Shorthand - He aha ka mea? Paʻa a me na hoailona shorthand

Kokoke a pau a mākou i lohe ai ike i loko o ka moʻokalaleo, i kēia pohihihi hua'ōlelo - ". Shorthand" He aha ka mea a ke kumu e pono ai, e ike i ka poe uuku, a me ka loa he mau kanaka imi i ka Haku e ia. A e huli mai ia ia i ka loa maikaʻi kēia mea no ke kanaka, aole wale no ka mea i hala, nekompyuterizirovannogo kenekulia, akā, kēia.

Shorthand - i ka hiki i ka palapala ike koke aku ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i kūikawā huapalapala. Ma na olelo e ae, ka mea, o ka mea i hoʻopaʻa 'ia o ka kanaka olelo māmā holo ma ka manawa o kona olelo. Maoli ai aicieeaao bewilderment: no ke aha la ke ano o ke akamai? Naʻe, i nā haumāna, a me nā haumāna, ka mea makemake e pono keia mau mea i loko o ka papa, ma ke kumu oʻaʻole pakahi aku la ia mea e hopohopo nei e pili ana paha i ka lohe i manawa e kākau iho na mea a pau e pono ai.

I ka helehelena o ka shorthand

Shorthand hōʻailona i hiki ke noʻonoʻo ka mua a me ka mea mua, ua loaʻa i waena o nā kia hoʻomanaʻo i o Aigupita, ka noho. Na koʻAigupita invented i kona iho shorthand. Me ke kōkua o nā kākau laa olelo a Parao. Shorthand (me he mea kūpono, iaoia o ka hoʻopaʻa) uku hoʻolohe i ka mea kahiko maikai ana 'ē aʻe. No laila, i ka Helene a me Roma, loa observant a me ka hoʻokela akamai, ua 'Imi hoʻohana i kūikawā huapalapala no ka kokololio fixation o ka waiwai ike. Ka mea, ua i ka wā o ka wa kahiko Rome, a Greece ua wahi i ka uluʻana o ka shorthand. E like me ka mōʻaukala mooolelo, ke kahiko Roma shorthand hana Tyrone, i ka hope o ka nui loio, Cicero.

Makamua Roma shorthand na hoailona a he kokoke 5,000 huahelu, ua pilikia, e Rabi. Inā kēia shorthand - he literal, 'o ia hoʻi, kēlā me kēia hōʻailona ho i kekahi palapala, ke kahiko nenoaia ua me, i ka mea he hoailona Hōʻike kekahi hua'ōlelo. Nolaila, like ka mea, ua paʻakikī loa.

Ka oihana lā hānau o ka palapala ua manaoia e ia i verbatim December 5, 63 BC. e ka. - ka hana o Tyrone ma luna o kona nenoaiu o na hoailona.

Mea moʻolelo o ka shorthand

Aie i ka shorthand ano o ka palapala mākou i kēia manawa i ka manawa e heluhelu i ka hana o William Shakespeare. Nā kānaka hoʻokūkū o ka hale kiaka o ke kaulana a me ka holomua playwright ua hoouna aku nei au i kekahi hana, e hoʻouna 'ia e transcribers, no laila, i ka poe i kākau verbatim hana keaka pono i ka manawa o ka hoolohe. A, ole pehea loa akula mea kākau o ka hana keaka hana mea, i kākau iho la lakou, a no ka mea, o ka mea i hiki iā mākou. I ia manawa, ia ua no he shorthand hua'ōlelo laina.

Akā, alphabetic shorthandʻikeʻia ma hope o nā hanana o "Ka poepoe honua". Dzhon Uills i hana alphabetic'ōnaehana, ma i kela a me keia ano shorthand nākiʻi e kakauinoa i ka'ōlelo Hawaiʻi. Mai ia manawa, hoomaka ae la he au hou o ka shorthand, he nui aku na mea a me ka oluolu, e aʻo.

A maikaʻi-ike nä känaka 'epekema-zoologist Alfred Brehm i kākau hoʻohana' ikepili Shorthand kona puke "Life o Animals". Këia holoholona i loko o kā lākou 'āina, i ole i ka mea a pau i ka olelo no ka maʻamau ke kākau' ana. Ma ka mahinaʻai, ma luna o ke alanui, no ka laʻana, e holo ana i ka lio, oia hoʻohana shorthand 'ōlelo no ka journaling. I ka akoakoa ae lawa ike Brehm like diary i kana wahine, a ua deciphered mooolelo, a waiho ia no ka pai ana. Mai keia hana, ua hiki ke ike i ka shorthand kōkua kanaka nui ma mua o hookahi, e lawe memo ma ka loa loa keia.

Shorthand i loko o Rusia

I loko o ka helehelena i loko o cursive Russian like me ka piha nenoaiie o Ekolu a i ole nei. Ma ka 15th kenekulia cursive i kākau hoolaʻi veche ma Pskov a me Novgorod. Ma ka 17th kenekulia shorthand i hoʻohana 'ia ma o nā aliʻi mua Romanov. Peter kekahi pinepine io i ke kōkua o stenographers.

Ka nui Lūkini moʻolelo ike i ka superiority o kiʻekiʻe wikiwiki palapala i ka poe noonoo ole. I waena o ia FB Dostoevsky a me L. N. Tolstoy. Full iaia ua ma ka Lūkiniʻepekema N. E. Zhukovskogo a me D. I. Mendeleeva. Nā hana o kēia nui na kanaka i houluuluia mai shorthand kakauia haʻi'ōlelo.

I nā lā o tsarist Rusia pa alima ike wale shorthand. Kēia mau 'Oihana iʻano nui i loko o nui kūlanakauhale - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Minsk.

Ke Soviet wā i hoʻokohu 'ia e ka mea i ka uuku pūʻulu o stenographers i hana ma luna o nā hanana mōʻaukala kākau i loko o October, no ka i ka mea, ma hope loaa i ka apono o ka maikaʻi-ikeia huahelu. Eia, i kēiaʻano o ke kākau 'ana ua lilo poe hanohano no ka mea, ua hoʻomaka iholaʻo ia me ke kōkua o kekahi palapala hana i oi efficient i manawa. No ka 'epekema, ka mea, ua invaluable kōkua.

ano shorthand

Verbatim'ōnaehana? Ueony i ka manawa, ua māheleʻia aʻela ma luna o kekahi mau kai: ma luna o ka pilikia makapō ano o ka hoailona na hoailona a me ke kaumaha ma muli mea 'ano o ka olelo pa alima i kekahi hoailona'ōnaehana (olelo, morpheme, kani) ho. E like me ia i kekahi o kēia mau nenoai no i ka italic paha geometralnym, morphological paha phonetic - no kekahi hiʻona.

Italic a me ka geometralnye kahua

Ma nenoai geometralnyh shorthand ano o geometric kinona: kaiapili a me kalaka nui-koʻikoʻi a hanohano, kiko kona kiʻi a me ka pololei. Italic nenoai e kaha i hanaʻia mai kaʻai o kaʻike mau palapala o ka Hawaiʻi a e hoʻi i hāliu mai i ka akau, a me ka holo nōhie ka'ololaha. Italic hoailona ua manaoia e e oi aesthetically oluolu a me ka oluolu, e outline.

Na hoailona ma ka cursive geometralnyh nenoai, a kŘpa a nā ma ka palapala: ka thinner laina, i ka emi huapalapala i okoa kiʻekiʻe, ka mea nui, inclination. No laila, i ka mai, helu i ma ka nenoai, nicer a hiki pono i ka heluhelu.

Morphological a phonetic kahua

Morphological ano o ka'ōnaehana o Western'āina, no ka mea, i loko o kā lākou 'ōlelo' o ka hoʻokumu mea o nā hua'ōlelo, niioaaonoaaiii, he kiʻiona hapa o ka hāpai 'ana i ka luli ole kūlana. Russian ōlelo e kaumaha ana hōʻeuʻeu, no laila, i ka morphological'ōnaehana o shorthand ia iʻaʻole i loaʻa hiʻona. Ma kahi o ka kūpono 'ōlelo hiʻona o ka'ōnaehana i manaoia i kekahi koho kapaia fonostenografiey.

Fonostenografiya (phonetic'ōnaehana) poe ma ka shorthand'ōnaehana Ternes-Alexandrova. He He poe ola, ala, e palapala i ka olelo ana i loko o kekahi 'ōlelo, ka hoʻohana' ana i kēia kūikawā hoailona. 'ōnaehana Kahiamoe palapala frazgraf - hoailona e hoike ana i ka pau olelo.

Hawaiʻi Patkanovoy-Alexandrova sozherzhit 40 huapalapala, a e ka mea e hiki ai ke lawe i loko, no ka wā kākau smyslorazlichiteli kaumaha ana i ka nānā 'ana i ka' ōlelo ma i ka mea, ua hōʻike mai iā ia. i kēia mau nenoai i manaoia hua h ÷ ailona. Kēia hiʻona kōkua e hoʻomōhala frazgrafiyu wikiwiki - kekahi o nā 'oihana, i ka loaʻa o ke shorthand. Na hoailona o ka phonetic nenoai i mau mea oi ole no ka hooulu ana o ke akamai.

kēia kū i ke au

Shorthand, kona aʻo mea,ʻaʻole like, he pono ole, e like me ka hana mau 'ōlelo, e like me nā mea a pau me nā' ōlelo a pau o ke ao nei'ōnaehana kahakai āu e Nohie, e kōkua mea hoʻohana, e pili ia a me ka ulu. Ua makemake e hui pu iho la i na nenoai a pau ma luna o ke kumu o ka naauao me ka noʻonoʻo. Ke kumu o ka loli a me ka hoʻomohala o cursive - ka hui ana o nā mea a pau nenoai, e hoʻokō conciseness, hana mau a me ka versatility.

I ka shorthand noiʻi i keia la hoʻohana 'epekema kāu kiʻina hana a me ka launa pu, a me nā sciences, kuhikuhi me ka hoʻokolokolo' ana o ka physiological hiʻona o kanaka olelo. Mua, i ka hala kenekulia, ke kanaka haku verbatim nenoai hoʻohana ma kona manao, ia mea manawa na HOU hoʻolauna i hiki no ka pono o ke kanaka 'ōlelo. Nui o ka ololi i ka wā e neʻe cursive'ōnaehana mai kekahi 'ōlelo i kekahi, he mea mau i ka pono no ka hoʻololi' ana i ia. He nui complicates ka hoʻokumu o ke ao kahua.

Ma na hoailona o ka shorthand

Mākou i mua e pili ana i kēia shorthand i mea okoa cursive nenoaiu. Dismantled a me kā lākouʻokoʻa. Akā, shorthand hoailona Lūkini 'ōlelo i kona hana hoihoi hiʻona.

Visually, ka mea, e haku o nā māhele o ko mākou ninau Hawaiʻi. Ka mea, e hiki wawe ka a me ke aloha i hui pu ia. E like me ka poe ola, leka uila stenographer mea nui, e hoomanao i ka e ole ai ka hoailona e ka nānaina.

Ka mea, hōʻike i ka vowel a me leokanipū palapala o ka Hawaiʻi, akā, i ka palapala ka nui maopopo. ka mea,ʻaʻole i kākau ma waena o consonants vowels, a ua hoonoho iho wale i ka hopena, i ka makamua o nā hua'ōlelo a kaawale. i hui Consonants no hoi ma kūikawā rula, a ke kaumaha ma muli ia ka mea hiki ke heluhelu paha i heluhelu.

Kākau shorthand hōʻailona

Hana ano ia lŘlŘ kākau huapalapala verbatim maliu mai i ka lālani. Aia he ekolu pae o ka palapala ana: ma ka laina, ma luna a ma lalo o ka laina. i auou caiaiai pae ke kaumaha ma muli pehea 'oe e pili ana i na hoailona. Nā huina lakou ia lakou iho i mau pōkole, no ka mea, o ka mea nui wale nō ma ka cursive - naau kupono no ka pono o ka hoʻopaʻa holo. Eia hou kekahi, ma muli o ka pōkole pili 'o Randy mooolelo loaa kana olelo hoopomaikai, akā, ka mea, o kekahi mea nui.

Ano, i ka wa he mea lawa 'ike e pili ana i ka hōʻailona'ōnaehana, me shorthand, mea ia mea, a pehea ia i Hawaiʻi ma ka lōʻihi manawa - mākou ho i. Nō hoʻi i ka manaʻo o ka mea i hoʻohana mamua. Akā,'ānō, ke au mea he okoa ma mua o ka wā o ka shorthand ua nui, he pono ole. Where ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia kēia manawa ka'ōnaehana o shorthand?

Shorthand i loko o mākou manawa

Ka pilina o transcribing i ka 'ike ua waiho i loko o mākou manawa. Haʻawina Ua hōʻike i kanaka lehelehe o ka palima o māmā ma mua o ka hiki i ka palapala i kona lima, a me kekahi kanaka hiki palapala ma kahi o 20 hua'ōlelo no minuke me ka mea i olelo e pili ana i 100-120.

Kaniak hookeai palapala mākau i keia la e hele mai i loko o mākaukau ma ka hana ana i ka hoʻomalu Hope, nā haumāna, kiʻekiʻe kula nā haumāna, nā kānaka moʻolelo makemake e hana lima hoʻopaʻa - a pau na kanaka i kaʻalo me ka nele o kekahi mea e palapala koke aku a me ka pololei, e like me ka haʻi'ōlelo, seminā, kaomi me ka hālāwai kūkā a me nā lehulehu helehelena. No nā haumāna EKOLU. O ka 'ike hiki i kekahi loa nui ana - kākau kona kahu. Ka mea, kiʻi i ka olelo hoopomaikai, a incomprehensible i 'ē aʻe, no laila, hiki ke loaʻa, kona kahu hiki ke wale i ike like ia.

Ia e pōmaikaʻi ai shorthand ike ua i kaupalena 'ia ka pono o ka hoʻokēʻai olelo fixation. E aʻo i ka nui o shorthand hoola manawa a me ke kākoʻo 'ana, e hoonui ae i ka pono o ka hana. Eia hou, ka mea, ua hoao aku au ia ia i ka shorthand e hoʻomōhala ana i noʻonoʻoloi, i ka hiki i ka pono a me ka meaningfully kiko'ī a lākou mau manaʻo.

Pehea e aʻo shorthand

I kēia lā, he mea ole huikau e pili ana i ka lawe noho ai o ka poe pono keia mau mea nā mākau, a haawi mai shorthand. Education ka mea, hiki ke lawe i uuku me he mau pule. Inā hiki, e hiki ke kakau i ka kūikawā papa. Here 'oihana stenographers e hoʻolauna iā' oukou a hiki i ka hoʻokumu paʻaʻana o ka shorthand, a ao aku i ka mea a lakou i ike pehea e hana ai.

E hele i ka papa shorthand 'aʻole e pono i kekahi hana aʻo. Ka mea wale nō mea oe e e koi 'ia - keia alo aku, makemake e aʻo a me ka pishushih lako (puke noke, peni a me ka penikala). I ka wā o ka pāpaʻu aʻo shorthand, e hiki aʻo pehea e kākau 60-70 olelo no minuke (kahi o ka hua'ōlelo 20 ma ka maʻamau o 'ōlelo), a ina e lawe i ke aʻo seriously, a 100-120 olelo no minuke. Great hualoaʻa e hou e ai pili, no ka mea, kanaka aneane mai, mai olelo me ka oi aku māmā.

Shorthand mea hana malihini. I ka hoʻomaka o ke aʻo ia mea mau paakiki e hele a maʻa nā ai i na kumu mua hou o ka palapala, akā, ma hope o kekahi mau helu o nā hola o ka mea no ka hoʻohana 'ana i kēia maʻamau.

Con verbatim palapala

A me nā mea a pau o ka olelo, ao ke ano o ka shorthand mea i hemolele. Me ka loa hookeai i hoʻopaʻa 'ia He mau ke kamepiula, e kākauʻana i nā hana mana ai ia oe ike ia laila mea paʻakikī loa, e e.

A oi nui drawback o cursive palapala ka i ka mea ua aneane ole ā ina pela lula. Na simplest laʻana - mea e kākau i loko o ka pākuʻina kau "i" kahi o "ma" aie i ka mea i ka pili me ka "he" simpler. No ka mea verbatim Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo no lākou iho ana i mea he nuisance. Eia naʻe, 'oe ke hele a maʻa i ka rula i kēia o ka palapala i ka hele ana, a pili i ka mea i ka wa e pono e kākauʻana i loko o alodio' ōlelo. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ia mea i ole pela ua kāpaeʻia.

hou kuhikuhi

No ka kenekulia, kanaka, ua loaʻa panina wale, hana lima hoʻohana shorthand. He aha ka mea, ua aʻo mākou i loko o au mamuli. Akā, e ka mea i he hou Look. He aha ka ke kamepiula shorthand no i ka mea i hana, ina ke kālā no nā 'ike loea e nui no hoi na aoao i ka hookeai leo i hoʻopaʻa' ia?

Mua o nā mea a pau, i kēia'ōnaehana ke hele mai i ka palekanaʻikepili. No kekahi manawa lōʻihi ma hope o ka loaʻa o keia wahi ia ia i uluʻaʻahu terminology. E kūkulu i kekahi mau manaÿo, a me ka ho'ōla kuhikuhi i ka papa kuhikuhiE likeʻole mai ka cryptography: ina ka la mahope komo aiʻikepili encryption, me ka huna ana o ka oiaio o kona EYI - he pilikia e e Wehewehe i nā hāʻina ma ka shorthand. Nā papahana o ka loli iki ana ka manaʻo pohihihi i papahana no keia mea. Easy, a affordable i ka hua'ōlelo o ka i, a ma ka mea ia manawa noa, - Fox Ho '1,00. Hiki nō ke hoʻohana ia e hūnā 'ike i loko o Popular format Ka kikokikona, kiʻi a me ke kani ana o. E like me ka hopena, i ka mea hoʻohana hookipa mai i ka ipu me ka hūnā 'ike. Ka waihona ma i ka mea i nalo, a he kūpono he loko nui. Mai ka ipu ike ua kiʻi 'ia ka hoʻohana' ana i ka password.

mea, ua ulu

Shorthand - he ala e koke palapala i 'ike, a i ua hoʻohana no na kenekulia. Ua loli Hawaiʻi a Ua hoopahaohao mua mākou manawa, e like me ka'ōnaehana i ole i ua hana, a hiki hālāwai i ka pono o na 'ōlelo, e like me ua olelo hoopomaikai a me ka oluolu i ka hana. Ma keia hooulu ana o ka shorthand, e like kekahi me ka 'ōlelo, ka mea, ua i pani, no ka mea koe ia e hana ma ka mea e hana ia i oi versatile. Ia mea a hiki i keia ahupapa a stenographers a pau mākou lā.

Mākou maopopo ke kumu o manaÿo, i ka loaʻa o shorthand, i ia mea a me ke kumu mākou makemake pono ia i loko o ke ola, aʻo e pili ana i ka verbatim Mea Maluna nenoai, hiʻona o ko lākou mau huapalapala a me ka pili 'o Randy.

Ano, ia mākou i ka manaʻo e pili ana i keia hana no mākou kahua kākau, ke kaupaona nā manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē, e alualu kona ulu ana. Mākou manaolana i kā mākou 'atikala i Ua informative no oe a me ka maikaʻi kēia.