Aʻo Kīwala'ō o ka DNA a me ka RNA. Me nā 'ano o ka DNA a me ka RNA: papa

Na mea ola a meaola i loko o keia ao ua ole e like me na mea e ae. Ka mea, oko mai kekahi i kekahi,ʻaʻole wale nō e kanaka. Animals a me nā mea kanu o kekahi? Ueo no hoi i oko ao. Ke kumu no keia mea,ʻaʻole wale nō keʻano o ka noho a me ke ola inā pilikia ka haumāna. Ke individuality o kēlā me kēia meaola ua waiho malaila e aaiaoe mea.

Nui a me ka hana hoihoi nīnau e pili ana i ka nukelea nāʻakika

E like ma mua o ka hānauʻana o kēlā me kēia meaola i kona huapalapala iho o nā'ōewe e hoʻoholo loa nā hiʻona o ka 'ole. Ia mea,ʻaʻole wale nō ke kapa waihoʻoluʻu a lau kinona, no ka laʻana. i waiho nā nā'ōewe a me ka oi nui ano. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, nā pōpoki hiki ole ke hanauia i ka hamster,ʻaʻole i ka hua palaoa, e kupu baobab.

A no ka mea a pau keia nui dala o ka 'ike halawai i ka nukelea nāʻakika - DNA a me ka RNA nā lātoma. Kā lākou mea nui ka pilikia i ka overestimate. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, aole lakou i wale aua oe i 'ike, ma ko lakou mau ola, e kōkua i ka hoʻokō ia me ke kōkua o nā polokina, a me ka hou, ke hoʻouna i ka mea, a hiki i ka aʻe hanauna. Pehea e hana ia, pehea paakiki i ka 'ole o ka DNA a me RNA? He aha nana ka mea, e like me ka mea mau i ka oko ao? Ma nā mea a pau keia, e ike mākou i loko o ka kēia mau pauku o keia pepa.

A pau 'ike mākou, e kālailai i ka māhele, e hoʻomaka ana me nā kumu o ke. Mua, ua ike ia nukelea nāʻakika, ua wehe ia ka mea, a laila, kamaʻilio e pili ana i kā lākou 'ole a me ka hana. I ka pau ana o ka 'atikala a mākou e kali i kekahi me nā papa o RNA, a DNA, i ka i' oe e pili i kekahi manawa.

He aha mea he nukeleaʻakika

Nukeleaʻakika - i ke aloha i huiʻia me ke kiʻekiʻe hakakino kaumaha, e polymers. I ka 1869 ka mea, i mua i ho'ākāka 'ia Fridrihom Misherom - biochemist mai Kuikilana. He hōʻike 'waiwai haku o ka phosphorus a me ka naikokene mai pus keena. Holoholo ana ia mea wale nō i loko o ka nuclei, he nä känaka 'epekema kapa ia nukleina. Akā, i ka mea i koe ma hope o ke kaawale ana o nā polokina, ka mea, ua kapaia nukeleaʻakika.

Kona monomers i nucleotides. Lākou nui i loko o kaʻakika lātoma pākahi no kela a me keia? Ueo. Nucleotides i nā lātoma haku o ka ekolu māhele:

• monosaccharide (pentose), hiki e no elua ano - ribose a me ka deoxyribose;
• nitrogenous kumu (kekahi o eha);
• phosphoricʻakika koena.

Next mākou e nānā i ka oko a me nā mea like o ka DNA a me RNA, i ka papaʻaina ma ka hope o ka pauku, e helu i ka huina.

Hiʻona o ka 'ole: pentose

Ka mua mea aʻo Kīwala'ō o DNA a me RNA mea i ka mea, aia no iloko olaila monosaccharides. Akā, ka mea, uaʻokoʻa no kēlā me kēiaʻakika. Ia mea, ke kaumaha ma muli paha o ka pentose lātoma, nukeleaʻakika, puunaueia e ka DNA a me RNA. Ka 'ole o ka DNA ua komo deoxyribose, e like me ka RNA - ribose. Ua pentose nāʻakika i loaʻa i loko o ka β-ano wale.

I deoxyribose ka lua o ka kalapona'Ātoma (i koho like 2 ') ma kahi'ē ka oxygen. ʻepekema paipai i kona wa e kaawale aku:

• hoʻopōkole 'oe i ka mea paʻa ma waena o C ₂ a me C _3;
• Ua Ua hana ana i ka DNA lātoma oi lio;
• Ua hana aku ana no ka olelo hoopomaikai hāʻawe o ka DNA i loko o ka nucleus.

Hoʻohālike o nā hale: nitrogenous kumu

Me nā 'ano o ka DNA a me ka RNA - mea ole maʻalahi. Akā, me ka oko ao hiki ke ike mai i ka loa kinohi mai. Nitrogenous kumu - ka mea, o ka mea nui "hale ālai '" i loko o mākou nā lātoma. Ka mea, e lawe aaiaoe ike. More kaʻoi loa,ʻaʻole i ka waihona ipu, a me kā lākou mau mea i loko o ke kaulahao. Ka mea, i purine a me ka pyrimidine.

I ka haku mele 'ana o ka DNA a me ka RNA monomers loli aʻe ua' ilikai: ma deoxyribonucleicʻakika mākou hiki hālāwai adenine, guanine, cytosine a me ka thymine. Akā, ma kahi o ka thymine ma RNA be uracil.

Mau na waihona ipu elima i iniiaiie (nui), e lakou i ka hapanui o nukelea nāʻakika. Akā, kaawale mai kēia mau mea, eia no hoi kekahi. Kēia ka hana nui kākaʻikahi, i ka poe nīnūnē kumu. A me ka mea a elua i loaʻa i loko o nā nāʻakika - keia mea i kekahi similarity ma waena o DNA a me ka RNA.

Ke kaʻina o ka nitrogenous kumu (a correspondingly nucleotides) i loko o ka DNA kaulahao Ho'ākāka 'i nā polokina hiki synthesize keia halepaahao. A nā lātoma i hanaia i ka manawa hilinaʻi nui ma ke kino i ka mea e pono ai.

E kipa aʻe kākou i ka pae o ka hui o nukelea nāʻakika. I mau ano o ka DNA a me RNA kiʻi i ka loa a me ka piha Pahuhopu, e nānā mākou i ka 'ole o kela a me keia. Ma ka DNA o ka eha, a me ka helu o ka pae o ka hui ma RNA hilinaʻi nui ma luna o konaʻano.

Ka loaʻa o ka DNA 'ole,' ole nā loina

All meaola i maheleia i prokaryotes a me eukaryotes. He Mea Maluna ua ma muli o ka Kora naʻEsau manao. A o ka poe a me nā DNA i loaʻa i loko o ka halepaahao ma ka palapala o ka chromosomes. Kēia kūikawā 'ole i loko o a ka deoxyribonucleicʻakika lātoma e paa ana i nā polokina. DNA i eha pae o ka hui.

Ka mea, iniiaiie 'ole ua poe ma ka lei o nucleotides, ke kaʻina o ka i ua malama ikaika i no kēlā me kēia meaola, a i mea interconnected phosphodiester paa. Nunui strides ma ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka' ole o ka DNA kaula hiki Chargaff a me kona kookoo. Lakou ike i ka lākiō o ka nitrogenous kumu malalo iho i kekahi mau kānāwai.

Ka mea, i kapaʻia Chargaff mau rula. Ka mua o kēia mau Hawaii i pono e like me ka nui o ka pyrimidine ka nui o ka purine kumu. Ua e lilo akaka ma hope heluhelu i ka haumāna 'ole o ka DNA. No ka mea, o kona hiʻona e ka lua o ka rula: ka molar lākiō A / T a T / C like me ke kuʻikahi,. Ka hookahi hoʻopaʻa oiaio no ka lua o ka nukelea nāʻakika - i kekahi similarity o DNA a me RNA. Wale ma ka lua o ka wahi o ka thymine manawa ke kumukuai o uracil.

No hoi, hoomaka ae la na mea he nuiʻepekema e classify i ka DNA o kekahi mau laha 'ma o ka nui helu o ke kai. Inā ka huina o "A + T" hou "D + C", ua kapaia ia DNA ka I-type. Inā ma ka mea ku ole, mākou e kanaka me ka ai me ka GC-type DNA.

haumāna 'ole ÷ Ua manaoia i ka makahiki 1953 ma kaʻepekema Watson a me Crick, a ua mālie ihola ua pono' ike. Ke kükohu mea he papalua helix, a he mau antiparallel kaula makalii. I ka papa kuhikuhiE ano o ka haumāna 'ole i:

• haku mele 'ana o kēlā me kēia DNA ili aku ai ka ikaika i ho'ākāka' ia no ka? ueo;
• hydrogen hoopaa ma waena o nā kaula hao, ua hanaʻia ma luna o ke kumu o ka complementarity o nitrogenous waihona ipu;
• polynucleotide nā kaula hao i ka wili hoʻokahi kekahi i kekahi, ho okumu i pravozakruchennuyuʻoni iho, i kapaia o "Helix";
• residues o phosphoricʻakika ke aupuni 'mawahoʻoni iho nitrogenous kumu - loko.

Eia, denser, ka paʻakikī i

Ke tertiary 'ole o ka DNA - o superspiralizirovannaya' ole. Ia mea, no hoi, i loko o ka lātoma e hoʻoluli i kekahi i kekahi, no ka maikaʻi compactness o DNA ua wahi iho la i kūikawā nā polokina o nā kaula hiloʻelua - histones. Ka mea, ua māheleʻia i loko o elima papa, e like me ka maʻiʻo o ka lysine a me ka arginine.

Ka hope nui o ka DNA - chromosome. E ike pehea pili loa ka mea, ua noae lawe o aaiaoe 'ike, noonoo i ka kēia: ina ka Eiffel Tower hele ma na kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao a pau o ka compaction, like hoʻi me DNA, ka mea hiki ke waiho i loko o ka matchbox.

Chromosomes i (haku o nā chromatids) hookahi (chromatids komo ana o kekahi) a me ka papalua. Ka mea, i ike loea waho pūnaewele o aaiaoe 'ike, a me ka hiki ke huli a puni, a hamama komo i ka makemake wahi, ina he pono.

Ano o ka RNA mall hiʻona

Kaawale mai ka mea i kekahi RNA mea okoa mai ka DNA o kona iniiaiie 'ole (i ka wa e kaawale aku o thymine, i ke alo o ka uracil), ka mea kēia a papa hana' ē aʻe kekahi mau pae:

1. Amo RNA (tRNA) mea he hookahi-ili lātoma. E hana lākou hana o transporting'amino nāʻakika i ka paena o ke kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala, ka mea, i ka loa hana haumāna 'ole. Ua Ua kapaia "clover lau". Kēlā me kēia loop mea hanaʻia kona papa, akā, me ka mea nui nō ka acceptor kumu (ka mea hoopili aku i ka'aminoʻakika) a me ka anticodon (a e coincide me ka codon ma kaʻelele RNA). Ke tertiary 'ole o tRNA a nānā aku i ka uuku, no ka mea, he mea paʻakikī e kuhikuhi i ka lātoma me ka uhaʻiʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka hui. Akā, kekahi o ka 'ike i nā kānakaʻepekema ma laila. No ka laʻana, ma ka hū hoolilo RNA mea i loko o ka palapala o ka palapala L.
2. Home RNA (i haawi ia ia e like me ka 'ike) hanaʻia ai ka hana o ka hoolilo' ike mai DNA a hiki i ka paena o ke kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala. mea ano o ke kumuʻiʻo e ho'ōla, e neʻe ma luna o ia i loko o ribosome hoʻololi kemikala Ua'ōlelo mai. Kona iniiaiie 'ole - hookahi-ili lātoma. Secondary 'ole ka loa huikau, ia mea pono i ka pono hooholo i ka hoʻomaka o ke kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala. mRNA i hanaʻia i loko o ka palapala o ka makia, a i aia ma nā wēlau o ka pauku o ka hoʻomaka 'ana a me ka hopena aaioee o ke kumuʻiʻo.
3. Ribosomal RNA na i loko o ka ribosomes. Mau organelles i haku o nā subunits, kela mea keia mea o i kahi ma luna o paena rRNA. Kēia nukeleaʻakika e hoʻoholo i ka hoʻokomo 'ana o nā mea a pau i ka ribosomal nā polokina, a ooieoeiiaeuiuo ioauoa keia organelle. RRNA iniiaiie 'ole ua poe ma ka nucleotide kaʻina like i loko o ka mua wale nōʻakika. Ua ua ike i ka hope loa ke kahua e hoomoe ana rRNA penei kekahi hopena apana o kekahi kaula. I ka ho okumu ana o kēia mau petioles hou ka poʻea pau i ka compaction o ka 'ole holoʻokoʻa.

DNA oihana

Deoxyribonucleicʻakika hana like me ka waihona o aaiaoe 'ike. Ua mea i loko o kona nucleotide kaʻina "hunaia" a pau nā polokina i loko o mākou kino. ka mea,ʻaʻole wale mālama i ka DNA, akā, i pono-hoomalu. A hiki ina he hewa ia lŘlŘ ka wā ka hoʻopiliʻana, ka mea e e? Ee. Ke'ī mai, a pau i ka aaiaoe mea noho a me MOKUNA XXXIII No ihoiho.

I mea e lawe 'ike i ka pua, i ka DNA i ka' auhau, e ka palua ana. Kēia kaʻina ua kapaia replication. Me nā papaʻaina o RNA, a DNA, e hōʻike mai i kekahi nukeleaʻakika mea e hiki ke hana pela. Akā, ka mea, he nui no hoi na hana.

RNA oihana

Kēlā me kēiaʻano o RNA hanaʻia kona oihana:

1. Aoaao ribonucleicʻakika hoʻolako ka'aminoʻakika haawi i na ribosomes, kahi nā polokina i i. tRNA hoohua ole wale i ka hale i nā puke, ka mea, ua i komo i loko o ke kūʻokoʻa o ka codon. A mai kona 'oihana hilinaʻi nui ma luna o pehea ka kumuʻiʻo e kūkulu pololei' ia o, e.
2. Home RNA heluhelu 'ike mai ka DNA, a hoolilo ia i ke kahua o ke kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala. Aia ka mea, ua pili i ka ribosome a dictates i ka mea o ka'amino nāʻakika i loko o ke kumuʻiʻo.
3. Ribosomal RNA i nā ano hoopono organelle 'ole, regulates i ka hana o nā mea a pau i ka loiloi-oaio? A.

Ia ka leo o kekahi similarity o ka DNA a me ka RNA: ka mea a elua e malama ana i ka aaiaoe ike laweia aku la oia ma ka halepaahao.

Hoʻohālike o ka DNA a me ka RNA

E hoonohonoho a pau o ka luna 'ike, ua hiki ke kākau ia i loko o ka pau papaʻaina.

No laila, ua olelo pokole e pili ana i ka mea i ka mea like o ka DNA a me ka RNA. Table e e ka paʻa mau koʻi i loko o ka hookolokolo ana a me ka mea hoʻomanaʻo ia.

Eia hou, ua aoia hoi mamua i loko o ka papaʻaina a mākou i kekahi o na olelo. No ka laʻana, i ka hiki ana o ka DNA papalua e pono ai no ke kelepona hele mahele e paʻipaʻi nā aeee loaa aaiaoe mea i loko o kona olelo e lilo. Ia RNA a pāpālua hoʻi i loko o ole ano. Inā 'oe e pono ai kekahi halepaahao lātoma, ia synthesizes kona DNA UAAIIeIA.

Ano o ka DNA, a RNA, e loaa i kekahi manawa pōkole, akā, ua uhi mākou i nā hiʻona o ka 'ole a me ka ho'āʻo. Loa hana hoihoi unuhi kaʻina - ka hoʻololi kemikala o ke kumuʻiʻo. Ma hope o noho ike me ka mea i ike pehea nui ke kūlana ua pâʻani 'o ia ma ka RNA i loko o ka halepaahao o ke ola. A kaʻina hana o ka a pāpālua hoʻi DNA loa pīhoihoi. Mea wale nō i ke kīhaeʻia o ka waʻa helix a me ka heluhelu ana i kēlā me kēia nucleotide!

E aʻo hou mea i kela lā. No ka mea, ina mea hou ka mea, ua hanaia i loko o na halepaahao o kou kino.