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Nunui-aoao'ōnaehana - mea he Lūkini nunui-aoao'ōnaehana ...
Nunui-aoao nenoaiu - ia mea he hewa, aole pono? Piliʻepekema o kekahi mau aina hiki ole maopopo pane i ka nīnau. Ma ka kekahi lima, ka mea, ua hoakaka i ka manawa e hoike i ka manao o ka loa like nāʻoihana o ke kaiāulu kanaka, a pale aku la ia ia ma ka mana. Ma ka 'ē aʻe - he mea haumia hilahila ia i loko o ke ola pili aupuni o kekahi aina.
aoao nenoai
Ka muli o nā 'aoʻao i loko o Rusia
I ke kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia, ka mea, o ke kukuluia'na o ka multiparty nenoaiu i loko o Rusia. Kēia kaʻina i wehewehe aku ma ka helu o ka nui hiʻona. Mua, o ka loa mua, a hiki illegally, hoomaka ae la lakou e lawe 'ano i ka pili aupuni hui o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni,'ano'ē clerics. Pela, ke Social Democrats noho mālie ihola lākou Ahaolelo Lahui mua i ka 1898. Loio i kakau o ka poe ai i ka mea mua RussianʻOiʻenehana, ma hope o ka Manifesto kaulana o Okatoba 17, 1905, i hoʻolauna kivila a me ka pili aupuni o kānaka no na kanaka o ka Russian aupuni a pau. Kekahi hiʻona o ka mea i na alakai kūlana o ka intelligentsia i loko o ke akea huahelu i hana kālepa, he nui no ka poe uuku lawa, a pau i ka lakou, oiai ua he kaʻina hana o ka hui a me ka noho male 'ana o kekahi' ē aʻe. Ke'ī mai, i ka nunui-aoao'ōnaehana - keia mea i ke ano oiaio o ke pili aupuni ola i loko o Rusia ma ke kakahiaka nui iwakalua kenekulia.
Haʻalele, pono a me ka-oaio?
I ua kaulana, ma ke kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia, he mau kakini aoao ma Rusia, ka study o i mea he pilikia. maopopo i ka maikaʻi i ua he Lūkini nunui-aoao'ōnaehana, ua māheleʻia aʻela nā mea a pau pili i ka hoʻolālā iʻekolu pūʻulu. Ka mua o ka'ano'ē, hoʻokahuli aupuni 'ē aʻe, iʻikeʻia ma ka hema. Na'ākau kaiaulu - makeʻe kulana, reactionary uniona kālepa kue i kekahi HOU a me ka loli. No ka mea centrists kona külana like kālai'āina a papa hana me ka uku nā papahana ma ke kua o ka lokomaikaʻi, o ka holo hou 'o ke kaiāulu.
Hoʻokahuli aupuni Party o Rusia
Ma ka hoʻomaka o ka hope ke kenekulia, i enmeshed Lūkini ke kaiāulu kanaka, ka helu o ia meaʻokoʻa i ala mai ma ka pili ana i ka hooulu ana o ka capitalism. ka mea, i kapaʻia "kāna mau 'ōlelo nīnūnē" i loko o ka aupuni historiography. Mau nā mahiʻai a kua'āina nīnau, i ka hana, i ka ninau o ka mana a me ka aina. Hehe, a pau na koa pili aupuni pane e wehewehe i nāʻaoʻao ka papa kuhikuhi o ka hoʻoponopono i kēia mau pilikia. Ka loa'ano'ē ma keia ano, o ka Bolsheviks - ka RSDLP (b), e kahea ana i ka Socialist kipi, ka nationalization o ka aina a me ka hana, me ka abolition o ka waiwai, a me ka hoʻololi i socialism like ia. Manaʻo luna a me ka hoʻokuhikuhi ua he luawai-ike Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin). Na Mensheviks ua emi'ano'ē - RSDLP (m), i loaa i ka moʻolelo ua ole izmolola i ka palaoa, mai i ia mea e pono e kalua ai i ka popo socialism. Ko lakou luna, o Iulio Martov koi i ka bourgeois-kemokalaka kipi, a me ka gradual pāʻoihana a hiki i ka papa kuhikuhiE nīnūnē. A kūikawā wahi ua ku e ka Socialist-Revolutionaries i loko o ka lima hema aeie (SRs) ka mea i hoʻonoho iho i defenders o ka peasantry, i ka hope o na mooolelo o ka populism. Ka mea, koi ka socialization o ka aina, oa ka hoolilo ana o kona mau kaiaulu. He alai ae la ma Viktor Chernov SRs. A me kēia mau mea, he'ē aʻe Lūkini hoʻokahuli aupuni paha e like me ka Popular Socialists, Socialist-Revolutionaries, maximalists, Trudoviks a me ka laulā huahelu o ke aupuni hoʻokahuli aupuni hui (ka Bund, hoʻokahuli aupuni Ukrainian Party, a me na mea e ae).
lokomaikai hoi o ka 'aoʻao
E like me na mea nunui-aoao'ōnaehana i loko o Rusia ua hoʻomohala i ka loio i kakau o ka lokomaikai hoi o ka centrist aoao elua. I ka First a me elua State Dumas ka nui helu, akā,ʻaʻole ka mea uie kekahi hapanui hewahewa, i na Cadets, ka poe i kapaia na centrists hema. Ka mea, koi ikaika hapa mokuāhana ma o ka pae aina ma ka lokomaikai o ka peasantry, a me nā hoʻokau 'ana o ke aupuni mō'ī ma ka hale kanawai a me ke Kumukanawai, hou nā mea hoʻololi. A ike ka luna o ka Cadets i ka mea kākau moʻolelo Paulo Miliukov. I ka papa kuhikuhiE pili aupuni ikaika i loko o ka wā o ke kolu a me ka ha Dumas i ka Octobrist Party, nona ka 'elele aeia nui no ka mōʻaukala o Lūkini manifesto ma 17 October. Alexander Guchkov, ke poo o ka neʻeʻana, kokua aku i ka pono o ka nui bourgeoisie, a ua manaoia e e mālie i ka aina a me ka hou-yeiiiie? Ulu. Octo no laila, i kapaʻia makeʻe kulana Liberal (KS).
pono aeie
Loa kiʻekiʻe ma luna o nā hale a, akā, uuku i hoʻonohonoho 'ia i ka hoʻomaka o ka hope kenekulia i ka akau kālai'āina kaiaulu. Monarchists, ka Black haneri, na conservatives - ka mea, 'o nā mea a pau e pili ana ia lakou. Russian Emperor Rotehama II i ka honorary lālā o kekahi mau aoao, naʻe pu ole, ma ka inoa akā, i ka pono pili aupuni polokalamu. Kona o Mānoa, ua i hoʻi i kona palena autocracy, orthodoxy, a hoomalu nae lakou i ka hoʻohui o Rusia. I hoomaopopo i ka First State Duma, ua i hoʻolālā makeʻe kulana hapa o ke kaiāulu kanaka, a i ole komo i loko o ke koho ana. Akā, ua hōʻike mahope hanana i mākou hiki ole maoli kona hoʻomaha loa mai ka kālai'āina loio i paio ma ka hale kanawai. Me ka Poeikohoia o ka "Union Mihaila Arhangela", "Union o Lūkini People" a me nā neʻe loa kākoʻo i ke kulekele o Rotehama II. A ma luna o kona mau hoa i hoʻohana ikaika ano, e like me haunaele.
Ka hoʻopau o ka multiparty'ōnaehana
Ma hope o ka Bolsheviks hele mai i ka mana, 25 October 1917 multiparty'ōnaehana i nā collapses ma Rusia. Mua mai o ka pili aupuni Arena monarchist 'ē aʻe, Octo, ma November i haiia outlawed na Cadets. A he mau makahiki noke hoʻokahuli aupuni aoao, a me ka papa kuhikuhiE ka loaʻaʻana o ka Bolsheviks poe SRs, ka poe i lawe i ka hapanui o ka noho i loko o ka mau koho a hiki i ka Constituent Ahaolelo. Akā, e'ōlelo mai iā Lenin, a me kona kākoʻo i ke Kanawai Kaua, a mahope koke iho o kona paʻa alakai i ka merciless paio e ku ei ka pili mau hoa o ka Bolsheviks. I nā makahiki 1921-1923 i loko o Soviet Rusia, Ua manaʻo me ka kūamuamu, a me ka hōʻinoʻia me ka helu o ka 'aha hoʻokolokolo hana ku e na luna o ka Mensheviks a me ka SRs, ma hope a pili ana i kēia mau' aoʻao. E like me ka hopena, nunui-aoao'ōnaehana i loko o ka USSR i kahi e. E hoapono i ka ideological a me ka pili aupuni domination o kekahi aoao - ka Communist Party.
I ka ho okumu ana o ka multiparty'ōnaehana i loko o kēia Rusia
Ka'opi o ka Soviet pili aupuni'ōnaehana i loko o ke au o perestroika hoomaka lakou M. S. Gorbachevym. ʻO kekahi mea nui mua i loko o ke kahua o ka nunui-aoao'ōnaehana i ke kālā no Rusia i ka hoʻoholo 'ana ma luna o ka abolition o ka Pauku 6 o ka Soviet Kumukanawai, aponoia i ka makahiki 1977. Ua enshrines He kūikawā, e alakai kūlana o ka Communist ideology i loko o ka moku'āina, a, ma ka a me ka nui, ke ano o kekahi aoao monopoly ma ka mana. Ma hope o ka coup, ke coup ma August 1990, Russian Peresidena ua banned a pau i ka hana o ka CPSU ma kona mokuna. Ma keia manawa, me ka hou nunui-aoao'ōnaehana i shape ma Rusia. A me kona mua hui ma ke alo aku o ka helu nui o ka pili a papa hana i ole me ka nui loa okoa mai kekahi i kekahi i ko lakou mau manao i loko o ka hoʻokahi ao ao. Ua nui noiʻi Ua kaulana kekahi 'ano haiki nohona kumu o ka hapa nui, no laila, kapa ia "proto". He ākea o ke aupuni, ka neʻe 'ana i loko o ka republics, ikeia like me ka "Popular Front".
I ka papa kuhikuhiE kālai'āina koa
Ma ka 90-ies i waena o ka mea nui a papa hana pili aupuni kuhikuhi i kekahi mau kī, a hoomaka ae la e hoʻomaka ana me kekahi i kekahi kaua i noho i loko o ka Duma. Ma ke koho ana i ka 1995 ia i ho'ākāka 'ia i nā luna eha, a hiki lanakila i ka'ākeʻakeʻa mai o elima hapahaneri. Mau ia pili aupuni koa i emi iho i kaʻikena nunui-aoao nenoaiu i loko o Rusia. Mua, ka mea, o ka communists alakai ma ka paʻa alakaʻi, ua pinepine ae hana e like me ke koho pelekikena moho, - Gennadiem Zyuganovym. Ka lua - o ka Liberal kemokalaka Party, a me ka ia a eia i a me ka huali poo - Vladimir Zhirinovsky. Hui pa alima kekahi mau manawa e hoʻololi i ka inoa i loko o ka makahiki hope ( "Our Home o Rusia", "United Rusia"). Ua pono, a me ka ha o ka wahi o ka hanohano, e paʻa ana i ka aoao "Yabloko", alai ae e Grigoriem Yavlinskim. Eia naʻe, mai 2003, oia ua hikiʻole i ka lanakila ua waiho ka'ākeʻakeʻa mai i loko o ke koho, a ua mai i kekahi hapa o ka 'elele Ahaolelo kino. Ka hapa nui o nā 'aoʻao i loko o Rusia e pili ana i ka centrist kuhikuhi, ka mea, i like me koi a me nā polokalamu. Haʻalele a me ka mea, e ike pono wale nō ma ka moolelo.
kekahi hopena a
Most kālai'āina nā kānaka kālailai 'aelike i ka nunui-aoao'ōnaehana - mea ole ka pono koho o ka pili? Acaeoey o ka aina. States me ka mau-aoao'ōnaehana i oi ke wńnana i loko o lākou? Acaeoey e oi paha, e pale aku i nā ihola, e malama i ka succession. Nunui-aoao'ōnaehana - ka manaʻo e loaʻa nā loio a me ka mea hiki ke aloha. Ma ka hihia mua, he nui na uniona kālepa formally, akā, heʻoia iʻo pomaikai e hele mai i ka mana, he mea wale kekahi a elua. A maoli multiparty'ōnaehana Hōʻike i ole pili aupuni ikaika hiki ole kiʻi i ka hale kanawai oo. Ma keia hihia hoʻonohonohoʻahahui pokole a me ka mau.
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