Rock: nāʻano o nā pōhaku. Pohaku me Kinohi. Ano o nā pōhaku

No ka nui kenekulia, i ka papa kuhikuhiE hale nā mea he pōhaku ho okumu. Ano o nā pōhaku kanaka koho e like me ko lakou mau ano, physical waiwai, ikaika, nuʻa, amortization, a no laila, ma luna o. D. Mai ka hana lima ke kō i ka pohaku mea ole pela mea, i ka wa kahiko mai ka mea kukulu wale na 'ikamu mea nui, e like me mau hale aliʻi, kūlana pale hale, Hawaiʻi kia hoʻomanaʻo i. He mai kēia mau kumu mea, i kukulu i ke kaʻao o Aigupita pyramids, ka Wall Nui o Kina, Aztec pyramid, ka Taj Mahal a me nā kaulana hale, a nō ka mea kupanaha o ko ke ao nei.

hiʻona

Kula Kaiapuni 'o na pohaku i ole kaulele hoʻomāhuahua o nā minelala hao, a me kā lākou kūpono no ē aʻe. hiki e ua hoʻoʻuluʻulu manaʻo hoʻoholo o nā pōhaku like penei: ia mea he maoli ai 'ia mea pōhaku' Ohi a me ka mau 'ole a me ka haku mele' ana. No ka mea manawa mua i hoʻohana i kēia manawa ma ka Lūkini chemist a me ka mineralogist V. M. Severginym i ka 1798. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka ikaika, Nani Loa, nuʻa, porosity, anu ia'ku a me nā 'ano, e okoa ka hoʻohana o nā minelala hao. Holo nōhie nā pōhaku hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kūkulu hana.

Mea Maluna o ka pōhaku

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka hana o ko lākou mau kahua, a pau nā minelala hao hiki ke maheleia i nui nā pūʻulu ekolu. ʻepekema maopopo sedimentary, igneous a me ka metamorphic pōhaku, i loko o ka papa kaila type aahu. Kēia kuleana 'ē aʻe o kekahi mau waiwai a me nā minelala hao i e i ka nui loa o ka pńpa.

No ka nui kenekulia, ka lua pele e'opihia, a loaa, i ka pelemaka anuanu a me solidifies. Penei igneous pōhaku overlying i ka luna o ka aahu, a me ka pńpa ma ia wahi hohonu.

Koena ai no kekahi kumu, e hana i ka sediment type. Akamai ma Ka Ikepili, ho oholo i ke 'ano o ka' ia i loko o i nā pono hana i waihoia, o ka oi aku kā lākou mau kumu, 'ano o D. Agena,' ohua 'ia, a no laila, ma luna o.

Metamorphic pōhaku hou ka wā hoʻololi igneous a sedimentary ano i loko o ka mānoanoa o ka pńpa. Kēia mau pōhaku i ka hanana Nine Inchʻano hoʻokahi, akā, ka mea, ua nānā 'ana ma luna o ka makua mea pōhaku mai i ka mea i hana. All metamorphic keʻano o ka hanaʻana ka hapanui ana i loko o ka'ōpū o ka honua i ka pńpa.

Aia a me kaʻaʻahu pohaku i poe mua magmatic ka molekumu o, akā, laila, akaaka malu mea hou i loko o ke kapa.

Igneous pōhaku

Noiʻi maopopo mau papa kuhikuhiE ano o ka magmatism effusive a me ka intrusive. Ka mea, oko ma ka wahi o ka solidification o ka pelemaka, e like me ke ano o kona neʻeʻana. Ma waho kēia mau, he mau aa koko a me ka hypabyssal magmatic na pohaku, a i waena ano. Ka mea, e haawi aku dikes a me aa koko, ho okumu i loko o ka mawae o nā pōhaku i solidification o ka pelemaka.

Intrusive ole plutonic pōhaku undergo he kaʻina lōʻihi o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana, i hiki mau no ka oi ma mua o ke Ka Wā Kaukani. Ka mea, e komo nā pōaka o, alahula nui, e like me ka pelemaka anuanu ihola i lalo loa lohi i loko o ka hohonu ka wai. 'Oiai, initially plutonic pōhaku i loko o ka mea hohonu o ka honua i ka pńpa, a me kona weathering, a lalau aku la ia lakou pinepine hoʻololi i kuahiwi. A ma ko kumu hoʻohālike o ka mauna Shpitskoppe ma Namibia. Ke kumu nui nā minelala hao o kēiaʻano i māpala, labradorite, syenite, gabbro.

Igneous pōhaku o effusive (lua) 'ano i hana i ka pele o ka lua pele, i ka wā o ka pelemaka mai a hiki i ka ili o ka honua. Ka mea, e i hana nui nā pōaka aie i kokololio ka huʻihuʻiʻana. A luku ana mamuli o keia ano o ka pohaku, a me ka pōhakuʻalā i rhyolite mai. O ia i loko o ka wā kahiko pinepine i likeʻole sculptures a me nā kia hoʻomanaʻo i.

sedimentary nā minelala hao

Clastic, organogenic a me ka chemogenic - i kēia mau mea i ka papa kuhikuhiEʻano o sedimentary pōhaku. Ka mea, oko ma keʻano o ke kumu a me ka mea i hanaʻia ma luna o ka honua i ka ili honua. Detritalʻano hana ma cementing a me caking o kanaka koena o kekahi pōhaku. A luku ana mamuli o ia nā minelala hao hiki ke malama i sandstones a me conglomerates. Ma Pakelona, he mea he kaua o Montserrat, eia ka mea, He pono ka conglomerate, no ka mea, he o ka palapala hoopaa lepo pipili limestone paala.

Chemogenic pohakuʻAno i hana mai mea pōhaku (particles) o ke kaawale precipitate i loko o ka wai. Ua Ua nānā ma luna o ka mea pōhaku haku mele 'ana o nā pōhaku i wahi Mea Maluna. Ka loa, he pono ole o ka 'elele o ka māla o nā mea limestone. No ka laʻana, Australia i ka wao nahele kahi oioi hana pono no ka mea, o keia ole. Organogenicʻano nui e like lanahu, no ka mea, ka mea, hoi, ua hanaʻia ma muli o ka caking o ka holoholona a me ka kanu i koe. All sediments wehewehe aku fracture, porosity a me ka solubility i loko o ka wai.

metamorphic nā minelala hao

Classes o nā pōhaku i pinepine loa ākeʻakeʻa kumu. Byʻano o metamorphic nā minelala hao e pili ana i nā sedimentary a me ka magmatic kumu. Ka mea, i loli iki degere o ka nui o na keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka loli. Inā ia mea haʻahaʻa, a laila, metamorphism e hooholo i ka makua pōhaku, akā, me keʻano kiʻekiʻe e like ole i ke Akua. Oia nā minelala hao hoʻololi i kā lākou haku mele 'ana a me ka hionapāʻili. No ia kumu, ua māheleʻia metamorphic pōhaku i loko o schistose a me ka neslantsevatye, a me ke kaumaha ma muli o ka olelo o ke kahua māheleʻia i loko oʻekolu pūʻulu: o nā 'āina, hydrothermal a me ka papa metamorphism.

I kekahi manawa e hana ia i hooleiiaʻi mawaho, alahula paala pohaku i ka waho, no ka laʻana, haʻahaʻa a kiʻekiʻe mahana, puʻe. A Kuhina Nui hoʻohālike ke malama like gneiss. Mau mea hiki na nā minelala hao e noʻonoʻo o nā 'āina. Hydrothermal metamorphism ia lŘlŘ me ka thermal wai. i ua hoʻomaopopo nā minelala hao me ka mea waiwai Ion anal wai, wela auhele ana mawaena o ka māwae, me ka Nine Inch naoh i alters ka haku mele 'ana o nā pōhaku. Me lakou i mea hoike, quartzite, pinepine i hanaʻia ma ka limestone. Aia mea i papa metamorphism. Ma keia hihia, ka pohaku Kanawai chemically a me ka wela ala intrusive magmatic nuipa a.

Rock ano

Aia i kekahi mau waiwai o nā minelala hao, a me ka mea, ua nui nā mea a pau i ka loli iki ana degere. Inā ka mea, e hoʻohana i ke alo mea, i loko o ka wahi mua, nānā ua unuhi i kā lākou aesthetic hoʻopiʻi kū'ē 'ana. Ma kekahi mau hihia, i ka pohaku ka mea nui Nani Loa, aihue e aihue ai kona unuhi, waihoʻoluʻu. Ka paʻapū o ka 'inideka hilinaʻi nui ma ka mea kaupaona o ka pōhaku pehea. Ano o nā pōhaku i ka malamalama, a me ka kaumaha. Ma mua o ka pa apŘ - 2200 kg / m + ^3, a me ka lua o ka - oi ma mua o 2.200 kg / ka m ^3. Inā i ka pohaku, ua koho no ka hana o ka hale, eia oe pono e noonoo i ke kaumaha o ka mea ia mea denser, e huli ka paʻakikī i ka manao. Kēia aiao hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka haku mele 'ana o ka pōhaku porosity.

Kekahi o ka meaʻano nui waiwai o ka pohaku (oi loa aku hoi ina ke kamailio e pili ana i ka hana) mea he ikaika. Ka mea, e loli ai i ka mea paʻa o ka mea. Ka ikaika i ka mea pōhaku, ka hou ia, e aua oia i kona kikokikona helehelena. Ma keia e pili ana, e māheleʻia nā pōhaku a pau i loko oʻekolu pūʻulu: haʻahaʻa, meakino ikaika a me kaʻaʻahu. Ua pau hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka haku mele 'ana o nā pōhaku,ʻo ia ka paakiki o nā minelala hao. E mau nō nā pōhaku nā gabbros, māpala, quartzite, i ka meakino - limestone, kinikini, travertine, noho haʻahaʻa ikaika tuffs, e wehe ai i limestone.

ʻano o nā pōhaku i loli iki degere o ka porosity. Mai keia ano hilinaʻi nuiʻakika a me ka paʻakai ia'ku, wai omo o ka pōhaku. Porosity kūikawā noonoo E e uku ia i loko o ka hanana i kekahi breeds koho like cladding. Kēia huahelu Ho'ākāka 'o ka mea paʻa o ka mea, kona polishability, mea paʻa, decorativeness, thermal conductivity, machinability a me ka mea e like. D. ka oi aku o ka porosity, ka emi ke kaumaha o ka pohaku, ka mea, ua maikaʻi lawelawe, akā, i ka mea ia manawa hoemi kona buke, ikaika, polishability deteriorates.

wai omo uku ole i kekahi mea nui. Ma ka mea hilinaʻi nui i ka hau,ʻakika a me ka paakai ia'ku o ka mea. Wai trapped i loko o ka ili i ke kūpaleʻana, piʻi pū ma ka buke i ka mea manaʻo koikoi, no ka mea, o ka mea e ho'ōla mawae. Ka mea hana me ka paakai pāʻoihana a paipai i ka ulu ana o nā pōaka e ho okumu hou puʻe. Inā mea pōhaku porosity mea haʻahaʻa, a laila ia mawae, ma kekahi hihia e hiki i Wāwahi. Ke porous pohaku puʻe ua haawi kōā kaulike, aʻaʻohe mawae mai i hōʻike.

Ke kaʻina hana o ka loli o nā pōhaku ua pili kēia 'ole ma kā lākou mauʻakika e kū'ē'ē mai. Nāʻakika ke hoʻololi, a hiki luku kekahi nā minelala hao. No laila, koho ia i ka pōhaku no ke kūkuluʻana o ka hale e lawe i no ia mea. No ka laʻana, hydrochloricʻakika poses ka hoʻoweliweli 'nui i ke kinikini, dolomite, travertine. Akā, limestone a me ka māpala e wehewehe aku ma ka maikaʻi ia'ku i nāʻakika, nolaila, ua ola a i keia la no laila, he nui iconic mau manao o kēia mau mea.

huli ana keʻano o ka hanaʻana

Nunui paala, kilohana mauna haawi aku i ka manaʻo o ka ikaika kanaka nunui, ma i manawaʻaʻohe mana, a me kaʻano o nā kumumea waho. Ka mea, he e hoopaa i ka palapala nānā aku ma luna o nā kenekulia a me millennia, akā, ia mea,ʻaʻole pēlā. Over manawa, undergo i kekahi mea hou i nā pōhaku. Mea Maluna o ka pōhaku, e hooholo pehea ka loihi o na nā minelala hao hoopaa i ko lakou mau palapala ano, i mea e loli ai ia i ka hapanui hopena.

pohaku haku mele 'ana loli aʻe i loko o ka lōʻihi manawa. I ka loli o nā pōhaku i e ka maoli a me ke kanaka-i. Ke ano o ka pohaku ua loli ana e kumumea like me hehee iho la ia a me ka lepo, ka wai, ka ua, ka makani, lā, kiʻekiʻe a me ka haahaa mahana. Loa ia'na o ka pohaku ma ke ala ma kona ano maoli loa lohi, akā, ka mea hiki ole ke wawahiia. Wind a me ka ua holoi mai a ke anilā like me ka luna papa a me ka lola honua Landskap. Ua, ka mea, e lauwili ole wale i ke kinona akā, i ka haku mele 'ana o nā minelala hao.

Anthropogenic keʻano o ka hanaʻana e pili pū ana i ka hana kanaka. Loa ia'na o ka pōhaku hiki ke lawe mai i ka hoʻohana 'ana i kūpono. No ka laʻana, oi ma mua o koke kūkulu luina i ho'āpono wale i ka ?? eoi? No ka hana o ka hale, ka, i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe o ka mauna papa koa. O ka holo ana, ua ha awina pepehi maoli panorama, i ka hopena maikaʻi ma luna o laila. Poino pöhaku e haawi aku i ka māwae,, no ka mea, o keia'opi i, collapses. A kanaka hiki hou koke hoʻololi i keʻano o ka mea pōhaku hoʻokomo kālā, ma mua o maoli aʻe.

Penei, na mea a pau Highlands e ho'ōla hoʻololi 'ana i kā lākou mau helehelena. I ka mämä holo o ko lākou hou 'Ua pili kēia e kaukaʻi ma mawaho rula, ke ole haku mele' ana, ikaika, degere a me ka lōʻihi like 'ole o ka waiū. I ka huli ana kaʻina hana no hoi ololi ke aniau mau mea, kahi o nā pōhaku i ke aupuni '.

Ka pōʻaiapuni o nā pōhaku

I ka 'ā ina keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka igneous, sedimentary, a me metamorphic nā minelala hao i hoʻopaʻaʻia ma ka kekahi pōʻaiapuni. Ua hoʻomaka me ka mea i ua nininiia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pelemaka anuanu a me solidifies, ma ia ho okumu i ka igneous pohaku. Ano o nā pōhaku hoʻololi i koke hou ma luna o ka honua i ka ili honua. Wind, ka wai, wela ihola kuahene sedimentary type nā minelala hao. Pepe iho la ka pohaku, ka ino, hoolilo mai ka wahi i ka wahi, noho ana ma sedimentary na kiaha. Ma laila i loaʻa i ke koena o ka pohaku, e hoʻokō 'ia lākou ke alanui, lilo'opihia, a huli i loko o sedimentary type nā minelala hao. Over manawa, e bapetizoia na kuahiwi a hiki i ka nui hohonu, paku ole ia i una keʻano o ka hanaʻana. A pau i kēia hiki aku ai i ke kahua o metamorphic pōhaku. Ma kiʻekiʻe ana wela a me ka puʻe, ikaika mea pōhaku mahele heheʻe i ka, lilo ana o ka pelemaka. Over manawa, ia solidifies e hana igneous pōhaku, a me nā kaʻina hana o ka pohaku ho okumu huli hou.

Petrology a petrography

Ma nā ka micro- a me ka nunui-ʻilikai haʻawina i nā minelala hao. Ma ka mea mua hihia study wale (particles)ʻuʻuku o kekahi pōhaku, kā lākou aniani moakaka a me ka translucent i ike aiʻokiʻia. Kēia i mea e hiki ai e hookupaa aku i nā 'ano a me ka waiwai o nā minelala hao. I ka lua o ka hihia, kńnaka e noʻonoʻo a pau pōhaku a pau, no ka mea, ka mea hana i kekahi hehee ai o ka pńpa. Noiʻi ke hooholo i ka mōʻaukala, a me ka hiʻona He kokekau wale ka lā o ko lākou mau ho okumu.

Ke kumu o nā pōhaku aʻo mau no ka hoʻopaʻi ': Petrology a me petrography. Ka 'epekema mua Pilikanaka ka Nine Inch a me ka mineralogical haku mele' ana o nā pōhaku, i ke ano o ko lākou mau hanana, hionapāʻili a me ka 'ole. Petrology kekahi e hoʻoholo i ka 'ā ina me ka ho okumu i e i ka bulk o ko ka Honua ka pńpa. Petrography ua hana i loko o ka Mea Maluna a me ka ano o kela breeds, ia mea oi ho'ākāka 'epekema. Ua Pilikanaka nā Eia kekahi laʻana kēia o ka pohaku, kā lākou 'ole a me ka haku mele' ana. Petrographers hana me ka aniani moakaka, a translucent slices ma lalo o ka microscope nana i ka waiwai o ko lākou mau eiiiiiaiou. Nō hoʻi, nä känaka 'epekema ke hana me Eia kekahi laʻana o ka pōhaku o kilakila Ana.

E kuhikuhi i kekahi mau pae o nā minelala hao noiʻi. Ma mua, i nā kānakaʻepekema limahana i ka 'ā ina i hoʻouluulu palapala, alaila, e paʻa ana i ke kula, a me ka petrographic kemikala honua ana. I mai la lakou a pau hoʻokō kekahi i kekahi, a ae oe, e kiʻi i ka piha kiʻi. Field haʻawina ae mai, e hooholo i ka mall hiʻona, i ke kulana o nā minelala hao, e hookupaa i ka He kokekau wale manawa haka ai o ko lākou mau hanana. Petrographic hana hooholo i pöhaku noho mua, ka pakeneka o nā minelala hao maloko.

'Epekema Ua oi luna' petrology. Ka nele no ka hana a me ka oi ma-hohonu, noiʻi nei i ka hopena o ka hoʻomāhuahua o ka nui kūʻai o ka ike. Ma nā pōhaku i nāʻano o nā minelala hao, a hoʻopili like i ka sedimentary, igneous a me metamorphic type. A o kela mea keia mea o lakou i kanaka o ka pau lālā o ka olelo mai kamaaina. Penei, ka 'epekema o sedimentary nā minelala hao i hoihoi i ka hionapāʻili a me ka haku mele' ana o ka paakai, limestone, sandstone, conglomerate a me nā pōhaku o sedimentary kumu. Igneous petrology pili ana i nā minelala hao crystallized mai kii i ka pelemaka. 'Epekema haʻawina metamorphic kinikini, schist, gneiss a me nā pōhaku i hanaʻia i ka loli.

I waena o nā mea a pau, i nā kānakaʻepekema i kekahi ke komo pū o loko o kemikala noiʻi. Ka mea, e haawi aku i ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o nā pōhaku, o kona mau makahiki, wahi o ke kumu, mea pōhaku kūlana, ke ana wela a me ka puʻe ma i ka mea i hana.

Ka loa, he pono ole pōhaku

Ma ka Honua, aia no he nui ka nui o ka hoʻokomo kālā o keʻano o nā minelala hao. Ka hapa nui o kēia kanaka i loaʻa i ka pili ana. Kekahi breeds mea hou i loko o koi, kekahi emi. E ka kamailio e pili ana i ka pohaku, pinepine hoʻohana ma ka ke kanaka.

granites

Paha keia mea i ka pohaku loa e like me ka haku o ka pōaka, feldspar, Mika. Māpala ua granular aniani 'ole ua maheleia i ekolu waeʻano: liʻiliʻi, meakino, a me ka lohi loa. Stone i keʻano o nā waihoʻoluʻu a pau, i ka rarest i manaoia uliuli-uliuli, ka malamalama oho a me Burgundy. Māpala lends ia wahi aku me ka anaiia, kekahi o konaʻano likeʻole i ka wela lapaau ana. Keia ua hana e hana hou Nani Loa 'ole. Hana ana waiwai o ka māpala, a me mechanical nā hoailona i oaeuiinoe loa kiʻekiʻe, no laila, i ka pohaku ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka cladding facades o ka hale, quays, i ka hana o ka hale ilalo hale. Ka pohaku hoʻohana no ka hanaia'na o sculptures.

sandstone

Kekahi kaulana pohaku. Ano o nā pōhaku hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke kahua hana. Sandstones i sedimentary type, no ka mea, he ka hoʻohui a hoʻopaʻa one. Ma ke ano maoli, he mau pohaku i loko o na onionio: omaomao, he lenalena, oho, ulaula, eleele. No ka Nani Loa hana i ka hapanui mau hoʻohana maikai-ka palaoaʻeleʻele,ʻulaʻula a me ka uliuli sandstone. Holo nōhie, e hele aku lākou i ka naʻau o nā hale.

ke kinikini

E pili ana i ka granular mea pōaka pōhaku,ʻo iaʻikeʻia ma ka hopena o ka waiū e dolomite a me ka limestone kiʻekiʻe ana wela a me ka puʻe. Ke kinikini i kiʻekiʻe Nani Loa waiwai, ka mea, he mama i ka hana. No ka laʻana, minimizes ka wili oi a me ka mālamalama, anaiia, ma ka mea ku ole, ka hoʻohuiʻana i ke kiʻi, chipping brightens ke kāʻei kua. Stone mea he pōpō, oho, a keʻokeʻo.

slate

Stone i hana ma muli o ke kaumaha compaction o ka lepo, recrystallized ma lalo ikaika puʻe mńlualua. Batts hiki ke Wāwahi i loko loa lahilahi papa, he mea ulaula iki ma ka waihoʻoluʻu a me ka poʻo-ʻeleʻele, pouli oho, eleele kope. Ua Nani Loa a me ka mau nō mea i 'aʻole i kauoha i kekahi aaioee, ua hoʻohana' ia no Kalaiaina a me ka paia waho ka paleʻana.

semiprecious na pohaku

Mau pōhaku i malachite,ʻonika, sapeiro, Opal a me ka jade, e kuaiia oi ma mua o na mea e ae, no ka mea, e kākaʻikahi i loaʻa ka mea, ma ka ano. Kēia mau pōhaku nō no ka hana o ka Jewelry, Nani Loa liilii, oihana mua uuku o ke Keena Kalaiaina.