Ultraviolet malamalama: ka hoʻohana ', hana a me ka hoomalu mai ia

Poe ikehu mea electromagnetic a nalu, a i mahele ia i loko o kekahi mau wahi o ka pae:

• X-na kukuna - me ka shortest ke kōā (ma lalo 2 HI);
• UV ka nalu lōʻihi mea mai ka 2 a hiki i 400 HI;
• ka hiki hapa o ka malamalama a ua lawe pio ia e ka maka kanaka a me ka holoholona (400-750 HI);
• mehana oxidative (welaʻula) pāhawewe (ma luna 750 HI).

Kēlā me kēia'āpana loaa kona palapala noi a me ka mea o ka nui i loko o ke ola ana o ka Honua a me ka pau o kona biomass. Mākou noonoo i na kukuna i loko o ka laulā, mai 2 a hiki i 400 HI, kahi a lakou i hoʻohana 'a me ka mea a Mānoa ola kanaka o loko.

Mōʻaukala o ka loaʻa o ka UV pāhawewe

Ka mea mua i maopopo nä haumäna lā hoʻi i ka XIII kenekulia i loko o ka wehewehena o ka poe akeakamai, mai'Īnia. He palapala iho e pili ana i kaʻike makaʻole maka lila malamalama, i ka mea, i ua 'akomi i. Naʻe, i ka oaoieei-uea 'o ka manawa maopopo iho la i nele e hōʻoia i kēia experimentally a? Anoee ma ka au mamuli.

Ua e hoʻokele like ia mea elima kenekulia ma hope, physicist mai Germany Ritter. Ua i ka mea nana i lawe mai ia mea ma luna o ke kālā koloriside, mai ka hoʻopöʻino 'o ia ma lalo o ka aoao o ka electromagnetic a pāhawewe. Nä känaka 'epekema loaʻa i ka wikiwiki i ke kaʻina mea,ʻaʻole i loko o ka mahinaʻai o ka malamalama, a ua ma laila wehe mua, a kapa aku la i ka welaʻula, akā, i ke ku pono. Ua huli mai i keia mea he hou ele ele, i ole i ua hoʻokolokolo.

Ke'ōlelo mai, Uaʻike ultraviolet pāhawewe i ka 1842, ka waiwai a me ka palapala noi a a laila akaaka malu i ka hoʻokolokolo pono ka loiloi 'ia a me ka kuka nei ma kekahi noiʻi. A nui na makana i keia i na kanaka e like Alexander Becquerel, Varshaver, Danzig, Macedonio Melloni, Frank, Parfenov, Galanin a me na mea e ae.

General ano

He aha ka ke UV pāhawewe, i ka hana o keia la a ua ai hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kekahi mau kihapai o kanaka ha awina? Mua, ka mea i pono, e hoʻokohu 'ia i mea akakaʻeleu ano o ka pae o ka malamalama wale ma kiʻekiʻe loa mahana o ka 1500 a hiki i 2000 ⁰ C. It mea i loko o kēia laulā UV piko hope loa.

Ma ke kino ano o keia hawewe electromagnetic, ka lōʻihi o ka i loli aʻe i loko o ka makemake ana ia mea akea huahelu - mai ka 10 (kekahi manawa, mai 2) a hiki i 400 HI. Ka holoʻokoʻa huahelu o ka pāhawewe ua maheleia i elua mau mea:

1. Middle huahelu. Ua hele mai ai i ka honua, ma ka lewa, a me ka'okikene kolu, ahu iho mai ka lā. Ke kōā - 380-200 HI.
2. Aole loa (holo). 'Imi ke kemu'okikene kolu, oxygen, ka lewa eiiiiiaiou. Study wale mālama kuikawa holo manaʻo, no ka mea, i loaa i kona inoa. Ke kōā - 200-2 HI.

Ua i kona Mea Maluna iho o ke? Ueony, i mea ultraviolet pāhawewe. Ka waiwai a me ka noi o kekahi o ia mau mea.

1. The Middle.
2. Aole loa.
3. Loa.
4. Ka.
5. Holo.
6. Lōʻihi-naluʻeleʻele kukui (UV-A).
7. Germicidal pāhawewe (UV-C).
8. Medium nalu UV-B.

UV ke kōā nalu kēlā? Ueo i kona iho, akā, ka mea, i loko o mau mua i hōʻike mokuna o lākou.

Mea o ka UV-A, a no laila,-kapaʻeleʻele malamalama. Ka nui, e hoike ana i ka pae mai i ke kōā o 400-315 HI. Ua Ua Aia ma ka palena o ka malamalama hiki i ke kanaka maka mea hiki ke paʻa. No laila, i kēia pāhawewe hele ma kekahi mau mea a'aʻaʻa hiki ke hoololiia a hiki i ka wahi o ka hiki lila malamalama a me ka poʻe maopopo ia meʻeleʻele, pouli uliuli a me ka pouli poni hue.

Ke spectra, i hoolako i ia no ekolu 'ano kumu o ultraviolet pāhawewe:

• alii iho la oia;
• ana;
• hakakino (Way).

Ka mua ano o nā'ātoma, Ion, kinoea. Ka lua o ka pūʻulu - no ka recombination, bremsstrahlung. Sources o ke kolu oʻanoʻo ka loa, he pono ole i loko o ke ao o rarefied hakakino kinoea.

Sources o ultraviolet pāhawewe

I ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o UV kukuna i maheleia i ekolu ka laulā waeʻano:

• maoli a me ke kino;
• ʻimi hoʻopunipuni, ke kanaka-i;
• kukuna.

Ka mua pūʻulu ka loaʻa o ka mea wale nōʻano o ka Hub, a me ka radiator - ka lā. orb Ua haawi i kekahi kauoha ikaika o keia 'ano e hiki ke hele ma nalu ka'okikene kolu, ahu iho , a hiki i ka honua o ka ili honua. Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole i kaupaonaʻia. Ua kau akuʻepekema, ka pähola 'ia ke ola ma ka Honua originated wale i ka wa a ka'okikene kolu pale kaua ua lilo i ka hoʻopale' ia mai excessive anal mai o nā palapala i loko o kiʻekiʻe nā hoʻohui like o ka UV pāhawewe.

I loko o kēia wā o ka kila ke noho proteinaceous nā lātoma, nukelea nāʻakika a me ATP. A hiki i kēia lā'okikene kolu, ahu iho e hele mai i loko o kokoke alu like 'ana me ka bulk o UV-A, UV-B a me ka UV-C, komoʻana ia kolohe ole nae, a me ka hoʻokuʻuʻole i hele ma waena. No laila, i ka palekana i ka UV pāhawewe o ka Honua - wale i kona kānaka apau i mākaukau.

He aha e hoʻoholo i ka lehulehu o penetrating ka UV Honua? Aia i kekahi mau kī aʻe:

• 'okikene kolu puka;
• kiʻekiʻe, ma luna o kaʻilikai;
• ke kiekie solstice;
• ka lewa lakou hoopuehu;
• degere o ka noʻonoʻo o na kukuna, mai ka maoli honua surfaces;
• ka moku'āina o ke ao o ka mahu.

ultraviolet pāhawewe huahelu, penetrating ka Honua, mai ka la, papa koa, mai 200 a hiki i 400 HI.

Na kēia kumu - Uaʻimi hoʻopunipuni. Mau loaʻa ia mau mea a pau, i na mea maalea, iiiauaiee e i ua papahana e ke kanaka, e kū ai i ka makemake pae o ka malamalama me ka hoakaka ke kōā kiko'î. Kēia i hana ma ka mea e loaa i ka ultraviolet pāhawewe, i ka hana o ka a i e mākaukau pono keia mau mea i loko o nā kula. No kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni kumu loaʻa:

1. Erithema kukui me ka hiki, e haʻalele i ke hoʻololi kemikala o ka wikamina D i loko o kaʻili. Ua 'ano ua ālai rickets a hoola ana i kona maʻi.
2. Nakeke no ka tanning, ma i kanaka e ole wale nani maoli Hoa, akā, malamaia lakou nei, no ka maʻi i kupu mai, mai ka nele o ka hamama Map (ai-i kapaia o ka hooilo kaumaha).
3. Ho'ā attractants e leie aku oe e kaua aku i nā mea kolo ma ka makahiki maluhia no kānaka.
4. Mercury pōaka noonoo.
5. Excilamp.
6. Luminescent hoʻoluku.
7. Xenon kukui.
8. Hookuuia noonoo.
9. High-ana wela wai koko.
10. Synchrotron pāhawewe i loko o accelerators.

Kekahiʻano o nā kumu - kukuna. Kā lākou hana ua muli ma luna o ka hanauna o nā kinoea - nā inert a me ka ole. Nā kumu ke e:

• naikokene;
• argon;
• Neon;
• xenon;
• Ke aloha scintillators;
• nā pōaka.

More nei, ma kahi o 4 makahiki aku nei, ka mea i invented e ke kukuna ke hoʻohana i noa electrons. UV ilaila lōʻihi e like i ka mea ike i ka holo. Kukuna UV nā kālepa i hoʻohana ma biotechnological, microbiological haʻawina, nuipa spectrometry, a pela aku.

Liluwelo 'ole ma luna o meaola

I ka hana o ka ultraviolet pāhawewe ma luna o nā mea ola i loko o nāʻaoʻao. Ma ka kekahi lima, i ka maʻi hiki i hoʻomaka ai ka wā lawa. Ua huli mai ma ka hoʻomaka o ka hope kenekulia wale. ʻimi hoʻopunipuni irradiation kūikawā UV-A i loko o ke koi 'ia ana hoʻohālike o ka hiki mai o:

• hooikaika i ka hana o ke hoʻonele;
• i ke kahua o ke ano nui vasodilator i huiʻia (histamine, no kekahi laʻana);
• hooikaika i kaʻili-muscular kahua;
• hoʻoikaika akemāmā papa, hoomahuahua i ka nui o ke kinoea launa like;
• pili i ka mämä holo a me ka pono o ka pūnao;
• hoomahuahua i ka leo o ke kino ma ka ho'ā 'ia paha hōmona;
• hoomahuahua i ka permeability o ka moku paia o ka ili.

Inā UV-A i loko o ka lawa na dala i ke kino, a laila ka mea, 'aʻole i na kāna hana e like me ka kaumaha a me ka hooilo malamalama pololi, e like me me ka nui loa emi ka pilikia o rickets.

Kanawai o ka ultraviolet pāhawewe i ka hihia o na kēia mau 'ano:

• bactericidal;
• Anati-hoʻoʻino;
• regenerating;
• painkiller.

I kŰia mau mea pili kēia wehewehe i ka laha ana o UV ma iaeoaeuiiai eiiieaena o kekahiʻano.

Eia naʻe, heʻokoʻa kēia mau pono, ma laila nō downsides. Aia nō i ka nui o nā maʻi a me ka maʻi puʻuwai e hiki ke kuai, ināʻaʻole dopoluchaet paha, conversely, e lawe i ka excessive dala noʻonoʻo nalu.

1. Skin Ka maʻi 'aʻai. 'O kēia ka noho pilikia loa hopena o ka ultraviolet pāhawewe. Melanoma mea hiki ia e hana ma ka excessive hopena hawewe mai kekahi kumu - nā maoli a me ka manmade. He oi loa oiaio o kânaka o i loko o tanning. Ma ke ana pono a me ka mālama nui.
2. Ka luku 'ole ma o ka retina o ka'ōnohi a poʻopoʻo. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ka cataract e ulu, pterygium a'ā iwi. ʻO nā palapala 'ole o excessive UV ma luna o ka maka, ua maopopo ia e kānakaʻepekema no ka lōʻihi manawa, a ua hoopaaia ma ka mana ikepili. Nolaila, i ka wa e hana ana i kēia mau kumu e hoʻokō me ka maluhia rula. Ma ke alanui, e hiki hoʻopale 'ma ka hoʻohana' ana i nā maka aniani. Naʻe, i loko o kēia hihia, oe e e wary o fakes, no ka mea, ina ua ole i hoʻolako pono i ke aniani me ka UV-repellent kānana, i ka luku ia e ia e oi aku ana.
3. Burns ma ka ili. I ke kau wela, ka mea hiki e ke kālā, inā lōʻihi manawa uncontrollably kiola aku ia oe iho i UV. I ka hooilo, e hiki e ia mai o ka hau ano noonoo kokoke loa i ka naluʻikepili. No laila, i ka irradiation ia lŘlŘ, mai ka lā, a ma ka hau.
4. Kūnewa. Inā kanaka, ua lōʻihi ia ma lalo o ka aoao o UV, laila, e hoʻomaka e hōʻike i nā hōʻailona o ka wanaʻao ili oo hoi: ai i ka lohi, wrinkles, laxity. Ua hele mai, mai ka mea i ka aiiay ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai hana ana a lahilahi hoʻonāwaliwaliʻia a me ka uhaʻiʻia.
5. Ka hopena o ka waiwai i ka manawa. Ua e hōʻike i ka hopena maikaʻi ka hopena,ʻaʻole i kekahi manawa'ōpio wale nō, a me ka pilina i ka hoʻomaha.

A pau o kēia mau hualoaʻa i ka hopena o kaʻeha o ka UV mahele lāʻau, oa Ka mea ana i ka wa a ka hoʻohana o ultraviolet pāhawewe ua lawe mai rationally, pono, a me ka hooko me ka maluhia ana.

Ultraviolet pāhawewe: palapala noi

I ka papa kuhikuhiE mau mea o ka i i kipakuʻia mea waiwai. Kēia mea i oiaio no ka ka pāhawewe spectral eʻe. Penei, i ke kumu ano o ka UV, a ua nānā 'ana ma luna o kona hoʻohana' ana, e:

• High Nine Inch ha awina kiʻekiʻe;
• bactericidal hopena ma luna o meaola;
• hana e i luminescence o kekahi mau waiwai okoa Hue hiki i ke kanaka maka (luminescence).

Ua hana nui 'ana o kaʻoi loa-lila pāhawewe. Noi nā:

• spectrometric Ka Ikepili;
• Astronomical noiʻi;
• lapaau;
• sterilization;
• disinfection o ka inu wai;
• photolithography;
• mākau like nā minelala hao;
• UV kānana;
• no ka lālau nā mea kolo;
• e kiʻi pohaku uinihepa, o koʻohune a me nā mea hoʻomaʻi.

Kēlā me kēia no kēia mau mea hoʻohana i kekahi mau 'ano o ka UV pae, a me kona ke kōā. Nei,ʻeleu pāhawewe type ua hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia ma ka haʻawina Nine Inch, a physical (manao huina'ine hoʻonohonohoʻia o nā nā'ātoma, nā lātoma a me aniani' ole o ka likeʻole i huiʻia, ka hana a me ka Ion, Ka Ikepili physical loli 'ma kekahi la he mea).

Aia i kekahi hiʻona o ka waiwai o UV ma luna o ka mea. e hiki ke decompose ma lalo o ka aoao o ka, pili paʻa kumu o kaʻikepili hawewe kekahi polymeric mea. No ka laʻana, e like me:

• Polyethylene kekahi manaʻo koikoi;
• polypropylene;
• PMMA a plexiglass.

He aha i Ua i ka hopena? Products i o kēia mau mea o lakou i lilo lākou mau waihoʻoluʻu a pau,ʻoā, mae, a ho'ōla anaiia mai. No laila, ua kapaʻia ka mea, ikepili koʻikoʻi polymers. Kēia hiʻona o ka hoʻololi iho o ka kalapona kaula ma ka poe malamalama kūlana 'Imi hana ma ka nanotechnology, m-Ray lithography, a me nā wahi likeʻole o transplantation. Keia ua hanaʻano nui e'ōlohelohe i ka roughness ili o huahana.

Spectrometry - i ka papa kuhikuhiE ieiuaau o ka mākau kemika e specializes i loko o ka 'ike o ka hui a me ko lakou mau haku mele' ana ma o ka hiki i ka hoʻokemu UV malamalama o ka kekahi kōā. Ua huli mai i ka spectra i kū hoʻokahi no kēlā me kēia waiwai, nolaila, he mea hiki, e classify i nā hualoaʻa spectrometry.

Nō hoʻi, ka hoʻohana 'ana o ultraviolet germicidal pāhawewe ua lawe mai ia,ʻo a pepehi nā mea kolo. Ke hana ua muli ma luna o ka maka o ka hiki e hoʻopio i ke insectʻike makaʻole kanaka, pōkole-nalu spectra. No ia mea, holoholona e lele ana i ke kumu, kahi i paku ole ia i ka make.

E ho ohana i solariums - kūikawā nā mea hoʻonoho vertical a papamoe 'ano i loko i ke kanaka kino ua paku ole ia i UV-A. Keia ua hana e ka hōʻoi 'i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o melanin i loko o kaʻili, e haawi ana ia i ka uala eleele waihoʻoluʻu, smoothness. Eia kekahi, ua maloʻo ka li nui, a pepehi nā palapala koʻohune ma luna o ka ili o ka integument. E e uku ai i ka maluhia o ka maka, ikepili koʻikoʻi wahi maikai noonoo.

ka 'inikua kahua

Ka hoʻohana a ultraviolet pāhawewe ma ka lapaau ua i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o kona hiki i kaʻike makaʻole maka o ke ola meaola, e luku - koʻohune a me nā mea hoʻomaʻi, a ma luna o nā hiʻona e ana i loko o ke kino i ke akamai kau ihoʻimi hoʻopunipuni a kūlohelohe pāhawewe.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE nāʻikepili no ka UV lapaʻau hiki ke ho'ākāka 'ia ma loko o kekahi mau kumu:

1. Kela ano keia ano o ka li nui, hamama eha, festering a me ka hamama na nakaka.
2. No nā palapū o na iwi.
3. I Ina o'ā, frostbite, a me ka ili maʻi.
4. I ka maʻi puʻuwai naehana hanu, tuberculosis, asthma.
5. Ke kumu a me ka ulu ana o acee? Iuo oeiia o infectious ka maʻi.
6. I ka illnesses, pu ma ka loa eha, neuralgia.
7. Maʻi o ka puu, a me ka nasal lua.
8. Rickets a trophic ulcer.
9. Kahua niho maʻi.
10. Rula hooponopono o ka'aloʻahiʻa i ke koko kahawai, ka normalization o ka naau.
11. Ka hooulu ana o cancerous hikoko.
12. Atherosclerosis, hakuʻala hoʻokō 'ole' a me kekahi'ē aʻe Hawaii.

A pau o kēia mau maʻi hiki i ka hopena loa nui no ka meaola. Nolaila, lapaau a me Kāohiʻana o ka pono o ka UV - he maoli 'inikua loaʻa, e hoola oe tausani a me nā miliona o kanaka ola ana, hookoe mai i ua a me ka hooponopono i ko lakou mau ola.

Kekahi oAaEeIeIAaIAeO o ka UV, mai ka 'inikua, a liluwelo wahi o Hawaii - ka disinfection o ka pa, hana surfaces a me sterilization o ka mea. Ke hana ua ma muli o ka hiki e inhibit i ke kūpono 'ana o UV a me replication o ka DNA nā lātoma, i hiki aku ai i kā lākou mau ia'na. Koʻohune, fungi, protozoa a me nā mea hoʻomaʻi i make.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE pilikia me ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka pāhawewe no sterilization a me disinfection o ka pa o ka wahi o ke kau iho. Hope e luku i nā meaola me ka pololei hopena o ka pololei ale wale. A pau e koe waho, mau ia nei.

Mākau hana me nā minelala hao

Ke hiki e induce luminescence mai 'ona e leie aku e pili UV mea o loko qualitative haku mele' ana o nā minelala hao a me ka pōhaku. Ma keia manao, ia mea hoihoi 'he mea minamina, kalaka nui-makamae, a me nā pōhaku makamae. A kala wale ka mea, e haawi mai ka wā e irradiated me ka cathode nalu o! Loa hana hoihoi e pili ana i keia palapala aku Malakhov, he kanaka hulihonua kaulana. Kana hana wehewehe loina o ka glow ano koho waihoʻoluʻu, i mea hiki ke nā minelala hao i loko o kekahi kumu o ka pāhawewe.

No ka laʻana, he topazo, a i loko o ka hiki pae i ka nani hohonu uliuli waihoʻoluʻu ka wā irradiated kukui olinolino omaomao a me ka pohaku omaomao la -ʻulaʻula. Na momi mai e haawi aku i kekahi kekahi waihoʻoluʻu a me shimmering multicolored. Ka hoikeia ana o ka hopena mea e fantastic.

Inā o ka haku mele 'ana o ka? Anoee breeds nā uranium impurities, laila,ʻoaka e hōʻike'ōmaʻomaʻo. Impurities Melita haawi uliuli a me ka morganite - he poni, a me ka haikea-poni hue.

E ho ohana i kānana

E hoʻohana i nā kānana i pili ultraviolet germicidal pāhawewe. Ke ano o ia mau hale a hiki e kekahi mau:

• paa;
• kinoea;
• wai.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE noi ana o ia mau mea i loaʻa i loko o ka Nine Inch hana, o ka oi aku ma ka chromatography. Me kā lākou kōkua, e hiki ke lawe mai i ka qualitative Ka Ikepili o ka waiwai, a kuhikuhi ia ia i pili i ka kekahi papa o ke aloha i huiʻia.

Inu i ka wai lapaʻau

UV disinfection o ka inu wai o kekahi o ka loa kēia a me ka qualitative epekema no kona hoʻomaʻemaʻe mai liluwelo contaminants. I ka pono o keia hana e like penei:

• pono;
• laulā;
• e kaawale aku ai extraneous huahana i loko o ka wai;
• e malu ai;
• ka hoʻokōʻana;
• malama ana o ka organoleptic waiwai o ka wai.

I mea no ke aha la i keia la keia hana o ka disinfection mea i loko o ka anu u me ka kuʻuna chlorination. Ke hana ua ma muli o ka ia hiʻona - i ka make ana o ka DNA o nā palapala meaola i loko o ka wai haku mele 'ana. E hoʻohana i UV me ka ke kōā o ma kahi o 260 HI.

Ma waho aʻeo i kauoha 'ole ma pests, ultraviolet malamalama ua i hoʻohana' ia no ka luku ana o residues o Nine Inch, a i hoʻohana no ka hoopalupaluia, ka wai huikala: e like me, e laʻa me, chlorine paha chloramine.

Black malamalama

Ia mau manaʻo i hoʻolako pono me ka kūikawā emitters, hiki ke haawi aku i ka nui ka nalu lōʻihi mea kokoke i ka hiki. Naʻe, ka mea nō koe indistinguishable i ka maka kanaka. Na kukui e hoʻohana i na manao ona heluhelu malu hoailona o UV laʻana, passports, palapala, banknotes, a no laila, ma luna o. Ia mea, e like lepili i e hiki ma lalo o ka aoao o ka ua pae wale. Penei ka loina o ke kukulu kālā detectors, maalea no o kéu oiaio o banknotes.

Hoihoi hou ia ana a me ka hoomaopopo ana i ka authenticity o ka pena

A ma keia wahi o ka hoʻohana a UV. Kēlā me kēia artist hoʻohana keʻokeʻo, kela mea keia mea i loaʻa ka epochal wā o ka manawa okoa kaumaha ke hooheheeia. Aie i ka pāhawewe mea hiki ke loaa ka ai-kapaia underpainting, a i 'ike e pili ana i ka authenticity o ka pena, e like me kekahi' ana i kūpono, i ke ano o ke kākau 'ana o kēlā me kēia artist.

Nō hoʻi, lacquer ho film ma luna o ka ili o ka 'atikala pili i ka ikepili koʻikoʻi polymers. Nolaila, ia mea hiki ke ulu kahiko ma lalo o ka aoao o ka malamalama. Keia i ka mea hiki e hooholo i ka makahiki o ka mele, a me nā masterpieces o ke akamai honua.