea i mana'o'ia he nui. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ua'ike'ia nā kino mai ka makahiki XVII, i ka manawa i loa'a mua ai'o Helmont, naturalist, i ka carbon dioxide a ho'omaka'o ia e'imi i kona mau waiwai. Ma ke ala, ua hā'awi pū'o ia i ka inoa i kēia pū'ulu o nā pūpū, no ka mea, i kona mana'o,'o nā kinoea he mea'ino'ole, ho'ohana, pili me nā'uhane a me kekahi mea'ike'ole'ia, akā palpable. Ua pa'a kēia inoa ma Rusia.

Hiki iā'oe ke ho'olālā i nā mea lā'au a pau, a laila e ma'alahi ka hana'ana i nā hi'ohi'ona. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, e pa'akikī i nā'ano a pau.

Ho'onohonoho'ia ka papahana:

• Ilahi,
• Nā lālā mole.

'O ka hui mua e komo pū ana me nā inoa o nā mana ma kekahi o lākou. Laʻana: oxygen ma - O _2,'okikene kolu - O ₃ H - H ₂ chloro - Cl ₂ fluoro - F ₂ naikokene - N _2, a me na mea e ae.

'O ka lua o ka māhele e pono e komo i kēlā me kēia pūhui, kahi i komo ai kekahi mau mana. He mea pa'akikī kēia. Eia nā hi'ohi'ona:

• hydrogen sulfide - H ₂ S;
• 'O ka waiuma wai - HCL;
• methane - Ch _4;
• sulfur dioxide i - ¶ I _2;
• eleele kinoea - NO _2;
• Freon - CF ₂ Cl _2;
• ammonia - NH ₃ a me na mea e ae.

Ka ho'olawa'ana ma ke'ano o nā mea lā'au

Hiki hiki ke ho'opa'a i nā'ano mea lā'au kūpa'a e pili ana i ka honua ākea a me ka honua'ona. Oia ke ano, ma ke ano o na hakina. 'O nā kino honua'o:

• mua elima 'elele o ka paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane). Ke mau haʻilula o C _N H _{2n + 2;}
• 'etolina - C ₂ H _4;
• ethyne a acetylene - C ₂ H _2;
• methylamine - Ch ₃ NH ₂ a me na mea e ae.

Ka waeʻano o'okanikaʻole kinoea nā chlorine, fluorine, ammonia, kalapona monoxide, silane,ʻakaʻaka kinoea, inert a maikai, kinoea, a me na mea e ae.

'O kekahi hui'ē a'e e pili ana i ka hui i'ike'ia e hiki ke ho'okū'ia ma ke'ano o ka ho'ohehe'e'ia'ana ma luna o nā mea koho. No nā kumukū'au'a'ole i haku'ia nā mea lā'au a pau. 'O nā'ano o nā hale i noho ai nā ion, nā molecule, nā photon, nā lelole'a, nā particulal Brown, a me ka plasma i nā pūhui ma kahi hō'ulu'ulu kūpili.

Nā kino o ke kino

'O nā'ano o nā meaola i kēia moku, he mea like'ole ia i nā mea no ka pa'apa'a. 'O ka mea, he mea kūikawā nā mea o ka mea lā'au. 'Okole ka ma'alahi a me ka wikiwiki o nā mea e like me ke'ano,'o ka waiwai ke'ano holo'oko'a,'o ia ho'i,'a'ole i ho'oholo'ia nā'āpana e ke kuhikuhi o ka holo'ana o nā hale i kūkulu'ia ka hale.

Hiki ke koho i nā mea kino nui o nā mea pālolo, e'ike ana iā lākou mai nā'ano like'ole o ka mea.

1. 'O kēia mau pūpū i'ike'ole'ia a mālama'ia, e mana'o'ia e ke'ano kanaka. No ka'ike'ana i nā waiwai a hō'oia i kahi kinoea ma'amau, ke hilina'i nei lākou i nā papaha'ehā e hō'ike ana iā lākou: kaomi, ke mahana, ka nui o ka mea (mole), ka nui.
2. 'A'ole e like me ka wai, hiki i nā kino ke komo i ka āpau a pau me ka koe'ole, ka palena wale nō i ka nui o ka moku a me kahi lumi.
3. Ho'opili'ia nā kinoea a pau, a'a'ole kēia'aha i loa'a.
4. Aia kekahi mau māmā a'oi aku ka māmā, no laila ma lalo o ka ikaika o ka'umekau a me ka manawa, hiki ke'ike i ko lākou ka'awale'ana.
5. 'O ka ho'ohaunaele kahi o nā'ano nui o kēia mau pūnaewele. 'O ka hiki ke komo i loko o nā mea'ē a'e a ho'opiha i nā mea mai loko mai, a hana i nā hana i ho'opau'ole'ia ma loko o kā lākou papa.
6. 'A'ole hiki ke hana pono ka ho'okele elee i nā kinoea maoli, akā inā e kama'ilio kākou no nā mea li'ili'i a me nā mea i ho'onāukiuki, pi'i ikaika ka conductivity.
7. 'O ke kino wela a me ka ho'olālā kūmoho o nā kinoea he ha'aha'a a lele i nā'ano like'ole.
8. Māhuahua ka māliko me ka pi'i nui a me ka mahana.
9. 'Elua mau mea like'ole o ka ho'ololi ho'ohuli: ka ma'ema'e - ho'ololi ka wai i ka wela, ke'aha'aina - he pa'akikī, e hele ana i ka wai, e lilo i ka malo'o.

'O kahi hi'ohi'ona o ka vapors mai ke kinoea maoli he hiki i ka mea mua ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana ke lilo i wai ai'ole kahi wā pa'a,'oiai'a'ole pono nā mea hope loa. Pono ia e'ike'ia ka hiki'ana o nā pūpū e no'ono'o ai e pale i nā mea'ino a me ka wai.

Hiki i nā'ano like'ole o nā mea ulu'ole ke ho'ohana'ia i nā'ano like'ole o ka'epekema a me ka'enehana,'oihana a me ka ho'olālā aupuni. Eia kekahi,'o nā kiko'ī kūikawā he mea ma'amau ia no kēlā me kēia māka'i. Ua mana'o mākou he mau hi'ohi'ona wale nō o nā hanana maoli.

Ka ma'alahi

Ma nā'ano like'ole, a ma lalo o ka hopena o ka pēpili, hiki i nā kino ke hana ku'ikahi, e ho'onui i kā lākou ho'ouka'ana a me ka emi'ana o ka pahu i hana'ia. Ke ho'onui'ia ka mahana e ho'onui ana lākou, ma ka li'ili'i loa e hana lākou.

Ma lalo o ka pa'i, ho'ololi'ia nā loli. Ke pi'i nei ka nui o ka mea nui, a hiki i ka wā e loa'a ai kekahi ko'iko'i ko'iko'i, i hiki i kēlā me kēia luna ke loa'a iā ia iho, hiki i kahi ho'ololi'ana i kahi kūlana'āina'ē.

'O nā mea'epekema nui i kōkua i ka ho'onui'ana i ke kumumana'o o ke kino

Nui nā po'e like, no ka mea,'o ka ho'ona'auao'ana i nā kinoea he hana hana a me ka wā lō'ihi. E noho kāua ma nā mea kaulana loa i loa'a i nā mea i'ike nui'ia.

1. I ka makahiki 1811, ua'ike'o Amedeo Avogadro. 'A'ole ia he kumu no nā kinoea,'o ka mea nui'o ia ma lalo o nā'ano like'ole, aia i loko o lākou ka like like o nā molelele i loko o ke'ano ho'okahi. Loa'a ka helu helu, i kapa'ia ma hope o ka inoa o ka'epekema. He like i 6.03 * ^{23 October} nā lātoma i 1 kameleona o kekahi kinoea.
2. Fermi - ua ho'okumu i ke kumumana'o o kahi kino nui ma'a.
3. 'O Gay-Lussac, Boyle-Marriott - nā inoa o nā kānaka'epekema i ho'okumu i nā ho'ohālike no ka helu'ana.
4. 'O Robert Boyle.
5. John Dalton.
6. 'O Jacques Charles a me nā mea'epekema'ē a'e.

'O ke'ano o nā mea lā'au

'O ka mea nui i ka hana'ia o ka'ōmole'ōmole o nā mea i mana'o'ia,'o ia ma nā nodes o ia mau māmā a mau molelā paha i hui pū'ia me nā kūpikipiki li'ili'i. Eia kekahi mau pū'ali koa o van der Waals i ka hui'ana i nā ion, nā electrons a me nā'ōnaehana'ōpili.

No laila,'o nā'ano nui o ka papa hana ma'ema'e no nā kinoea:

• 'Apiha;
• 'O ka li'ili'i.

'O nā loulou i loko o ka wahī li'ili'i, no laila'a'ole kēia'ano pa'a o kēia mau pūnaewele, akā, e ho'opihapiha i ka nui o ka lewa. Hō'ike kēia i ka nele o ka ho'okalakupua a me ka ho'oha'aha'a kūmoho'ole. Akā, he maika'i ke kahemo'ana o nā kinoea, no ka mea, ma muli o ka wehe'ana, hiki iā lākou ke komo i loko o nā mea kaulike a noho i loko o nā waihona kī'aha li'ili'i i loko o lākou. 'A'ole i'ae'ia ka ea e hele i loko, e ho'omau'ia ka wela. 'O ke kumu kēia no ka ho'ohana'ana i nā kinoea a me nā mea pale i ka hō'ulu'ulu no ka hana hale.

Nā mea ma'amau i loko o nā kinoea

He aha ke'ano a me ke'ano o nā kinoea i kēia'ano, ua kūkā mua nei mākou ma luna. 'O kēia nā mea i loa'a nā'ano ho'okahi. Hiki ke hā'awi'ia i nā mea like'ole he nui, no ka mea, aia kekahi hapa nui o nā palena'ole mai ke kikowaena o ka pūnaewele ma lalo o nā'ano ma'amau i loko o kahi'ano ho'onui. Eia kekahi la'ana:

• White phosphorus - kekahi allotropic hooponopono hou ana o ka hehee ai;
• Nitrogen;
• Oxygen;
• 'Olu'i;
• 'O Chlorine;
• Helium;
• Neon;
• 'O Argon;
• Krypton;
• Xenon.

ʻO nā lātoma o kēia mau kinoea i e nā mono- (hanohano kinoea), a me ka polyhydric ('okikene kolu - O _3). 'O ke'ano o ka pilina o ke nonpolar, me ka nui o nā mea i'oi aku ka nāwaliwali,'a'ole na'e. 'O ka leka uila o ka'ano mole, e hiki ai i kēia mau mea ke ho'ololi iki i kahi'āina i kekahi. No laila, no ka mea, he iodine ma lalo o nā'ano ma'amau - nā kalikani'ula'ula'ele'ele me ka luster mea ma'alahi. Eia naʻe, e sublimate ihe pahu huali lila kinoea ka wā enaena - I _2.

Ma ke ala, hiki ke komo kekahi mea, me nā metala, ma lalo o kekahi mau'ano i loko o ke'ano'eha.

'O ka pūpū complex o ke'ano o'ole'a

'O kēia mau kinoea,'o ka'oi loa. Nā hui like'ole o nā māmā i nā molecule, i hui pū'ia me nā loina a me van der Waals interactions, e'ae i nā haneli haneli like'ole o ke ka'ina'āina i mana'o'ia e hana.

Hiki i nā'ōpala o ka mea pa'akikī i loko o nā kinoea he mau pūnaewele i loko o'elua mau'ano a'oi a'e paha. Maanei hiki iā'oe ke komo:

• Propane;
• Butane;
• Acetylene;
• Amona;
• Silane;
• Phosphine;
• Hanana;
• 'O ka disulfide o ka carbon;
• 'O Sulfur dioxide;
• 'O Gas kino;
• 'O Freon;
• 'O Ethylene a me nā mea'ē a'e.

'O ka leka uila o ka'ano mole. Ho'opuka koke'ia ka lehulehu o nā'elele i loko o ka wai, e hana ana i nā'āpana e pili ana. 'O ka hapa nui o kēia mau pūnaewele he mea nui ia o nā mekini hana i loko o ka'oihana.

'O Manhane a me nā ho'ohālike

I kekahi manawa,'o ka'ike ma'amau o ke "kinoea" he mineral kūlohelohe ia,'o ia ka hui piha'ana o nā hua ka'i o nā'ano meaola nui. Loa'a nā mea lā'au e like me:

• Hanana;
• 'o Etana;
• Propane;
• Butane;
• 'O Ethylene;
• Acetylene;
• Pentane a me kekahi mau mea'ē a'e.

I loko o ka'oihana, nui loa lākou, no ka mea,'o ia ka paena propane-butane e ho'opiha ai i ka mea'ai i ho'ohana'ia ma ke'ano he kumuhana a he wela.

Ho'ohana'ia ka hapa nui o lākou no ka inoa o nā wai'ona, aldehydes, mea'ala a me nā mea'ai'ē a'e. Ho'ohālikelike'ia ka ho'olālā o ke kinoea kūlohelohe i'ekolu mau kapua'i mīkini, a ua pololei loa kēia.

'O oxygen a me carbon dioxide

He aha nā mea'ona i hiki ke kapa'ia he mea nui a kaulana a me nā mea mua? Hiki ke pane - oxygen a me carbon dioxide. Ma hope o nā mea a pau,'o lākou ka po'e e komo pololei ana i ka ho'ololi kinoea i loko o nā mea ola a pau ma ka honua.

Ua'ike'ia he maika'i ia i ka oxygen e hiki ai ke ola, no ka mea, aia wale nō kekahi'ano o ka hua bacteria ana e hiki ke ola me ka'ole o ia. A'o ka carbon dioxide he mea pono "mea'ai" no nā mea kanu a pau e komo ai no ka hana o ka ho'okō'ana i ke ka'ina hana.

Mai kahi o ka mana'o loea,'o ka oxygen a me ka carbon dioxide he mea waiwai nui no ka synthesizing pū. 'O ka mua, he mea pale wai ikaika, a'o ka lua, he mea ho'olālā loa ia.

Halogens

'O kēia kahi hui o ka pūnaehu kahi o nā mea ma'amau o kahi mea malolo, i pā'ia i pai pālua'ia e kahi nonpolar pa'a'ole. Eia na'e,'a'ole nā halogena ke kinoea. He wai ka Bromine ma lalo o nā kūlana ma'amau, a'o ka iodine he mea ma'alahi ke'ano. 'O ka'ōpū a me ka chlorine he mea'awa'awa weliweli ia i ka olakino o nā mea ola,'o ia ka mea'oi loa o nā mea'onihune a ua ho'ohana nui'ia i nā hui.