Nukelea nāʻakika - nā kiaʻi o aaiaoe 'ike

Nukeleaʻakika (nucleus - kāna mau 'ōlelo) - ke aloha i huiʻia, a i pili i ke ola ana o nā mea a pau i ke kumu o keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ke ola mea. Mau biopolymers i mua hōʻike 'ia e F. Miescher (1968) me ka leukocyte nuclei. A iki ma hope, i hōʻike 'ka nukelea nāʻakika ma na keena a pau o nā kānaka, a me nā holoholona mea kanu, microbes a me nā mea hoʻomaʻi. Penei, ka mea i hoao ia mau liluwelo hui na i loko o nā mea a pau meaola keena, i ka papa kuhikuhiE nā moku halihali mokulele o hereditary 'ike, e komo i loko o ka biosynthesis o nā polokina o ka meaola.

Nukeleaʻakika hōʻike

Nukelea nāʻakika i prosthetic pūʻulu nucleoproteins. Ka pau huahana o ko lākou hydrolysis - purine a me ka pyrimidine mau kumu, a me ka pentose phosphoricʻakika. Ke Nine Inch haku mele maopopo deoxyribonucleic (DNA) a me ka ribonucleicʻakika (RNA). Ka 'ole o ka DNA ua komo monosaccharide - deoxyribose, ma ka RNA - ribose. Mau hui oko mai kekahi i kekahi nitrogenous kumu, o ka 'ole o nā lātoma, ke kelepona hele IIeEeAIEUAA, e like me hana.

Hui lātoma oia hoi o ka purine a pyrimidine kumu, a me ka pentose (ribose, deoxyribose), kapaʻia nuklozidami. Title nuleozida manao nitrogenous hui i nā loko o kona 'ole. No ka laʻana, he nucleoside i nā adenine kapa adenosine, guanine - guanosine, cytosine - cytidine, uracil - uridine, thymine - thymidine. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka carbohydrates i e i na nā lātoma maopopo rubonukleozidy a me deoxyribonucleosides.

Ma waho walaʻauʻana nitrogenous mau kumu, nukeleaʻakika   loaʻa hou   a no laila,-kapaia nīnūnē kumu o ka purine puke a me ka pyrimidine (1-methyladenine, dihydrouracil, 1-methylguanine, 3 methyluracil, pseudouridine listen'ōlelo.).

Nucleotides i posapahate nā mea kemika o nucleosides. Ke lātoma ninoieo o ka nucleotide purine a pyrimidine mau kumu, pentose (ribose ole deoxyribose) a me ka phosphoricʻakika koena mea e hoopaa ana i ka lima a me ka kolu o'Ātoma Carbo pentoses.

Nukeleaʻakika 'ole a me ka ho'āʻo.

Ke kanaka nucleotides i hui pu ia ma keia palapala di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa, hepta a me polynucleotides, a laila nukelea nāʻakika. i haku nukelea nāʻakika o nā haneri, a me na tausani o kanaka nucleotides mea i hui pu ia ma ka hydroxyl pae, kahi kokoke i ka 3'-la'Ātoma Carbo pentose o kekahi nucleotide me koena phosphoricʻakika i kahi kokoke i ka 5 la'Ātoma Carbo pentose o ka aʻe nucleotide.

DNA i ka iniiaiie aaiaoe mea o nā mea a pau e ola ana liluwelo nenoai. I ka meaola ole koʻohune a me nā mea hoʻomaʻi, ka mea, ua IIeEeAIEUIeXAIIUE i loko o ka halepaahao nucleus. A hōʻemi iki nui o kaʻakika ua kia ma ka mitochondria a me chloroplasts.

Ribonucleic nāʻakika i ua hōʻike 'ia ma aneane na halepaahao mahele. Ka nui dala o RNA ua kia ma ka ribonucleoprotein eiiiiiaiou - ribosomes. Ua pono e mai la oia i ka hapanui o nā RNAs na i loko o ka cytoplasm, a wale 10-15% o kekahi hapa o ka Kernel.

RNA ka nānā 'ana ma ke kelepona hele IIeEeAIEUAA, liluwelo hana, hakakino kaumaha maheleia i ekolu hoailona ia mea: ribosomal, amo a me ka'ōpū mai.

Ribosomal RNA IIeEeAIEUIeXAIIUE ma cytoplasmic granules ribosomes kahi ka mea, e paa e paa ana i ke kumuʻiʻo. Ka mea, i wehewehe aku e kiʻekiʻe hakakino kaumaha. i loaʻa amo RNAʻano nui i loko o aeee hyaloplasm, ka nukelea loli ma mitochondria a me chloroplasts. Ka mea, i ka haʻahaʻa hakakino kaumaha (40 tausani. Daltons). Lākou ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ka amo ana o ho'ā ''amino nāʻakika'amino maiʻakika eiiieaena - AMP'ūhū i ka paena o ke kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala, ' o ia hoʻi, a hiki i ka ribosomes. ʻepekema haʻawina Ua hōʻike i kēlā me kēia'aminoʻakika i kona mau kanaka tRNA. I keia wa, he mea oi mamua o 60 laha 'o ka hoolilo RNA.

Home RNA (elele RNA). Kēlā me kēia mRNA lātoma i hoʻololi kemikala i loko o ka nucleus loaa ike mai DNA, a hoolilo ia i na ribosomes kahi mea, ua hoʻokō me ka kumuʻiʻo biosynthesis.