Alkanes: Nine kulai

Paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons a paraffins, biosoedineniya mau mau nā lātoma nona ka kalapona nā'ātoma i pili noonoo ole (hookahi) paa, a me nā mea a pau nā huahelu i paʻa kūhohonu loa valences ma ka hydrogen nā'ātoma.

Alkanes: physical waiwai

Ka mua ka poeikohoia o ka homologous moʻo o methane - kinoea mai S5N12 a hiki i S15N32 - wai, no ka mea S16N34 - puaʻa hiwa. Me ka ulu helu o ke kalapona nā'ātoma i loko o ka alkane lātoma maoli ai hoomahuahua lākou heheʻe, a baila aʻela i ka papa.

Low baila aʻela i hydrocarbons me ka manamana ai kaulahao ua nui lalo hoʻohālikelike i ka baila aʻela i wahi o ko lākou mau isomers. Methane a me ka ethane i odorless, e yiaeaiiacaaeneiie wai hydrocarbons i kakolina ala (pentane a me ka hexane) a me ka kerosene, kiekie homologs ona i methane. Paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons mea māmā ma mua o ka wai, a kokoke insoluble i loko o laila. Paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons i ka haiia wailana i loko o ke aloha nā'uheheʻe, a me ka wai a alkanes ia lakou iho i maikaʻi loa nā'uheheʻe.

Alkanes: Nine kulai

No kēia mau biosoedineny wehewehe aku ma ka haahaa reactivity. Ka mea, ua inert, i ua 'ia i loko o kā lākou mau inoa - paraffins. He mea no ka mea, i loko o ka 'ole o nā nā lātoma C a me H nā'ātoma ua hoʻopili sigma paa. Ke Nine Inch inertness o kēia mau waiwai aie i kā lākou hakakino mall hiʻona. I mea e uhai i ka sigma paa, e pono e lilo ka hailona o ka ikehu. XIX. Nine Inch. waiwai o alkanes, oa reactions ma a lakou i komo, keia nitration naoh, halogenation, sulfonation, sulfochlorination, ńlua. Alkane'ano'ē reactions kaulana nō ma radicals, UV a gamma pāhawewe, peroxides, paio hahana maoli nō. Ma keia manao, ka mea i wehewehe aku ma nāʻano o nā reactions: i ka hope o ka hydrogen me ka mokuāhana pili "kalapona-hydrogen" a me cleavage o ka lātoma me rupture o ka C-C a C-H.

Alkanes: Nine Inch waiwai. Ke naoh o'ano'ē halogenation

Kēia naoh ua i kekahi manawa haawiia metalepsiey. Ua hiki ke triggered ma Map. Ka pouli ma 250-400 ° C 'ole i loko o ke alo o catalysts (keleawe koloriside, keleawe koloriside, ke tina) halogen nā'ātoma sequentially ka hydrogen nā'ātoma i loko o nā nā lātoma o alkanes.

Alkanes: Nine Inch waiwai. nitration naoh

Ke nitro pūʻulu ua hikiwawe hookomoia no ka hydrogen i loko o ka tertiary, kiʻekiʻe kaumaha a me ka loa paʻakikī i iniiaiie kalapona nā'ātoma. Ano, hanalima me ka unahiʻole nitration o alkanes ua lawe mai i loko o ke kinoea pae ma 150-490 ° C me nitric'okesaside a nitricʻakika ohu.

Alkanes: Nine Inch waiwai. Ke naoh o sulfochlorination

I ka paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons i ka läÿau, o ka sulfur dioxide i a me ka chlorine. Catalysts pinepine mau peroxides a me UV pāhawewe. Kēia naoh ua hoʻohana 'ia e paka kemikala detergents (detergents). Ma alkilsulfohloridy mau alkalis e hiki aku ai i ke kahua o kona'ākilikai paʻakai o sulphonic nāʻakika, i ka mall eiiiiiaiou o detergents (kāpili ma luna, me ka pauka,).

Paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons - ka maka mea no ka hoʻololi kemikala o likeʻole ke aloha 'ona. A elue no ka hoʻololi kemikala o na mea he nui o ia mea i ka makaukau ana o alkenes mai alkanes, a unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Cleavage o ka hydrogen, mai ka alkane lātoma paha dehydrogenation ma ke alo o catalysts, a ma lalo o paio hahana maoli nō (460 ° C) e leie aku, e loaa i ke koi 'ia alkenes. Ke ki ina hana like o ka'okesaside o alkanes ma haʻahaʻa mahana ma ke alo o catalysts (makanekiuma paʻakai). Ua apono ka hoʻomāka keiki ma luna o ka naoh, a no ka loaa i ka mea e pono ai huahana o'okesaside ma ke kaʻina hana o Nine Inch hoʻololi kemikala. No ka laʻana, ma ka'okesaside o kiekie alkanes loaa likeʻole kiekie ae ia ka waiʻona mai a oi aku momoma nāʻakika.

Alkanes cleavage no hoi ia lŘlŘ i loko o nā rula (e aa ana, ńlua). Paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons puhi me ka uliuli lapalapa hookuu nui dala o ka wela. I kŰia mau mea ae, e hana ia e like me kiʻekiʻe-calorie i wahie i loko o ka hale, a ma ka hana.