'O kēia ke kūlana a me ka hana ana o na nā polokina i loko o ka halepaahao. He aha mea i ka hana o nā polokina i loko o ka halepaahao hana?

Kumuʻiʻo - o ka mea nui ke aloha mea, i ka helu ana i ka i lanakila ma luna o nā mea a pau'ē aʻe macromolecules, a pau i loaʻa i loko o ka halepaahao ola. Ka mea, e mai oi ma mua o ka hapalua o ke kau paona ana o ka maloo mea nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona meaola. I ka mana o ka likeʻole nā polokina i loko o ka halepaahao, i kekahi o ko a nō na mea ike ole i ka 'epekema. Aka, maopopo loa i ka papa kuhikuhiE kuhikuhi o ko lākou mau "hana". Kekahi Pono e paipai keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o aeee a me nā'aʻaʻa. Other nui mea pōhaku hui ua hoololiia ma ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi a me ke koko moku mai kekahi hui, a hiki i kekahi. Kekahi hoomalu aku i ke kino e ku e haole pathogens pinepine. Kekahi mea i maopopo - me ka kumuʻiʻo aʻole i lawe wahi i kaʻina hana i loko o mākou kino.

Ke kumu nui i hana 'ana o nā polokina

I ka hana o nā polokina i loko o ke kino like. Kēlā me kēia hui i kekahi mau 'Nine Inch' ole, hanaʻia i ka hana kūikawā "hana". Ma kekahi mau hihia, kekahi mauʻano o nā polokina pili i kekahi i kekahi. Ka mea, i kuleana no na kuʻinaʻokoʻa o ka ia kaʻina. A he aha ka pono i kekahi mau. No ka laʻana, ka mea hoʻokonukonu hana o nā polokina ua ua hoʻololiʻia e nā'ūhū a me hormones. O kŰia hiki ke poe, e hoomanao i ka hōmona adrenaline. He hua mai la i ka manao, ahu iho o ka adrenal glands. Puka i loko o ka ipu koko, ka mea maoli i ka nui o ka o oxygen i loko o ke koko. Ala a me ke koko, maoli he kōpaʻa maʻiʻo. Ua stimulates ka pūnao. Nō hoʻi, ke adrenaline mea he neurotransmitter o ka'emi'ōnaehana i loko o ka iʻa, amphibians a me nā mea kolo.

Ka enzymatic kuleana pili i

Lehulehu 'ia ma ke keena o ka meaola e ola ana, ua lawe mai biochemical reactions ma kiʻekiʻe ana wela a me ka'ākilikai pH. Ma ia mau rula, o ka uku o ka hooholo ia mea, ua uuku, no laila, pono hana kūikawā catalysts ikeia nā'ūhū. A pau kā lākou 'ano hui i 6 papa, a oko i loko o kā lākou specificity o ka hana. Nā'ūhū i synthesized ma ribosomes i loko o na keena. Lākou like 'ole' epekema enzymology.

Oiaio no, me na nā'ūhū hiki ole kuleana pili i hoʻokonukonu nā polokina. Ka mea, i ke kiʻekiʻe selectivity o ka hana. Lākou ha awina hiki ke hooponopono ma activators a me nā mea kūpale. Eia hou, nā'ūhū nui ho'āʻo specificity me ka pili ana i ka substrates. I enzymatic ha awina hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka olelo i loko o ke kino, a me ka pau ma ka keena. Lākou pele ai puʻeʻakika pH, wela, ionic ikaika o ka pāʻoihana, a laila i ka lehulehu o ka paʻakai i loko o ka cytoplasm.

Amo hana o nā polokina

Ma ka hīnaʻi manu e mau hana i ke kino pono nā minelala hao a me ke aloha mea. Ka mea, e pono e like me ka hana pono a me nā kumu o ka ikehu i ka keena. Akā, i keʻano papa hana o ko lākou ana Ua huikau. Ke kelepona hele membranes komo ole wale o nā polokina. e kūkulu liluwelo membranes e like me ka rula o ka papalua ahu iho la ka lipids. Ma waena o ia i ka likeʻole nā polokina i i loko iho. He mea nui loa i ka hydrophilic wahi i aia ma luna o ka ili o kaʻili lahilahi, a me ka hydrophobic - ma kona kolamu. Penei, e like me ka 'ole mea impermeable iwi. Ma ka mea hiki ole ma luna o lākou iho, me ka "kōkua" e kekahi, ua nui eiiiiiaiou, e like me ke kō i,'amino nāʻakika a me Ion METOLIT. Ma ka cytoplasmicʻili lahilahi i loko o ka cytoplasm, e kaʻi aku ka mea, hana kūikawā nā polokina, a i kaa ma ka lipid papa.

Amo o ka waiwai mai kekahi hui, a hiki i ka mea 'ē aʻe

Akā, ke amo hana o nā polokina ua lawe mai,ʻaʻole wale nō ma waena o ka intercellular waiwai , a me ka halepaahao. Kekahi mau mea nui physiological keʻano o ka hanaʻana e pono ai, e haawi aku i ka waiwai mai kekahi hui, a hiki i kekahi. No ka laʻana, i ke amo ana o ke koko kumuʻiʻo - lāʻau lapaʻau albumin. Ua Ua hāʻawi me ka hanana hana, e hana i ka hui me ka momoma nāʻakika, iʻikeʻia i loko o ka digestion o ke kaikea, a me ai ', e like me me ka steroid hormones. Nui lawe nā polokina i hemoglobin, a (ka hoopakele ana i oxygen lātoma) transferrin (ai pili aku me ka hao Ion) a me ka tseruplazmin (ho okumu i eiiieaenu me ke keleawe).

Ka hōʻikeʻana hana o nā polokina

O ka nui i loko o ka papa o physiological keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o luna 'multicellular meaola i mea loaʻa nā polokina. Ka mea, e lele aku ai i ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi. Ka mea, malama no kaʻimiʻana a me ka ho omńkalakala i nāʻano likeʻole o no lepa i hele mai i loko o ke ana kahawai o aeee i wale mai e pili nā'aʻaʻa, akā, no hoi, mai ka mea mawaho kaiapuni. Currently, paha ka loa? Anoee mea loaʻa kumuʻiʻo mea acetylcholine. Ua ua ke aupuni 'ia ma ka helu o ka interneuron hui' ana ma luna o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi.

Akā, i ka pū waikaua hana o nā polokina ua lawe mai,ʻaʻole wale nō i loko o na keena. He nui hormones nakinaki i kekahi receptors ma luna o lākou ili honua. Oia palapala i ka pilina a me ka mea he hōʻailona a haʻalele no ka physiological keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o aeee. An kumu o ia nā polokina mea insulina, e hana ana ma ka adenylate cyclase nenoaiu.

aiiay kuleana pili i

I ka mana o nā polokina i loko o ka halepaahao eʻokoʻa. Kekahi o ia e komo i loko o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea pane. Ua malama mai nā mea palahēhē ke kino. Ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana ke pane i na Luna hōʻike 'ia ma ka hoʻololi kemikala o na kanaka he lehulehu o lymphocytes. nō kēia mau 'ona hiki o selectively ā' inoʻino kekahi mau konohiki, i lilo lākou i nā'āina'ē i ka meaola, e like me koʻohune, supramolecular (particles), a mea paha e Ka maʻi 'aʻai keena.

Kekahi o nā pūʻulu - "Hoʻokolohua" lymphocytes - paka nā polokina e komo i ke koko kahawai. Ka mea, i he nui loa hana hoihoi hiʻona. Mau nā polokina e ike na keena a me macromolecules. A laila, hui aku la lakou ia mau mea, ho okumu i ka luna 'i mea e e luku. Mau nā polokina kapa immunoglobulins. Sami malihini eiiiiiaiou - ia antigens. A immunoglobulins, a hoʻopili like ia ia - nā mea'aʻaʻa.

'ole kuleana pili i

Ma ke kino, ma ka hou i ka nui hana kūikawā, he mea no hoi mall nā polokina. Ka mea, e pono e hōʻoia i ka me mechanical ikaika. Mau mana o nā polokina i loko o ka halepaahao i mea nui i ka mālama i loko o shape a malama kūlana uʻi a kino. Ua kaulana loa ka collagen. 'O kēia ka papa kuhikuhiE kumuʻiʻo o ka extracellular'ōpū mai o connective nā'aʻaʻa. Ma kiekie ae mammals, ia mea i ka 1/4 o ka huina kaumaha o nā polokina. Synthesized collagen ma fibroblasts, a nō ka papa kuhikuhiE keena o connective nā'aʻaʻa.

Na oihana o nā polokina i loko o ka halepaahao e ka nui. Ma waho aʻeo ia collagen,ʻikeʻia kekahi mall kumuʻiʻo - elastin. Ua mea no hoi he ke keʻena o ka extracellular'ōpū mai. Elastin mea hiki ke kuka i ka manawa kūpono o ka'aʻaʻa kau i loko o kekahi mau palena, a hiki wawe ka hoʻi i ka mea mua shape. Kekahi laʻana o ka mall kumuʻiʻo - fibroin, a ua loaʻa i loko o ka silkworm larvae. 'O kēia ka papa kuhikuhiE ke keʻena o ka ropi silika.

Hawaii kumuʻiʻo

Ke kūlana o nā polokina i loko o ka halepaahao hiki ole ke overemphasized. Lakou i lawe i loko o ka hana ana o na nāʻiʻo mahele. Muscle contraction mea he nui physiological kaʻina. E like me ka hopena, i ka huli ana o ka waiho waho me ATP macromolecules i loko o Nine Inch ikehu. Pili 'ole i loko o ke kaʻina hana, he mau nā polokina - actin a me ka myosin.

Mau Hawaii kumuʻiʻo i threadlike nā lātoma i hana ma ka contractile skeletal Muscle nenoaiu. Ua i loaʻa i loko o ka politika-Muscle nā'aʻaʻa ma eukaryotic keena. Kekahi laʻana o ka Hawaii nā polokina - tubulin. Mai ka mea, kukulu microtubules, i mea nui i hehee ai o ka flagella a me ka cilia. No hoi microtubules i loaʻa ka tubulin akomi i loko o keena o ka'emi ko nā'aʻaʻa o nā holoholona.

antibiotics

Nunui aiiay kūlana o nā polokina i loko o ka halepaahao. Part o ka mea moe ma ka pae, i ua kapaia antibiotics. Mau mea waiwai o maoli ka molekumu o, a i synthesized, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO koʻohune, microscopic fungi, a me nā microorganisms. Ka mea, e nona i uhi i ka physiological keʻano o ka hanaʻana o nā hoʻokūkū ana meaola. I ka loaʻa o nā antibiotics kumuʻiʻo kumu e noho ana i loko o na 40s. Ka mea, ua revolutionized lapaau, e haawi ana ia i ka impetus ikaika i ka ulu ana.

Ma kā lākou mau Nine Inch ano, antibiotics - he loa ka nohona pūʻulu. Ka mea, oko i loko o kā lākouʻano papa hana o ka hana. Kekahi ālai ia 'aʻe me ka kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala loko keena, i ka hope aeie ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o nui nā'ūhū, inhibit i ka ulu ana o ke kolu, ka ha - nā'ōlelo. No ka laʻana, maopopo streptomycin pāʻani aku me ribosomes o ka mea koʻohune keena. Penei, ka mea, dramatically 'aʻole hoʻi ia i ka hoʻololi kemikala o nā polokina. I ka ikepili antibiotics mai e pāʻani aku me ka eukaryotic ribosomes kanaka kino. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i kēia mau waiwai i oleʻawahia i kiekie ae mammals.

Kēia mea,ʻaʻole i ka mana o nā polokina i loko o ka halepaahao. Table o antibiotic waiwai e hooholo, a me ka hoomaikai hana kūikawā hana kēia mau manaʻo maoli i huiʻia nā mea hiki, e hooikaika ma ka koʻohune, aʻaʻole wale. Currently underway këia antibiotic kumuʻiʻo ka molekumu o, a ma ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka DNA kue ana i ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana pili me ka manaʻo o aaiaoe 'ike. Akā, e like me ka lōʻihi me ka waiwai i wale ia i loko o chemotherapy o ka maʻi 'aʻai. An kumu o ia ka antibiotic waiwai o dactinomycin synthesized actinomycetes.

toxins

Nā polokina i loko o ka halepaahao hana i ka hana o ka loa kekahi, a hiki eccentricity. A helu o ola meaola i lawe ia e hoomake iho no hoi - toxins. Ma ko lakou ano, e nā polokina a me ka luna 'haʻahaʻa hakakino kaumaha ke aloha i huiʻia. E like me ka hana, he niho Fishʻiʻo pepa make kiaha.

Hookoe mai, a dietary nā polokina

Kekahi mau nā polokina Launch like ai embryos o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu. He nui examples. Ke kumukuai o ka kumuʻiʻo i loko o ka halepaahao cereal anoano puni i loko o laila. Ka mea, e hooluolu iho i ka germ o nā mea kanu ka pukaʻana ma nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao kakahiaka o kona ulu ana. I ka holoholona i ka ai nā polokina i hua manu albumin a me ka waiu casein.

Unstudied kumuʻiʻo mall

Ka luna examples - wale i ka hapa i ua mua, ua aʻo nui iho la ia. Akā, ma ke ano maoli, ua koe nui na mea pohihihi. ʻO nā polokina ma na keena o na mea he nui? Ueony i kū hoʻokahi, a me ka manawa a hiki paʻakikī e classify ia. No ka laʻana, monellin - he kumuʻiʻo loaʻa a me ka noho kaʻawale maiʻApelika Waena mea kanu. Ua ho'āʻo iho au i ono, akā, ka mea aole e i obesity a me ka 'ole-ʻawahia. I ka wā e hiki mai, e hiki ia i ae pani maikaʻi i ke kōpaʻa. I kekahi hana - he kumuʻiʻo loaʻa i loko o kekahi Arctic iʻa, ka mea, ua ālai 'ke kūpaleʻana o ke koko, e hana like antifreeze i loko o ka literal ano o ka hoʻohālike. A helu o insect eheu resilin kumuʻiʻo hui hōʻike 'ia me ke kū hoʻokahi, aneane hemolele elasticity. A i ka ole a pau ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka waiwai i e huli a classify wale.