No ke aha la he mea penikala ua kapaia "na mea"? Pehea e pono i ka penikala paakiki i loko o kekahi'āina?

I kela la i keia ola a me ka hana, kela mea keia mea o mākou, i ka loli iki ana degere, pono peni. No ka poʻe e likeʻoihana kahuna, me he artist, lunaʻenehana, technologist, akamai a me ka draftsman mea o ka nui, e like me ka paakiki o ka penikala.

I ka moʻolelo o ka penikala

Ma ka XIII kenekulia ka mua prototypes o ka peni i i ke kala, a me ke kēpau. Holoiia mea a lakou i palapala ai i unuhiʻia, ka mea, he mea hiki ole. Ma ka XIV kenekulia, hoomaka iho la makou e hoʻohana i kekahi koʻokoʻo i mai ka lepoʻeleʻele slate, i kapaia o "Italian penikala."

Ma ka XVI kenekulia i loko o ke kūlanakauhale Pelekania o Cumberland kahu hipa accidentally i hele mai ma ka waiho o ka mea e ku pono loa like e alakai. Bullets a leho mai o ka mea, ua i loaʻa, akā, huli mai i ka huki a me ka lepili i ka hipa ka mea, nui. Graphite kila e paka lahilahi mau koʻokoʻo heʻoiʻoi ma ka hopena, i ua ole hoʻomākaukau no ke kākau 'ana a me ka nui eha oia.

Kekahi manawa ma hope kekahi o na Artists i kekahi 'e huki graphite i ka wahie, hoʻopaʻaʻia i loko o ka laau, ua nui aku kona pono. A pehea alodio slate peni a me ke kino ikea. O ka holo ana, i-kekahi'ē aʻe, a me au i i manaʻo i ka manawa e pili ana i ka penikala paakiki.

kēia peni

Ke ano ma i peni i ike ia iā mākou i kēia lā, invented ma ka hopena o XVIII kenekulia Palani nä känaka 'epekema me Nikolao ka Zhak Konte. Ma ka hopena o XIX, a kakahiaka nui XX kenekulia. Kekahi mau nui loli i i loko o ka manao o ka peni.

Penei, Graf Lotar av Faberkastl hoʻololi i ke kinona o ka penikala hihia me ka poepoe ma ka hex. Ua hoemi skatyvaemost peni meʻano ihola surfaces i hoʻohana no ke kākau 'ana.

A US inventor Alonzo Townsend kea, manaʻo e pili ana i hoemi i ka nui o consumable mea ma ka penikala i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia hihia, a pahu aku ai i hiki i ka makemake loa o ke graphite kookoo.

No ke aha la ka mea ai nui paakiki?

Kekahi me ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i ka mau o ka manawa i ka unuhi a me ka po, e olelo aku i ka mea mńka ke haʻalele hahau ana a me ka laina, pu ole, ma ke ano saturation a me ka mānoanoa. Oia ano, ua nui no ka hana 'enekinia, ka hoʻopaʻi' ana, no ka mea, ua hana kekahi mua unuhi i ka paa laau, no kekahi laʻana T2, a ma ka hope loa ke kahua - softer, 'ae' M-2M, e hoʻonui i ka mōakaaka laina.

Like nui o ka paakiki o ka penikala no Artists a me nā 'Oihana a me amateurs. E ho okumu i sketches a kikoo E ho ohana i ka penikala meʻaeʻae ke kēpau, a hana no ka mea hope loa ano hoohanohano a - ka paʻakikī.

He aha nā peni?

All mńka hiki ke maheleia i mau pūʻulu: poe noonoo ole a me ka lei.

Peni i keia inoa, no ka mea, o structurally loa na mea, a me ka mea kākau i ka loa, he pono ole graphite peni, me kekahi mea hoʻonui. A pau nā 'ano o ka peni i oi eiiieaena, a koi i ka hoike o na make likeʻole.

Ano o nā pōpō peni nani nui ka loa, he pono ole - nei:

• maʻamau kala like 'ole, a e lilo kekahi i kekahi-kapakahi a papalua-kapakahi;
• mahuahua;
• lanahu;
• watercolor;
• pastel.

Mea Maluna o ka poe noonoo ole graphite peni

E like me ua oleloia, i loko o ka alodio penikala 'ia paha penikala graphite. An anakahi e like me ka penikala paʻakikī o ka peni alakai, o ke kumu no ka Mea Maluna.

Kekahi mau aina i kekahi mau omaka i e hoike ana i ka paakiki o ka peni, a i ka loa hoʻomano hoʻohana Europa, Lūkini a me Amelika.

Russian a me Europa ka lepili chernografitnyh ua iʻikeʻia me peni, okoa, mai ke alo aku Amelika me he literal me luawai me kikohoʻe signage.

E hoʻohuli i i ka penikala paakiki i loko o ka Lūkini ka lepili'ōnaehana, ka mea, ua hilahila ia: T - naue ole M - palupalu, TM - awelika. E möakäka hou i ka degere o ka palupalu a me ka paakiki hoʻolauna kokoke ka alphabetic, laulā nā loina.

Ma Europa'āina, he mea penikala paakiki like denoted ma ka palapala, i laweʻia mai i nā hua'ōlelo characterizing i ka paakiki. No laila, e hoʻohana i ka palapala «B», mai ka pōʻeleʻele o ka olelo (ʻeleʻele), a no ka hiki ole i ka pahee peni - ka palapala «H», mai ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia paakikiʻai (paakiki). Eia hou kekahi, he ua hoi omaka i ka F, e hele ana, mai English ke olonā i wahi (fineness) a me ka hoike ana i ka awelikaʻano o ka penikala. He ka Europa'ōnaehana o ka lepili palapala paakiki ua manaoia e ia i ka global hae a me ka mea i ka loa, he pono ole.

Ma ka'ōnaehana Amelika, a me ka nānā 'ana i ka paakiki o ka peni, hoʻikeʻia maila ua lawe mai wale i loko o na kii. Where 1 - mehana, 2 - awelika, a me 3 - paa.
Ma ia hihia, ina he penikala ua ole i hoakaka ia,ʻaʻohe omaka, ma ka paʻamau, ka mea e pili ana i ka paakiki-pahee (TM HB) kikokiko.

He aha e hoʻoholo i ka paakiki?

I kēia lā, no ka mea, o ka hana o ka penikala alakai graphite penikala hoʻohana kaoline (keʻokeʻo lepo) a me ka graphite. Ka huliāmahi o kēia mau waiwai, e e hui ma na kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao loiloi mua o? Iecaianoaaiiuo hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka paakiki o ka penikala. Ka oi waiho keʻokeʻo kaolin pālolo, ka paʻakikī i ka penikala ua loaa. Inā ka māhuahua dala o graphite, ka penikala mea softer.
Ma hope o hoʻohuihui a pau i ka mea eiiiiiaiou o ka kūpono läÿau, ua hanai aku i loko o ka extruder. Kēia mea ma ka laau ho okumu i ka huapalapala waiwai. A laila, calcined graphite mau laau la i loko o ka umu ahi kūikawā, ma kahi a ka mahana kīnā 10 000 ⁰ C. Ma hope o ia kī, na laau i bapetizo ia ma ka kūikawā aila pāʻoihana, e pili ana i ka ili honua aiiay Auana.