A like ma kaʻepekema ma Antarctica Rusia

A like o Antarctica - mōʻaukala, ae hōʻike ana i ka rampant kanaka makemake no ka ike ana o ke ao nei, i ka moʻolelo e pili ana i ka mana o ka uhane, a me ka makemake e lawe ka pilikia. Eono âinapuni, theoretically, a hiki i kaʻaoʻao hema o ka Australia, a me ka 'Amelika no kenekulia malia ka noiʻi a me cartographers. Akā, i ka mōʻaukala o Ant- noiʻi hoomaka wale i ka 1819 me ka honua huakaʻi Lūkini explorers Bellingshausen a me Lazarev. Ua i laila mea i ka hoʻomaka 'ana o ka hooulu ana o ka nui hau pokole, i mau a hiki i kēia lā.

Mai ka manawa mau loa aku

Ua aneane elua tausani makahiki a hiki i ka manawa o ka mea, ua hamama, a me ka mua haʻawina o Antarctica, kahiko geographers i olelo mai ai mamua e pili ana i kona ola. A laila, i ka nuipa a ua pono nā mea mahuʻi e pili ana i mea kūpono ai ka aina nā'āina. Ka inoa "Antarctica"ʻikeʻia i loko o kēia wā. No ka mea manawa mua ia ia lŘlŘ ma Martina Tirskogo i loko o ka lua o ka kenekulia AD. Kekahi o nā kākau o ke kuhiakau e pili ana i ka mea ike ole'āinapuniʻole ua Velikiy Aristotel, ka mea, ua hilahila i ka honua mea symmetrical, a 'o ia hoʻi ia no ka Africa mea kekahi'āinapuniʻole.

Legends ala ae la hope. Ma kekahi palapala i mea attributable i ka Middle Ages, maopopo iho la i hiki ke kiʻi o ka "South Land", pinepine ke aupuni 'kaawale paha e pili ana me Amerika. I ka 1929 i kekahi o ia mau mea i loaʻa. Adimarala Piri me Rei mapa, e ka Lā 1513 makahiki, ua kēia e iloko o ka loa a me ka piha pololei portrayal o ke kapakai o Antarctica. Where ka originator i ka 'ikepili no kou kāleka, nō waiho i ka mea pohihihi.

noho kokoke

Makahiki o Discovery ua ole ia ma o ka loaʻa o ke ono paha o ka'āinapuniʻole. Research Europa hoʻokele wale hou i ka pōʻai o ka huli. Ua lilo i mea akaka i ka South Amelika'āinapuniʻole "i pili" i kekahi aina i ike ole. I ka 1773 Dzheyms Kuk ka mua manawa ma ka mōʻaukala kela aoao o ka Arctic Circle, a loaʻa kekahi mau Ant- mokupuni, akā, i loko o ka hihia, a ua kaupalena. ia ma hope ma kahi o 50 makahiki ma hope o ia kekahi o nā hanana nui i ka hana kemika.

e hoomaka ana mai o ke alanui

E wehewehe ana a me ka mua haʻawina o Antarctica i alakaʻiʻia Faddeya Faddeevicha Bellinsgauzena, a me ka pololei komo Mihaila Petrovicha Lazareva. I ka 1819, i ka Kronstadt huakaʻi o na moku elua e hele i ka South Pole, "Maluhia" a me ka "East". Ka mua Ua maluhia hoʻopaʻaʻia a me Lazarev e iai? Oaiaaiiua no ka holo ana ma ka toughest ana. Ka lua i hanaia e Pelekāne nā kānakaʻenehana, a me na mea he nui ka mahalo i ka liu o "Aloha." I ka pau ana o ka hele anaʻo ia i ke kumu o ka hoi koke ana mai o ka huakaʻi. I ka moku i hele mai i loko o ka deplorable moku'āina.

Moku mai ke kai ma luna o Iulai 4 a me November 2, e ua hiki Rio de Ka Janeiro. Ma hope o ka manao, ua hoʻokōʻia ka mea, i ka mokupuni o South Georgia, a me ka Hawaii i hele mai i ka Honua. Ua Ua hōʻike 'ia ka pae'āina, a Kapa hou i ka Hema Hawaii pae aina. Iwaena o lakou, he ekolu hou mokupuni i ike: Leskov, Zavadovskiy a me Thorson.

A like o Antarctica Bellingshausen a me Lazarev

Ka puka i wahi 16 (27 New Style) i loko o January 1820. Nā moku a kokoke i nā 'âinapuni' eono ma ka wahi i kēia lā iʻikeʻia e like me ka hau holopapa Bellingshausen ma Princess Martha Coast. Mamua o ka hoouka kaua ana o ka Arctic hooilo, ka wā nui loa auanei keia, o ka huakaʻi hele mau manawa i ka pelapela. Ke hea ka mea me na moku'āinapuniʻole he 5 a me 6 (17 a me 18) o Feberuari.

A like o Antarctica Bellingshausen a me Lazarev i noho ai ma hope o ke ana o ke kau. E like me ka hopena, kelena ma ka palapala 'āina i kekahi mau hou mea i noi ia: Peter I mokupuni me ka mauna, kekahi hapa hau-noa aina o Alexander I; Ekolu Brothers Islands, i ike ia i keia la me Esplanda a me O'Brien; Island Hope Adimarala Rozhnova (i keia la - Gibbs), ka mokupuni Mikhailova (Kornuels), i ka mokupuni o Adimarala Mordvinova (Elifent), i ka mokupuni o Hope-Adimarala Shishkov (Clarence).

Ka mua study o Antarctica i pau July 24, 1821, i ka wa a na moku elua hoi i Kronstadt.

huakaʻi na makana

Luina ma lalo o ke kauoha o Bellingshausen a me Lazarev i kona mau haʻawina hele a puni Antarctica. Ka mea, kaha palapala i ka huina o 29 moku, e like me ka pono me, o ka papa, i ka pelapela. Eia hou kekahi, ua houluulu lakou i kū hoʻokahi 'ikepili no ka mea hope kenekulia. Ma 'ana, ka Bellingshausen loaʻa i ka paakai wai ahau ke ana ma ka like like hou, e ku e ana na nā mea mahuʻi o kānakaʻepekema o ka manawa. Na wale koena unuhi - pono i lalo ana wela. Ethnographic a maoli 'epekema ohi, hōʻea me na luina ma Rusia, e mālama i ke Kulanui o Kazan. E overestimate i ka nui o ka huakaʻi mea,ʻaʻole e hiki, akā, i ka mōʻaukala o kaʻimi loa i ka lewa a me ka loaʻa o Antarctica mai ka mea i pono hoʻomaka.

kaʻaluna

Kēlā me kēia huakaʻi a hiki i ka'āinapuniʻole ua mau feat. Ke hoʻohalahala rula o ka wao nahele o ka hau haʻalele uuku wale no ka poʻe maʻi-i hoomakaukau ai nā kuʻina. Ka mua haʻawina o Antarcticaʻepekema ua pakahi aku la ia paʻakikī, no kā lākou mau lala pinepine hiki ole hoi i noonoo ai a hiki i ka hopena i hoomakaukauiaʻi ia.

Kēia i ka hihia o ka huakaʻi Carsten Borchgrevink Egeberga. Kona hui i ka hoʻopaʻa pepa paʻi kiʻi pae mua ma luna o ka mokuna o Antarctica i ka 1899. I ka papa kuhikuhiE mea i ka huakaʻi i - keia hooilo. Ua lilo i mea akaka i ola mea hiki ina he mea kekahi luawai e iai? Oaiaaiiua puuhonua i loko o ka hoʻohalahala olelo o ka icy wao nahele i ka Polar po. Naʻe, i ka wahi i koho ai no ka hooilo no laila, poorly, a me ka hale kime hoʻi i piha ka ikaika.

I ka hoʻomaka o ka hope ke kenekulia, ke South Pole i hiki aku. Mua i hiki aku ai ia ia i Norewai huakaʻi alakaiia e Roald Amundsen i ka 1911. Hope koke ma hope o kona hui i ka South Pole Robert Scott, ka poe i make ma ke ala hoʻi. Eia naʻe, loa nui-unahiʻole, i ulu ai o ka hau wao akua, hoomaka ae la me ka 1956 ao o Antarctica Ua lilo i ka hou pūʻulu - kēia manawa ia i mālama 'ia ma luna o ke kālepa manawa.

Igy

Ma ka waena o ka hope ke kenekulia, i ke ao a Antarctica, nā mea he nui i ua hoʻomāka. E like me ka hopena, i loko o 1957-1958. He umikumamalua Hawaii Ua kiola lākou ikaika a hiki i ka ulu ana o ka icy waonahele no hoi ia. Keia manawa, ka mea i hai mai ia e ka International Geophysical Year. Mōʻaukala o Antarctica noiʻi paha, aole i ike i hoʻomāhuahua ai manawa.

Ua Ua loaʻa i ka hau "hanu" o ka ono o ka'āinapuniʻole, a ua lawe pio aku ai ma ka lewa paialewa ma luna o ka loa akau. Kēia 'ike i ka mea i hiki ke oi pololei ei ka ino ma ka Honua. I loko o ka hoʻokolokolo 'ana i ka hailona o ka noonoo ana i ka uku i ka hanau bedrock e hiki hai nui e pili ana i ka' ole o ko mākou Honua. Ua Uaʻohiʻaiʻana, a me ka nui nui o kaʻikepili ma luna o ia mau hanana like borealis, ʻume mākenēkiʻino a me ka cosmic kukuna.

Lūkiniʻepekema hoʻopaʻa haʻawina Ant-

O ka holo ana, He nui a Mānoa i ka Soviet Union pâʻani 'o ia i loko o' epekema haʻawina i loko o kēlā mau makahiki. Ma ka naau o ka'āinapuniʻole kekahi mau wahi i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ia mau i ka noiʻi pūʻulu. A hiki i ka makaukau ana o ka Soviet Ant- huakaʻi (SAE) Ua hanaia no ka International Geophysical Year. Kona Pahuhopu ua e noiʻi i nā keʻano o ka hanaʻana 'ia i loko o ka'āinapuniʻole lewa, a me kā lākou hopena ma luna o ka holo o ka lewa nā paʻi hua, unuhi aku la ia' ā ina ano o ka'āina, a me kona kino a me ka Leeuwerikplein ano, 'ike o nā lauana hoʻoneʻe Artic wai. Ka huakaʻi mua pae ma luna o ka hau ma January 1956 A i Feberuari 13 i ke koa wehe "Aloha" i.

E like me ka hopena o Soviet Polar explorers me ka nui loa ua hoʻemi helu keʻokeʻo mau kiko o ma ka palapala o ke ono paha o ka'āinapuniʻole. Ua Ua ike e like me mokupuni, Hono, na awawa a me nā kualono oi ma mua o ekolu haneri o Leeuwerikplein hiʻona. Alakai aku ia hawewe ana. Ka mea, kokua no ka hookupaa aku ia Antarctica - ole i ka pae ana o mokupuni i loko o ka manawa manaʻo, a me ka pelapela. Ka loa waiwai ike ua pinepine 'akomi i like me ka hopena o ka hana o ka noiʻi i piha nona iho, oiai ka loa pilikia kāna huakaʻi i uka.

Iloko o ka K'lauea noiʻi i loko o Antarctica hoʻohana ewalu wahi ke hoʻohana i loko o ka hoʻoilo, a kauwela. Iloko o ka Polar pō ma luna o ka'āinapuniʻole he 180 kanaka. Mai ka hoʻomaka o ke kau, i hoonuiia i ka helu o ka huakaʻi a hiki i 450 i komo.

hope

Ma hope iho o ka'opi o ka Soviet Union kaʻimi loa i ka lewa o Antarctica i ole hoʻi i kāpiliʻia. I wahi o ka SAE hele mai Russian Ant- huakaʻi. Me ka hou o ka 'ike loea hou i hiki i hou piha study o ke ono paha o ka'āinapuniʻole. Research ma Antarctica ma kānakaʻepekema, mai Rusia e lawe mai i loko o kekahi mau aoao: ma ka wehewehena o climatic, Geophysical a me nā hiʻona o ka'āinapuniʻole, i ka hopena o ka lewaʻike manaʻo ma luna o ka ino kumu i loko o nā wahi o ke ao nei, i ka ohi a me Ka Ikepili o kaʻikepili ma anthropogenic haawe o Polar wahi ma luna o ka kaiapuni.

Mai 1959, ka wā "Ka Ant- Kuikahi" i kakauinoaia, ka icy'āinapuniʻole ua lilo ia i wahi o ka hoʻonohonoho 'alu like' ana, noa mai koa haʻawina. Ka hooulu ana i ka ono o ka'āinapuniʻole i laweia mai e kekahi mau aina. Ant- noiʻi i loko o mākou manawa - he laʻana o ke alu like 'ana no ka pono o ka' epekema holomua. Pinepine Lūkini kaua kiʻi e kaua i lahui haku mele 'ana.

pohihihi Lake

ʻaneʻane i kekahi hoike ana i nā haʻawina o Antarctica mea i piha me ka hai ana mai i kekahiʻano hana hoihoi mea i loaʻa ma lalo o ka hau. Kona ola ana ua wānana AP Kapitsa a IA Zotikov ma hope o ka Geophysical Year ma ke kumu o ka 'ike i ia manawa. Kēia freshwater Lake East kahi kokoke i ka homonymous wahi ma lalo o Ice papa mānoanoa o 4 ei. I ka puka ana o ka hoʻokolokolo 'ana alakaʻiʻia Lūkiniʻepekema ma Antarctica. Eia kekahi kauoha aku i ka 1996,ʻoiai ka mea, ua i loko o ka weuweu 50s i hana ana ma luna o ke ao o ka moana wai, e like me ka Kapitsa a me Zotikova.

Discovery malia ke scientific honua. Oia subglacial Lake ua pau kaʻawale mai ka hui 'ana me ka honua i ka ili honua, a ma luna o miliona o ka makahiki. Theoretically ka mea, Ua lawa wai me ka lehulehu kiʻekiʻe o ka o oxygen i e kaianoho koholā meaola, nä känaka 'epekema nōʻike. A maikaʻi ololi no ka hooulu ana o ke ola o nā ka i lawa ke kiekie ana wela o ka moanawai - i + 10º ma ka lalo. Ma ka mokuna e hoʻokaʻawale i ka? Aieeeuaʻilikai, a me ka hau cooler - a pau -3º. Ma keia Lake ua oaeuiinoe hohonu o 1200 m.

Ka pahiki o ka loaʻaʻana mai o ka hihipeʻa o flora a? Aaoa ua alakai ai i ka olelo hooholo, e? Eou i ka hau, i loko o ka'āina o ka hikina.

nā huahelu

ʻeli o ka hau ma ka? Aieeeua kahi i hoomaka ai i ka 1989. He umi makahiki ma hope ka mea, i pani ma ka mamao o kahi o 120 ka m mai o ka loko. Ke kumu o ka makau o ka haole noiʻi ke kaiaola haumia ea (particles) mai ka 'ilikai, kūpono ai i loko o ka hanana kaiaulu o meaola hiki ke loli. Lūkiniʻepekema i ole kaʻana like i kēia nānaina. Ua Ua koke ke kino, a ho'āʻo i ka hou, oi environmentally-launa lako a pan, a ma ka 2006 laila, i kaʻeli kaʻina.

I ka ili o ka moana wai i loaʻa Pepeluali 5, 2012. Ua hoʻouna Wai Eia kekahi laʻana no Ka Ikepili. Ke ao hualoaʻa o kekahi mau Laʻana o nā paʻiʻia ma July 2013 Ma Eia kekahi laʻana i loaʻa oi ma mua o ekolu a me ka hapalua na tausani o ka hanana DNA kaʻina, 1623 o i i ua correlated me ka ua genus a? Ueony: 94% - koʻohune, 6% - eukaryotes (principally fungi) a me kekahi mau kaʻina pili ana i ka Archaean. Aia nā'ōuli i ia i ke ea i ka loaʻa nō nui meaola i loko o ka loko. Part o ka loaʻa koʻohune i parasites o ka iʻa, no ka mea, paha, i loko o ka papa o ka hou noiʻi, a loaʻa iā lākou.

A helu o ka naʻauao pili i nā hualoaʻaʻano-Liloa, wehewehe ia keʻano o nā kaʻina o ka mud, hau-ʻeleʻele. Eia hou, e hoʻoneʻe 'ia paha e ka hapanui o na meaola, a e pili ana i ka DNA loaʻa, ua lōʻihi ua nalowale. Hehe, ka Ant- noiʻiʻepekema, mai Rusia a me kekahi mau na aina e ma ka aina e hoomau ana.

Aloha mai o ka hala a me ka nana ana i ka wā e hiki mai

Ka ukupanee ma Lake Vostok mea ku pono ia me ka manawa kūpono e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i ka ke kaiaola, like me ka poe e i ola ma ka Honua i na makahiki aku nei, i ka Late Proterozoic. A laila, ma luna o mākou Honua ua hoʻololi mākou i kekahi i kekahi mau global glaciations, kēlā me ka loihi no ka i ka umi miliona makahiki.

Eia hou, i ka study o Antarctica ma District ke Lake, ka loa kaʻina hana o kaʻeli pūnāwai, ohi, Ka Ikepili a me ka hoomaopopo ana o na hualoaʻa i e pono keia mau mea i loko o ka wā e hiki mai kūpono 'ana o ke kinoea nunui Dia mahina, Europa a me Callisto. Presumably, ma laila nō i 'ano like loko me kona canned kaiaola ma lalo kona ili honua. Inā ke kuhiakau ua hoʻopaʻa, i ka "poe noho" ma lalo o-hau o ic ?? ma Europa, a Callisto i ia i ka mua meaola i loaʻa ma waho o ka Honua.

I ka moolelo o kaʻimi loa i ka lewa a me ka loaʻa o Antarctica ua pono ia manaʻo ma ka ikaika kanaka makemake e hoÿonui ai i ko iho ike. I ka like o ka ono o ka'āinapuniʻole, e like me ka International Space Station - i laʻana o ka hui maluhia 'ana ke kākoʻo'-hana me ka helu ana o Hawaii no ka 'epekema hana. Ke icy'āinapuniʻole, nae, o ka wikiwiki, e hoike aku i ko lakou mau mea huna. I hoʻohalahala rula noi aku eia i ke oo loa ana o ka 'ike loea, iao? Pono, a me ka pinepine o ka kanaka naau a me kino i ka palena. Ke inaccessibility o ka ono o ka'āinapuniʻole no ka loa, i ke ola ana o ka kilakila helu o nā wahi i wāhiʻia ma ka ike e pili ana i ka mea hana ma ka likeʻole ma o nā kaʻao e pili ana i Antarctica. 'Ike ke huli' ana i 'ike e pili ana i na recesses o ka Nazis, UFOs a me predatory glowing kala, kanaka e pepehi. E like me ka mea o ka mea, a pau ua, wale i na explorers. Adherents o noiʻiʻepekema wale nō ke maluhia manaʻolana i koke e ike e pili ana i Antarctica mākou iki hou aku, a laila, emi iki ka nui o mysticism o Hoamakeikekula i ka'āinapuniʻole.