Ka General pähola 'o Systems o Ludwig av Bertalanffy a me nā sciences

'Aukekulia nä känaka 'epekema-biologist, e noho ana ma Canada, a me kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia, Ludwig av Bertalanffy, i ka 1937 no ka manawa mua i aku i ka helu o nā manaʻo, aʻo ia ma hope hui i loko o ka hoʻokahi manaʻo. He kapa ia "Ka mau pähola 'o ka' oihana." He aha ka mea? Kēia scientific manaʻo like o kekahi mau mea e noʻonoʻo me he kahua.

Ka walaʻauʻana manaʻo o ka mea i manaoia kumumanaʻo ua i ka mea ana i nā kānāwai kālai'āina i ka'ōnaehana mea - kekahi, i ka ia no ka mea okoa nenoai. He nani, e olelo aku i ka manaʻo Bertalanffy i waihoʻia kekahi haumana, a me Aleksandrom Aleksandrovichem Bogdanovym, Lūkini poe akeakamai, kākau moʻolelo, politician, kahuna lapaau, i loko o kona mau kahua hana "Tectology", i kākauʻia e ia i loko o ka makahiki 1912. AA Bogdanov Ua 'Imi komo i loko o ke kipi, akā, ma na mea he nui ka mahalo i kū'ē'ē' oe me VI Lenin. October kipi i ole lawe, akā, aka hoi, hoomau iho la oia no ke kōkua 'ana me ka Bolsheviks, oia hoʻonohonoho i ka mua i ka mea i laila Russian Institute o koko Transfusion, a kau aku ma luna o ka' inikua hoʻokolohua. He make i ka 1928. Mau kanaka ka ike i keia la i loko o ka kakahiaka iwakālua kenekulia Lūkini nä känaka 'epekema a me ka physiologist VM BEKHTEREV nānā 'ole o AA Bogdanova, i ho'ākāka 'oi ma mua o 20 paʻa kānāwai i loko o ke kahua o ka manaʻoʻike a me ka pilina keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

General nenoai kumumanaʻo haʻawina i keʻano, nenoai, 'ole, keʻano o ka hanaʻana, kā lākou hana a me Development, me ka hoʻolālā o eiiiiiaiou o mall a me ka hierarchical pae, a oi. Bertalanffy kekahi hoʻokolokolo i ka ai-kapaia hamama nenoai e wehe aʻe o ka noa ikehu, ia mea a me ka 'ike a me ke kaiapuni.

General nenoai kumumanaʻo ua a ianoiyuaa a investigating ia'ōnaehana-laula kānāwai, a me nā loina, e like me ke kuhiakau o semiotic ka hoʻomauʻana, ka loina o ka manaʻo,ʻaha hui ka hoʻomauʻana, interoperability, ae mea manuahi ana, i ke kānāwai o ka ponoʻano, hierarchical uku rula monocentrism kānāwai palena iki, i ke kānāwai o ka liʻiliʻi loa i pili e kū'ē'ē mai , mawaho hou rula o recursive hale theorem, i ke kānāwai a me nāʻokoʻa.

Ka papa moku'āina o ka 'epekema e pili ana i nenoai aie Bertalanffy. General nenoai kumumanaʻo o ka mea i like loa no na hana o ka noiʻi a me kāu kiʻina hana o cybernetics - ka 'epekema o ka mau kānāwai o ka hooponopono kaʻina hana, a ke hoʻouna i' ike i loko o kekahi 'oihana (me mechanical, liluwelo paha kaiapili); ike kumumanaʻo - he lala o ka makemakika e hoʻoholo i ka manaʻo o ka 'ike, kona kānāwai a me ka waiwai; hihiu kumumanaʻo, ua kālailai ma makemakika Competition elua a oi e keʻakeʻa i koa ma ka mea e loaa i ka i kā mākou waiwai a me ka palena iki lilo; olelo hooholo kumumanaʻo, ke kālailai ka naauao koho i waena o nā papa haʻawina likeʻole; ololi Ka Ikepili, ka hoʻohana 'ana i ke kaʻina hana o ka auaaeaiea o kumumea i loko o kaʻike manaʻo a me na mea he nui aiaiiuo.

I keia la, ke mau nenoai kumumanaʻo Ua loaa i ka ikaika impetus no kona ulu ana i loko o synergy. Prigogine a Haken noiʻi ana nonequilibrium nenoai, dissipative hale a me ka entropy ma hamama nenoai. Eia hou, i ka kumumanaʻo o Bertalanffy līkaia no ka pili 'epekema ka hoʻopaʻi' ana e like me nenoai 'enekinia, - ka' epekema o ka'ōnaehana hoʻolālā, manao, loiloi a me ka manao ana o nenoai o ka palapala "kanaka-mīkini"; enekinia,ʻike manaʻo; kahua pähola 'o ka hana Lewin; Hana Research - ka 'epekema o ka hooponopono ana eiiiiiaiou o oicyenoaaiiie nenoai (kanaka, machines, pono hana, waiwai, etc.); SMD-hoʻomanaʻo, i? Ac? E GP Shchedrovitskii, i kona nā hoapili haumāna a me; pili kēia pähola 'o integral individuality W. Merlin, i ke kumu o ka i i noʻonoʻo ma luna o ka mau kumumanaʻo o Bertalanffy nenoai.