No ke aha la i kekahi o carbon pepa

Bureaucracy originated na tausani o ka makahiki aku nei. Once i archeological hanaʻeliʻana i loko oʻAigupita i loaʻa i loko o ka nui he nui loa ka lepo o na papa io a me ka mea ia kikokikona. Rewriting ana pū i kaʻike heluhelu kauwa.

No ka mea manawa mua i ka 'ike loea hou ma a hoomaka ae la e paka kope pepa, i Palapala Sila Nui October 7, 1806 ma ka UK. Ka pepa uaʻeluaʻaoʻao, impregnated me ka inika. Ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole ua pono-ike "kalapona pepa" Ralph Wedgwood no.

Ma ka 1820s, me ka pepa kope ma ke kumu o ka pouli hoʻomaka i ka paka ma ka hanalima me ka unahiʻole. I ka piko o kona hiʻona i hele mai i loko o ka 70 ka, ia lakou i hoomakaʻi e hōʻike em me nā paʻi typewriters. I ka ka penaʻana hoomaka pepa mastic e hookaaokoa ae mai o ka hewa o ka mua wale nō - a pau haumia ea, i ka i ana i hoopa mai. Ma mua o ka Hekikai o ke kālā no ka hoʻopiliʻana? Ieaoa (copier, fax) kalapona pepa ua loa mahalo. I kēia lā ia mea,ʻaʻole no laila, mahalo, a me ka ua iaʻano nui i loko o ke kapa hana.

Kalapona pepa mea haʻahaʻa nuʻa. Ma kekahiʻaoʻao ka mea, kauoha ae la i ka 'ia nā pōpō, ahu iho, a kokua i ka loaʻa ma ka palapala, pai ana a me ka unuhi aku la ia mau kope. Ka pepa ua waiho ma waena o kaʻike mau pepa 'ia nā pōpō ahu iho la ia. Ka wā kākau i ka pepa e kau ana ma luna, ma muli o ia ka ua e hana i käna 'ia nā pōpō (particles) hoololiia ma luna o ka pepa kanuʻia ma lalo o ka blueprint.

Me keia pepa, e hiki ke loaa na kope o ka palapala likeʻole. I këia lä puka mai i kekahi hana kukui-ikepili koʻikoʻi mea, he mea no hoi he mea oko a ana, papahana no ka hoʻokāʻoi 'Akä naÿe blueprints.

Nō hoʻi, e loaʻa phototechnical Reflex kope pepa i ke kikokikona kope, mai ka hoaka o (hookahi, a papalua) i loko o ka papa ka hoʻopiliʻana. Aia i no hoi fotostatnye malamalama-ikepili koʻikoʻi mea (io, maikaʻi) e loaaʻi kope, mai ka hoaka o a me ka hapa-leo i ke kikokikona kope Ka PaʻiʻAna. Kekahi manao - fotokalka, a ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka hana ana i na kope o ka palapala kope kumu mai ka hoaka o ka hoʻohana' ana leka pepa pai a me ka wānana. I hoʻohana 'ia no ka thermoset kalapona pepa reflex replication ma thermal (welaʻula) kukuna , a thermally hoolilo i ke kiʻi ma luna o ka papu pepa. Photosemiconductor kope kumuhana i pai ia ma luna o ka ili o ka lahilahi mea uholo uila photoactive, ahu iho ma muli o kiniki'okesaside.

Office kope ka pepa, a e hiki ke kuai i na hale kūʻai, he kiʻekiʻe Akä naÿe no nä kiʻi. Manawa hana ana i kope i nele i kekahi mau kekona i ka minuke a oi. I aaioee enehana lākou (ke haka pono maila, 'ia, etc.) A o ka lōʻihi like' ole o ka waiho waho pūnaewele o nā kope like ua nui na ano o ka pepa.

Pinepine hoʻohana no ka hana ana i na kope a me ka papu pepa, i malamaia lakou nei, me he mea kontaktno- a'ōpū mai-lawe hana o ka hoʻopiliʻana, e like me ka'ōlelo o ka palapala ma ka mea o ka offset pai uea '.