Petr Berngardovich Struve: Kawaihae, manaʻo, na makana i ka sociology

Petr Berngardovich Struve (1870-1944) - kekahi o ka loa koʻikoʻi Lūkini lehulehu na kii a me nā loea kālai'āina. Ai kona pono nā 'aoʻao hoʻokele waiwai, journalism, mōʻaukala a me ka kālaiʻike.

Petr Berngardovich Struve: he pōkole Kawaihae

Hânau 'ia i loko o ka' ohana Berngarda Struve, oia no ke kiaaina o Perm, Peter loaa ka hoʻonaʻauao maikaʻi loa.

Kona kula mua i ke kula kiʻekiʻe i loko o St. Petersburg. A pau nō i ke kanaka hou o ka makua i ka hale, e haʻalele, a noho i loko o ka hale AM Kalmykova e puku i kona makuwahine, hele aku la ia i ke Kulanui ma ka ia kulanakauhale. Ma mua, o Petero kipa i ke kumu o maoli sciences, laila (ma hope o hoʻokahi makahiki) i kauia ke kanawai.

Kona aloha no ka Marxist kumumanaʻo , no ka ikaika ua, i kūpono i ka hoʻolālā o ke poʻomanaʻo p ÷ ai. Ke kulanui Petr Berngardovich Struve oia i aʻo a hiki i 1894, i ka manawa i manawa kipa oia Austria, kahi ona e waiho ana Kumu o ka sociology L. Gumplowicz. Ua uaʻaneʻi ia Petero, ua hoʻoholo e lilo i economist.

Ka hoʻomaka 'ana o journalistic hana

Ka mua 'atikala, a kakau iho la, a hoolaha Petr Berngardovich Struve, paʻiʻia i loko o kekahi o ka Kelemānia Social-kemokalaka nūpepaʻOiaiʻo ia i loko o Austria.

Hōʻuluʻulu i nā hana Struve like me ka publicist, ka mea hiki ke maheleia i mau hope o kekahi i kekahi kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.

1. Mālama '-hoʻokahuli aupuni. Palapala, 'atikala a me ka pepa (essay), kākau mua 1907, he hapa o ka ao a me ka noʻonoʻo loi o Marx ka theories. ka mea, i noonoo i ka evolution o nā manaʻo o Petero ma ke kahua o ka 'aoʻao hoʻokele waiwai a me ka sociology.
2. Post-hoʻokahuli aupuni. Hana Struve i loko o kēia wā i ka paio, e malama i ka hoʻohui o Rusia. I akaka noʻonoʻo loi nona ma ka hoʻokahuli aupuni maximalism.

I mau, he mea hana i kēia aka ho i ka unahi, i hana, outlining a me ke kālailai na keʻano o ka hanaʻana 'ia i loko o Lūkini ke kaiāulu kanaka, i ia manawa, mai ka viewpoint o sociology.

Pili wale no Struve a me kā lākou evolution

He mea he ardent admirer o Marxism i loko o kona wa opiopio, Struve Petr Berngardovich ma hope o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni hanana o 1907 kū aʻela a hiki i ka oihana o ka makeʻe kulana liberalism. Ke kaʻina hana o ka pili aupuni hou 'besprimeren, akā, counterbalance kālai'āina ano o Petero i mālama ai i kāna hana ma ka' aoʻao hoʻokele waiwai, sociology, philology a me ka kālaiʻike. E olelo ana ia ia iho, Petr Berngardovich Struve i kekahi 'mea hiki ole kona wahi e hooponoponoia ia mea, pulakaumaka ma ka aoao-kālai'āina meridians.

No ka mea, o ka pili aupuni hilinaʻi a me activism V. I. Lenin haawi Struve loa io helu i loli kona kaulana ma luna o nā makahiki. I Soviet manawa, kii o kānaka apau i mākaukau olelo ai i loko o ka nohona sciences i Ua wale nō i loko o ka io ala, a me ka hana i ole, ua paʻi. hiki ke hoomaopopo uhi ke kulana home 'ole hoʻololi i loko o nā makahiki hope o ka Soviet Union, a me keia la kona ulu a me na makana i ka lehulehu o ka' imi naʻauao a me ka pili aupuni hoʻoilina o ko mākou'āina.

Mai Marxism i ka lokomaikaʻi, neʻe

Ke ideological kona manaopaa, e puku i ka Marxist nānā mai philosophical idealism a me ka lokomaikai hoi o ka conservatism, a i ka piena o hoomalu aku i Struve Petr Berngardovich. Kawaihae huahelu nā he wahi lihi iki o ke kaulana inoa, e kōkua iā ia i loko o denouncing ka Lūkini? Eia. No keia hopena, i hoʻonohonoho i ka paʻi hale "Contemporary Review" i ka 1900. Kona papa kuhikuhi hana i ka lehulehu ākea o ka palapala likeʻole i keʻae like hoʻokuʻu ma kahai i ka na? Eia.

Ma hope o ka lawe 'ana i loko o ka nui h ÷ o Petero a hoʻokuewa wale', ka mea, he e hele i Tver. E ho ohana i waiwai hoʻopuka D. E. Zhukovskogo, ka mea i ka peahi o kona, Struve ua hiki ke hoonohonoho i ka auoiaea o ka puke pai "Liberation" ma Germany. E loaa ae, e haʻalele i ke kanaka moʻolelo nūpepa noi no ka kōkua mai influential hoa.

Naʻe, ka mea i maopopo kahi hiki ole ole i ka palapala o ka palapala, ai 'hana no ka hoʻopaʻa' ana o ka philosophical kumu o ka lokomaikaʻi kūkulu 'ia. Ohana uaʻelima wale nō makahiki o ka wā hoʻohana i kekahi o na kânaka, he e pili ana ma ka pili 'āhewa' ana i hookuu Struve Petr Berngardovich. Kawaihae no ka poe akeakamai a me kanaka moʻolelo nūpepa no ka umi makahiki e hiki mai ana o ke ola, wehewehe i kana hana ma ka Polytechnic Institute ma St. Petersburg. Mua i ke kumu kula, a me ka lecturer halawai Kumu,ʻo ia e ho'ōla lilo poo o ka Oihana o ka hoʻokele waiwai 'pili kalai aupuni.

I loko o kēia wā, ka mea i kākauʻia e ka papa kuhikuhiE aneiai hana o Petero ( "hoʻokele waiwai a me Price"), nā puke a lilo o kona haku, a me ka doctorate.

Ka paio ku e Bolshevism

Ka Bolshevik kipi i Struve loa io e pili ana. Iwi koke, he mau mahina ma hope o kēia mau hanana, Peter Struve a me Berngardovich G. N. Trubetskoy hele aku la i ka Don. Ma ka manawa ka mea, o ka poe i noho ai iloko o ka Maikaʻi Center ( 'ino ai hui). Limahana i 'Imi komo i loko o ke kahua o ka hana manawaleʻa Army. Aia, o Petero lilo i koho hoa o ka Don kanawai ahalunakanawai, a hana like me ka hālāwai pili aupuni, a hana ma lalo o General Alekseev.

Ma hope o ka pūʻali koa i hoʻoikaika i ka hana i ka ai-i kapaia o Ice kai eʻe, Struve malu hiki i ke poʻo. He ua oi aku mamua o eono mahina, e noho ma ka 'ino ai ke kūlana. Iloko o keia manawa, o Petero komo i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka e pili ana i kekahi o ka mea ikaika loa Anati-Bolshevik lola honua hui i kapaia "National Center". Place o ka hana i ka Moscow lala o ka hui.

Weheia ka ula makaʻu, hoonaukiuki ma ke kīmopō ho'āʻo ma Lenin, puʻe wale akula kēlā, e haʻalele i ke poʻo alihi kaua. Kona e peʻe aku ai i kaʻoi loa Alyatino ma Vologda.

Activity ma Europe

Hope, ma hope o ka hele ana i ka akau aina o Rusia, Struve ua hiki ke hele i ke Finland. Hereʻo ia, a door Kartashov (kekahi lala o ka-oaio? A) i halawai me General N. N. Yudenichem a paa i mea kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā o ami hana. Mahalo i ka wahi a me ka akamai hana ana i na lala o Anati-Bolshevik pūʻulu, Yudenich alakai koa-pili aupuni mawaena konu o Finland.

no hoi o Petero ka noonoo ana i hookoia ka "Komite Lūkini liberation." Kēia hui, ua hookumuia ia ma ka 1919 a me ka hana mai ai me ka hou o Rusia, e like me ka weheʻana kona prestige i waena o nā Hawaii. Ke komite i loko o ka kela la paiia o ke pai pepa i kahaki maoli hanana ma Rusia. E kukulu kamaʻilio me ka Adimarala A. V. Kolchakom, a me kona aupuni ka pilina i ka auaaeaiea o waihona kālā no ka "National Center".

No emiʻeleu Struve hana, oiai e noho ana ma Farani hana me nā lālā o ka "Lūkini kālai'āina ke anaina kanaka."

No kona mauʻana, a me ka poe akeakamai mea kākau, i ka'ōlelo hoʻopaʻi ma ka pā hale o ka RSFSR i ka make. I loko nō o kēia mea, o Petero mau kona alu like 'ana me ka White pūkaua a me kaʻeleu journalistic hana.

Peter Struve make ma Paris i ka makahiki 1944, kahi ia i noho ai me kona ohana mai 1942.

poe akeakamai manao ma ka pili aupuni kumumanaʻo

Struve i kekahi 'elele o ka ai-kapaia loio i Marxism ma Rusia. Kēia manawa ua ana kapaia nohona neʻeʻana i, mai i kaʻimi naʻauao a me ka ideological wahi o Hawaii, ke hoʻomaopopo iho i ka pono o Marx me kona aneiai ao ana o ka mōʻaukala inevitability o ka capitalist nenoaiu.

Limahana o ua ae ka capitalist ala o? Acaeoey o ka hoʻokele waiwai e like me ka hiki kumu no ka aneiai pomaikai o Rusia. Ka hoʻokō pono 'ana o nā lawelawe nā mea hoʻololi a me ka mahi ana i loko i kekahi kanaka ke ulu, i kēia mau mea nui aʻe i kaukahi, no na mai Struve Petr Berngardovich. I ka manaʻo nui o kēia huahelu no na kumu mua o ka hoʻolālā o ke bourgeois moku'āina. Struve i ia loa nui kūlana, e kahea ana "i ka hoʻokuhikuhi o ka mea", i mea hiki ke hoʻopau i ka pāonioni paʻa o ka nohona ano, e like me hoʻomaʻa i ka hui i ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka mau hua'ōlelo.

HOU Peter Struve

Hoʻomanaʻo Struve hooleia ekolu walaʻauʻana eiiiiiaiou mea ola i loko o ka ideology o ka hoʻokele waiwai pili aupuni :

• Ke hana pähola 'o ka waiwai.
• I ka kumumanaʻo o marginal pili i ka hoʻoponopono.
• Historical Kula.

Kēia kiʻi i kekahi o ka mea mua o ka'ōnaehana a me ka ano o e kukulu i ke kumu ma i ua kukuluia ka waeʻano o ka hoʻokele waiwai kālai'āina mea i hoʻohana. He manao i ka ekolu-pae'ōnaehana o kona piko a:

• Ko ka hale ona.
• Off-aina.
• Kaiapili-hoʻomāhuahua ai.

He pū e pili ana i ka assertion i na nā mea hoʻololi mai i hele ee i ka mooolelo e noho ana o na kanaka a me kona moʻomeheu nā loina. Ka mea, e kūkulu ma luna o kēia kumu.

Petr Berngardovich Struve: na makana i ka sociology

He waiwai, e hōʻike i ka nioeaeuii-yeiiiie?'ōnaehana, i ho'ākāka 'ia e ka poe akeakamai. Ua Ua nānā 'ana i manaÿo e like me "kuai", "aneiai pomaikai", "ke kālā" a me ka "waiwai." Ke peculiarity o ka'ōnaehana mea i ka "uku" o ka mahele i haawiia mai i ke kumu o kūlana. Ua Ua manaoia no ka hana ana i ka mea holoʻokoʻa kaiapili-yeiiiie? Aneiai aku o ka lanakila. I keia waeʻano Struve ua papahana like ke kahua no a pau kaiapili-yeiiiie? Aneiai kahakaha iho-aku ai, i ka manawa, e like me Marx hoʻohana no keia mea, i ka kumumanaʻo o ka loaʻa pākeu waiwai.

Hoaponoia o ka pono o ka "makeʻe kulana kipi" i loko o Rusia - kekahi o na kumu nui manaʻo? Ac? Petr Berngardovich Struve. Sociology ua aʻo aku i loko o ke kālā no kulanui, këia i ka kumumanaʻo o ka democratization o ka Lūkini ke kaiāulu, ka mea i manaoia huahelu. E like me ia ia ia, e koi 'ia ke kēia mau waiwai:

• Personal puke.
• PalekanaEND_LINK ke keʻena.
• Intentional ke keʻena.
• Pilikino ola.
• Ka moʻomeheu a me ka mōʻaukala kumuwaiwai.
• Iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai puke.

Struve i na hana no ka hooulu ana i ka kumumanaʻo o ka moʻomeheu

Kona na makana no ke kahua hana hoʻolauna ma ka hoʻohana 'ana o semantic Ka Ikepili, hoʻohana' ana i ka palapala, ai hāʻina o nā haʻawina. Kona mau akua kiʻi a pau Nikolai Leskov, Nikolai Gogol, F. Dostoevsky a me nā koʻikoʻi ma poʻe kākau moʻolelo. Eia hou kekahi, Struve malalo e scrutiny a me ka hana makakū o Pushkin, kapa ana ia ia i ka maikaʻi kanaka i loko o ka kaiapili-pili aupuni, ao ke ano o ke ola.
Poe akeakamai i hookohukohu rula o ka hoʻomaopopo pono a me ka maluhia o kanaka o kānaka, e like me ka malama i ka hale lio pili aupuni mea, a me ka ikaika ka moku'āina mana. He koi ia kekahi kanaka o ke Lūkini moʻomeheu - ka loulou a me ka mea o ka hui a me ka disintegrating ka moku'āina splochayuschee lāhui kanaka. Moʻomeheu no ka mea, i kona mau manaʻo: ka hoʻohana 'ana o kā lākou makakū a me ka unifying hiʻona. Struve manaoio i nā mea a pau? Anoee (hana, kālai'āina, lāhui hoahanau) e e hookomo moʻomeheu.

palapala, ai ''āina hoʻoili

Kekahi o ka mea nui ka palapala, ai hana i i hana Petr Berngardovich Struve - 'ka pilina a meʻOiʻenehana "(1909). I mea, i kēia hana o ka 'atikala i ka mea i komo i loko o ka puke "Milestones".

Collection o Struve, a me kona hōʻike manaʻo o nā mea a pau nui pili aupuni a me ka moʻomeheu hanana likeʻole e hiki i loko o Rusia a me nā'āina, i paʻiʻia ma ka makahiki 2004, a loaʻa iā ia ka inoa o "Ka Diary o nā kālai'āina."