Nukelea mīkini'ātoma: ke hoʻohana kumu, a me ka pa alima huakai kaapuni

Design a me ka hana ana o ka nukelea mīkini'ātoma ma muli o ka initialization a me ka hooponopono ana pakiko-sustaining nukelea naoh. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia me ka noiʻi kila no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o radioactive isotopes, a me ka ikehu kumu no nukelea mana mea kanu.

Nukelea mīkini'ātoma: ka loina o ka hana (pōkole)

Hoʻohana 'ia keia fission kaʻina hana i loko i ke kaumaha nucleus mahaeʻana i loko o nā liʻiliʻi koena ai. Mau hakina mea i loko o ka nui hauʻoli moku'āina, a hoʻokuʻu akula neutrons, a me nā subatomic (particles) a me photons. Neutrons hiki i hou māhele like me ka hopena o ka a ka mea i kinoea, a hiki hou, a no laila, ma luna o. Kēia ana ka hoʻoponopono-sustaining helu o disintegrations kapa kaula naoh. I ka mea ia manawa, he nui ka nui o ka ikaika, ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o i mea ka AIM o ka pono o nukelea mana.

I ka rula o ka hana ana o ka nukelea mīkini'ātoma, a me ka nukelea mana kanu mea ia e 85% o nā panalāʻau splitting ikehu ua hoʻokuʻuʻia i loko o ka manawa pōkole wale nō ma hope o ka hoʻomaka 'ana o ka naoh. Ke koe hapa ua hua mai la ia e ka radioactive hoʻopöʻino 'ia o ka fission huahana, ma hope o lākou i hoʻowahāwahā iā neutrons. Radioactive palaho o ke kaʻina hana ma i ka'Ātoma i ka napoo moku'āina ihoiho. He hana mau ia, a ma hope o ke ku e.

Ke'ātoma pōkā pahū kaula naoh maoli ma ka pinepine, a ka hapanui o ka mea e e Wāwahi. Kēia ka hana nui koke, ka hana i ka loa ikaika Naita me ia ano o ka ia hopeʻia. ʻano papa hana a me ka hana ana o ka nukelea mīkini'ātoma ma muli ma luna o ka loina o ka malama ana i ke kaula naoh ma ka hooponopono aneane ikaikaʻilikai. Ua Ua papahana no laila, ua explode like'ātoma pōkā pahū ke ole.

Kaula no AiON a me ka noʻonoʻo loi

Ke kālaikūlohea fission mīkini'ātoma me ka nānā 'ana i ke kaula naoh pahiki ma hope o nukelea fission neutron ea puka. Inā hou ka heluna emi, o ka uku o ka papa ma ka hopena, e hāʻule nō ia i ka 'Aʻohe. Ma keia hihia i ka mīkini'ātoma e ia i loko o ka subcritical moku'āina. Inā ka neutron heluna ua mālama 'ia ma ke a eia i pae, ka fission ana e noho lio. Ka mīkini'ātoma E e i loko o ka pilikia ke ano. A eia ka mea hope, ina ma manawa o ka neutron heluna ulu, ka mahele ana i ka mämä holo a me ka mana, e māhuahua. kāna mau 'ōlelo moku'āina i supercritical.

I ka rula o ka hana ana o ka nukelea mīkini'ātoma e hiki mai ana. Mua e hoʻomaka ana i ka neutron heluna mea kokoke i 'Aʻohe. A laila, 'ana, e lawe aku oe i ka hooponopono ana i na laau, mai ka Kora naʻEsau, mahuahua ka puunaue Kora naʻEsau i ka manawa pio ka mīkini'ātoma i loko o ka supercritical moku'āina. Hope a hiki i ka Loipālākiō mana ana hapa hoi mai la ka mana hoʻomalu ma ua mau laau la, ka hōʻoiaʻana i ka nui o neutrons. A laila ka mīkini'ātoma ua mālama 'ia i loko o ka pilikia ke ano. I ka ia mea pono e hooki, i ka Aʻole inserts laau loa. Kēia suppresses ka mahele, a waiho i ka Kora naʻEsau i loko o subcritical moku'āina.

'ano o nā reactors

Ka hapa nui o ka? Ueony ikehu ua hoʻomakaʻia i ka wela pono e kipaku turbines, i kipaku nā mīkini uila o ka uila o nukelea nā mea hoʻonoho i loko o ke ao nei. No hoi, he nui na noiʻi reactors, a me kekahi mau aina i mokuluu a luna moku, i puhiia e ka ikaika o ka'Ātoma.

mana mea kanu

Aia i kekahi mau laha 'ana o kēia' ano o ka mīkini'ātoma, akā, hoʻomano hookama manao o ka malamalama i ka wai. Ma hoʻi, ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka wai pressurized kapuahi e ka wai paha. Ma ka hihia mua i ke kiʻekiʻe puʻe wai a enaena, ma ka wela o ka Kora naʻEsau, a komo i ka mahu mīkini hana wāwahie. Aia, ka wela mai o ka iniiaiie a hiki i ka haumāna kaapuni ua hala, hou ec ka wai. Ka mea ua loaʻa mahu ultimately lawelawe 'ana me ka hana loli i loko o ka mahu mīkini peahi uila kalapona.

Ka mīkini'ātoma mea he baila aʻela iʻano hana ma luna o ka loina o ka pololei ikehu pōʻaiapuni. Wai maalo ae la oia ma ka Kora naʻEsau, i lawe mai i ka mai hehe ma meakino puʻe pae. Paʻa kūhohonu loa mahu hele ma ka moʻo o separators, a ua manaʻo dryers i loko o ka mīkini'ātoma ipu, kūpono ai i loko o kona sverhperegretoe moku'āina. Superheated mahu Ua laila, hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka hana loli, ke kaʻapuni mīkini peahi uila.

High-wela kinoea-ho'ēmi

High-wela kinoea-ho'ēmi mīkini'ātoma (HTGR) - he nukelea mīkini'ātoma, ka loina o ka hana ua muli ma ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka graphite like me ka wahie läÿau, o ka wahie a me ka microspheres. Aia i mau hoʻokūkū ana mau manao:

• Kelemānia "E wehe ae oe-a maona" nenoaiu, a hoʻohana i ka spherical wahie oihana mua 60 mm o ka anawaena, oia hoi o ka läÿau, o ka wahie a me ka graphite i loko o ka graphite iwi;
• ka Amelika mana o ka graphite hexagonal prisms i interlock e ho okumu i ka Kora naʻEsau.

Ma nā hihia a pau, i ke anuanu maila loli ninoieo o helium ma lalo o ka puʻe o ma kahi o 100 me ka lewa. Ka German'ōnaehana helium hele ma na wahi i wāhiʻia i loko o ke ahu iho o spherical wahie hehee wale, a ma US - ma i ka weheʻana i loko o ka graphite prisms ka hooponopono ia ma ke kikowaena (axis) o ka mīkini'ātoma Kora naʻEsau. Ua koho ae ke hana ma kiʻekiʻe loa me ka mahana, mai ka graphite mai he loa kiʻekiʻe sublimation ka mahana, a me chemically inert helium loa. Hot helium hiki ke hoʻohana 'ana i ka hana i loko o ka loli kinoea mīkini peahi uila ma ke ana wela kiʻekiʻe a me ka wela hiki ke hoʻohana' ia no ka hoʻomakaʻia mahu kalapona wai.

Wai-metala nukelea mīkini'ātoma: huakai kaapuni a ka hana rula

Fast reactors me ka paʻakai coolant ua loaa nui noonoo ana i loko o nā 1960-1970 ka. Alaila manao iho i kā lākou hana, e paʻi nukelea i wahie i loko o ka wā e hiki mai kokoke i koi 'ia e paka wahie no ka hoʻomaka koke Hawaiʻi nukelea hana. I ka wa i lilo iho maopopo i keia manao a ka unrealistic, ohohia by double ma na 1980s. Naʻe, i loko o ka United States, Rusia, France, Pelekane, Japan a Kelemania, kukulu iho la i ka moʻo o reactors o kēiaʻano. Ka hapa nui o ia hana ma ka uranium'okikene lua 'ole i ka läÿau, o ka plutonium'okikene lua. Ma ka United States, nae, i loaʻa ai ka pomaikai nui me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia wahie.

CANDU

Ua hoʻomōhala Canada kona hooikaika ma ka reactors, a hoʻohana maoli uranium. Kēia eliminates i ka pono no kona enrichment e hoʻohana i nā lawelawe o nā'āina. I ka hopena o kēia kulekele i ka deuterium-uranium mīkini'ātoma (CANDU). Ka pāʻana a anuanu maila ka mea, hua mai la i mea kaumaha loa ka wai. Design a me ka hana ana o ka nukelea mīkini'ātoma mea e hoʻohana i ka pahu me ka anu D ₂ O ma ka lewa puʻe. ʻeleu wahi permeated paipu o zirconium oka a ka wahie o maoli uranium, ma i circulates anuanu maila kona kaumaha wai. Uila ua hua mai ma ka mahele ana i ka wela hoolilo i ka mea kaumaha ka wai coolant, a ua hoʻolahaʻia ma ka mahu mīkini hana wāwahie. Ka mahu i loko o ka haumāna loop laila hele ma kaʻike mau mīkini peahi uila kalapona.

pono noiʻi

No ka noiʻi nukelea mīkini'ātoma ua loa pinepine hoʻohana 'ia, ka loina o ka i ninoieo ma o ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka wai anuanu maila' papa a me ka uranium i wahie nā kumumea i loko o ka palapala a pau. Hiki no ke hoʻohana i loko o ka laulā huahelu o ka mana pae mai he mau haneri kilowatts i megawatts. No ka mana hanauna mea ole ka iniiaiie Pahuhopu o ka noiʻi reactors, ka mea i wehewehe aku e thermal ikehu ua loaʻa, a me ka pa apŘ o ka Kora naʻEsau palena iki ikehu neutrons. He mau mea kiko'î, e kōkua i ka quantify i ka hiki ana o ka noiʻi mīkini'ātoma e lawe mai kekahi haʻawina. Low-mana nenoai kamaʻilioʻana i ka hana ma kulanui a me nā mea hoʻohana i aʻo, a ua kiʻekiʻe mana ua pono ai ma ka noiʻi keʻena hoʻokolohua no ka hoao mea a me nā 'ano, e like me ka mau noiʻi.

Ka loa, he pono ole noiʻi nukelea mīkini'ātoma, ke 'ole a me ka loina o ka hana, ua like penei. Konaʻeleu wahi ua aia ma ka lalo o ka nui hohonu loko o ka wai. Kēia kōkua ai i nā kilo Kanal, a e auaaeaiea ana a ka neutron kaola hiki ke kuhikuhi. At haahaa mana pae ka mea, aohe pono e EII ni i ka coolant, me ka malama i ka palekana ke hoʻohana moku'āina o ke au paialewa maoli o coolant e hōʻoiaʻiʻo lawa ka wela dissipation. Ka wela poe kuai ia ana aia ma luna o kaʻili a me ka luna o ka wai ÿauÿau, kahi o ka wai wela ua hoʻonui.

moku mea hoʻonoho

Original a iniiaiie ana o nukelea reactors o kā lākou hoʻohana ma mokuluu. Lākou ka papa kuhikuhi pono ka mea, ma ka Akä naÿe i ka wāwahie wahie'ā nenoai no ka hoʻomakaʻia uila ka mea, e i koi ea. Nolaila, nukelea mokuluu hiki ke koe submerged no ka lōʻihi manawa, a me ka pono kekahi manawa ku i ka iliʻike mau kakolina diesel-uila mokuluu, e holo lākou ea Hawaii. Nukelea ikehu hoʻolako he kaʻakālai lanakila Moku moku. Mahalo ia ia, aole hoi he pono e refuel ma na awa a mai ka hoopuni kūlana tankers.

I ka rula o ka hana ana o ka nukelea mīkini'ātoma ma luna o ka mokuluu hoʻolaha. Naʻe, ka mea, ua ike ia i loko o ka USA mea hoʻohana nui a waiwai uranium, a me ka deceleration a me ka huʻihuʻiʻana i ka malamalama i ka wai. I ka manao o ka mea mua mīkini'ātoma nukelea mokuluu USS Nautilus Ua ikaika 'ole ma ka ikaika noiʻi nā mea hoʻonoho. Kona hanana hiʻona o ke kiʻekiʻe loa reactivity palena pau, ina he, ua kīkoʻo akula au o ka hana me ka refueling, a me ka hiki, e hō'ā ma hope o noho. Mana ia hoonoho ai i loko o mokuluu pono e malie loa, e pale aku ka loaʻaʻana. E halawai pu me ka mea i ho'ākāka 'pono o kekahi papa o ka mokuluu okoa Ke Ana Hoʻohālike o ka mana mea kanu i ua hoʻokumu.

US Moku ma ka mokulele nā moku halihali mokulele i hoʻohana nukelea mīkini'ātoma, ka loina o ka i ua manaoio e e aie mai i ka nui mokuluu. Details o ko lākou kūkuluʻia, a i ole, ua paʻi.

Ma waho o ka United States, nukelea mokuluu nō i loko o ka UK, France, Rusia, Kina a me India. Ma kēlā me kēia hihia, ke manao ia i hōʻike, akā, ka mea, ua manaoio ia mea i like loa ka mea, e pau - keia mea heʻilihune o ka ua koi no lākou oaoieei-ano. Rusia kekahi i he uuku'auwaʻa o nukelea icebreakers, i hoʻokumu i ka ia mīkini'ātoma me ka Soviet mokuluu.

hanalima nā mea hoʻonoho

No ka manao o ka i? Iecaianoaaiiuo o kaua papa plutonium-239 hoʻohana he nukelea mīkini'ātoma, ka loina o ka i ninoieo ma kiʻekiʻe productivity me ka haahaaʻilikai ikehu. O ke kumu ho i ka mea i lōʻihi-makahiki noho o plutonium i loko o ka 'ōlelo hele aku ai a hiki i ka hoʻomāhuahua o ka hua'ōlelo i makemake ²⁴⁰ Pu.

? iecaianoaaiiuo o tritium

Currently, i ka papa kuhikuhiE nā obtainable ma na nenoai mea tritium ⁽³ H a T) - i ke kauoha no ka hydrogen hopeʻia. Plutonium-239 i ka lōʻihi hapa-ola o 24.100 makahiki, no laila, i ka'āina me ka nukelea lako kaua e hana i kēia hehee ai, e like me ka rula, i ka mea oi ma mua e pono ai. Akä naÿe i ka ²³⁹ Pu, ka hapa-ola o ka tritium mea ma kahi o 12 makahiki. Pela, e malama i ka pono Moʻolako, pono e lawe mai noke keia kālaiōewe o ka hydrogen. Ma ka US, ka Savannah River (South Carolina), no kekahi laʻana, loaʻa paha kekahi mau kaumaha wai reactors, a paka tritium.

e lana ka mana

Created ma nukelea reactors, hiki ke hoʻolako uila a me ka mahu paio hahana maoli nō holoiʻia kaʻawale pāhili. Ma Rusia, no kekahi laʻana, ua loaʻa i ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka poe liilii, mana nenoai, pela ke hoʻololi e loaʻa iaʻu i ka Arctic noho. Ma Kina, ka 10-megawatt kanu HTR-10 lako hoʻa'ā i a me ka uila mana noiʻi kula, ma i ka mea, ua noho ai. ? Ac? O reactors uuku akomi lāʻau me ka like uea e lawe mai i loko o Kuekene a me Canada. I ka manawa mai ka makahiki 1960 a hiki i ka makahiki 1972, i ka US Army hoʻohana olelo hoopomaikai i ka wai reactors e hōʻike i loihi kumu ma Greenland a me Antarctica. Ka mea, Ua UAIAaIN ma ka wahie-aila mana mea kanu.

makahikiʻimi loa i ka lewa

Eia hou, i 'ia nā reactors no ka mana a me ka neʻeʻana i loko o ka lewa. I ka manawa mai ka makahiki 1967 a hiki i 1988, i ka Soviet Union i hoʻokumu i ka uuku nukelea nā mea hoʻonoho ma luna o ka "Kosmos" ukali, e lawa pono a me ka telemetry, akā, i kēia kulekele i lilo i pale umauma hoʻokahi no ka noʻonoʻo loi. Ma ka liʻiliʻi loa kekahi o kēia mau ukali iloko o ka Honua i ka lewa, e kauoha ana radioactive mea hoʻohaumia keʻena mau mea o Canada. KaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia a hemo wale kekahi ukali me kekahi nukelea mīkini'ātoma i ka 1965. Eia naʻe, papahana ma luna o kā lākou hana ma ka hohonu makahiki poe mikanele, manned noiʻi Ű a ma o ka mālama 'I Helu kumu hoʻomau i ka e ulu. Heʻoiaʻiʻo ia e ke kinoea-ho'ēmi ai wai-metala nukelea mīkini'ātoma, i ke kino ai nā loina o ka i hoolako i ka lani kiekie loa hiki mahana pono e kń i ka nui o ka radiator. Nō hoʻi, ka mīkini'ātoma hookahi no ka lako a pan e e like kana olelo hoopomaikai i hiki ke kń i ka nui o ka mea i hoʻohana no ka paleia lakou, a no ka emi i ke kaupaona i Launch a me ka lewa mahuka ana. Wahie nona iho, e hōʻoia 'ana o ka mīkini'ātoma no ka lōʻihi like' ole o ka makahiki mahuka.