Kālaimeaola: he manawa e 'o ia hoʻi? He ahaʻepekema mua i manaoia i ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka makahiki "kālaimeaola"?

Kālaimeaola - he kau e haawiia keia i ka pau nenoaiu o sciences. Ua i mau haʻawina ola kanaka, e like me kā lākou AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ke kaiapuni. Kālaimeaola kaupaona i nā loa a pau, ao ke ano o ke ola ana o kekahi meaola ola, a me evolution, hana, kona ka molekumu o, nā'ōlelo a me ka ulu.

I ka hana i ka manawa "kālaimeaola"? E like me ke kaʻawale 'epekema, ka mea, hoomaka ae la wale i ka nuʻu mua i loko o ka kakahiaka XIX kenekulia. A o ka mea dala i ka makahiki "kālaimeaola"? Kēia 'oe e aʻo ma.

Kahiko, a me ka hanau ana o ka mea mua liluwelo no ka hoʻopaʻi '

Mua oe i ka wā ma laila i kekahi manawa "kālaimeaola", E i ka uuku kamailio e pili ana i ka hanau ana o ka hahau iho. Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka mea kahiko Helene poe akeakamai Aristotle mua waihoia na kumu o ka liluwelo sciences - o ka hookumu ana o sciences e like me zoology a me ka botany. Archaeologists Ua loaʻa he wahi lihi iki o ka mea artifacts, i kākau i nā hana o Aristotle ma luna o nā holoholona. He mua Kuhikuhi 'ia i ka loulou ma waena o kekahi mauʻano o nā holoholona. I Aristotle malama ana a pau na elelo manamana-māiʻuʻu holoholona a nau hou i ka mea hoʻolualuaʻiʻia.

Like nui kula i loko o ka mahinaʻai o ke kālaimeaola Dioscorides, noonoo iho la, ka mea i loko o kona ola ana ua i ka papa inoa nui o ka lāʻau lapaʻau mea kanu a me ka ho'ākāka 'ia ma kā lākou mau hana (o ka mea o eono haneri mea kanu).

Kekahi kahiko poe akeakamai Theophrastus, palapala iho la i ka nui hana ia "Haʻawina i mea kanu." Ma ka mea,ʻo ia hoʻomohala i ka manao o Aristotle, akā, wale e pili ana i na mea kanu a me kā lākou mau waiwai.

Middle Ages

Owai la ka mea dala i ka makahiki "kālaimeaola" a me ka wā i hiki mai ia? E kamailio e pili ana ia mea nō nui i kakahiaka nui, no ka mea, ma hope o ka haule ana o ka Western Roman aupuni a pau, he nui nā mākau, a me ka poe o ka lapaau a me ka kālaimeaola i ua nalowale. Arabia i loko o ke kakahiaka nui Middle Ages hopu nui ?? eoi?, A ma ko lākou mau lima i ka hana o Aristotle haule - ma hope o ka mea, i ka unuhi i loko o Apapika.

Ma ka VIII kenekulia ka nui i ka pomaikai o kāʻia e ¶ʻO'Araba noiʻi i loko o ke kahua o ka botany a me ka'anatomia. I zoology nui kona pomaikai ma ia loaʻa ¶ʻO'Araba kākau moʻolelo - Al Dzhahis ka poe mua i theorized no evolution, e like me ka mea i manaoia e ka pähola 'ana o ka meaʻai kaula.

Al Danavari lilo i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o botany i loko o ke ¶ʻO'Araba honua. Like Aristotle, Al Danavari i ho'ākāka 'ia ma kahi o eono haneri laha' o nā mea kanu, e like me kā lākou kūpono 'ana a me ka ulu pae ana o kela mea keia mea o lakou.

Incredibly nui na makana i ke kūpono 'ana o ke kālaimeaola a me ka lapaau i pau ua i ¶ʻO'Araba kauka Aviatsenna. He palapala iho la i ka puke kaulana "Ka Canon o Medicine", a koe ma ka hana me kaʻEulopa kauka i ka XVIII kenekulia, kauoha aupuni. Ka mea, ua haawi mai ai na kanaka a Aviatsenna pharmacology, a ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka mua lapaʻau study mea no hoi ia mea hopena ma luna o ke ao o kanaka'anatomia a me kāu kiʻina hana o ka maʻi ana.

Ibn Zuhr aʻo i keʻano o ka maʻi, e like me scabies, a pilipu iho laʻoki lāʻau lapaʻau ana, a me ka mea mua lapaʻau ho okolohua me ka holoholona. Ma medieval 'Eulopa, i ke ao o ka laau lapaau a me sciences e like me botany, zoology, i ole, ua kikooia aku, kuhikuhi manawa a hiki i ka aoao o ka Ekalesia Hui.

Pakebona a me ka uku hoopanee i ka lapaau, kālaimeaola

Ma ka pakebona, i ka manawa "kālaimeaola" ka mea i nō ike ole. Akā, i ka ekalesia o ka kulana ua hoʻonāwaliwaliʻia nunui, a me nä känaka 'epekema, ka hapanui o ia i loko o' Ikalia, hoomaka ae la e lawe i ka hoihoi i loko o botany, zoology,'anatomia a me ka lapaʻau - ka mea, hoomaka ae la e noiʻi i nā hana a kahiko-iao? Huahelu.

Ua i loko o ka XVI kenekulia, ka Hōlani nä känaka 'epekema Vesalius waiho iho i nā kumu o kēia'anatomia. E kākau i ko lākou mau hana,ʻo ia dissected i ke kanaka kino, a hoʻopaʻa haʻawina o ka 'ole o ka mea na nā loko.

Noiʻi hoi aku la i ke anuanu ao o ka mea kanu, i mea e botany, no ka ike i na lau nahele i loa ikaika lāʻau lapaʻau waiwai, a kōkua ma ka hoola iho la lakou i na mai.

Ma ka XVI kenekulia ka hōʻike o nā holoholona a me kā lākou mauʻaoʻao o ke ola ua lilo i ka noiʻi 'āpana no ka hoʻopaʻa' ana i nā mea a pau? Aaoa ikeia.

No emi nui na makana i ke kūpono 'ana o ke kālaimeaola i e Leonardo ka Vinci, Paracelsus, ka mea hana mau, e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina'anatomia a me ka pharmacology.

Ma ka XVII kenekulia nä känaka 'epekema Gaspard Bauhin ho'ākāka' ia ma nā mea a pau iʻike i ia manawa ma Europe, o ka mea kanu - oi aku mamua o eono tausani? Ueo. Hives Harvey nana i alakai i ka autopsy o ka holoholona, i kekahi mau nui discoveries e pili ana i ka holo.

I XVII kenekulia originated hou liluwelo koʻikoʻii pili me ka microscope hana mea hou i hana muaʻole. No ka mea, o kona loaʻa, ua aoia kanaka e pili ana i ke ola ana o microscopic hookahi-aa? Meaola, a kena ae la i kekahi resonance i loko o ka lehulehu. A laila, ka mea i mua o? Anoee e kanaka sperm.

A nä känaka 'epekema hoʻohana i ka manawa "kālaimeaola"?

I ka hoʻomaka o ka XIX kenekulia liluwelo no ka hoʻopaʻi 'Hawaiʻi i loko o ka piha-fledged' epekema, a ua 'ike' ia e ka 'epekema kaiāulu.

No laila, i ka mea a nä känaka 'epekema? Aaeaaaaony ka hoʻohana' ana i ka makahiki "kālaimeaola"? I ka i keia hana?

Ka manawa "kālaimeaola" Ua manaoia e ka German anatomist a me ka physiologist Friedrich Burdach ka poe i hana kūikawā ma ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka kanaka lolo. Kēia hanana hiki i ka 1800.

No hoi, e pono ke kuai i ka i ana ia kālaimeaola - he kau mea i kaumaha mau nā kānakaʻepekema, ka mea i ole i ike e pili ana i Burdach hoahewa. I ka 1802, Gottfried Treviranus a Jean Baptiste Lamarck ia laua, e olelo mai no ia. Ka wehewehena o "kālaimeaola" la ia mea a hiki i nā kānakaʻepekema hana ana ma keia ao.

Kālaimeaola i loko o ka XIX kenekulia

Ano, ia oe i ka poe i dala i ka makahiki "kālaimeaola", mea e kamailio e pili ana i kona hou ulu. Kekahi o na ki hana o ka XIX kenekulia i ka puke o Charles Darwin o "ke kumu o? Ueo." I ka Ia manawa,ʻepekema i loaʻa apau o kaʻokoʻa ma waena o nonliving a me ka poe ola lani a. Kauka a me nā kānakaʻepekema hoomau i ka hoʻokolohua ma luna o na holoholona, a haawi aku i ka nui hoʻonui i loko o ka naauao o ka mea na nā loko.

Kālaimeaola i loko o ka XX kenekulia

Hale kūʻai lāʻau lapaʻau, a me ka hoʻopaʻi 'ana i fundamentally loli i ka loaʻa o Mendeleev -ʻo ia i hana i ka ai-kapaia papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina. Ma hope o ka loaʻa o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemikaʻepekema loaa chromosomes me nā moku halihali mokulele o aaiaoe 'ike.

Aaiaoe? I waho i kakahiaka nui me ka 1920s. I ka hola o ka Ia manawa, i ke ao ana o nā wikamina a me kā lākou palapala noi hoomaka. Ma ka hopena o 1960s, ka mea i kāna mete ia DNA kivila, a alakai ai i ka muli o liluwelo ka hoʻopaʻi 'ana e like me aaiaoe wilikî. I ua a ianoiyuaa a komo i loko oʻeleu study o na nā'ōewe o nā kānaka a me nā holoholona, e like me ka nana no ka aoao e hoʻololi i ka paa ana i ka apana o mutations.

? Ac? O kālaimeaola i loko o ka XXI kenekulia

Ma ka XXI kenekulia, he nui na pilikia koe unresolved. Kekahi o ka mea nui o ka pilikia o ke kumu o ke ola ma ka Honua. No hoi, noiʻi i ole ma o ka kona manaʻo ma ma ka ninau o pehea ka mea, ua he triplet kuhi.

Loaʻeleu biologists a me geneticists hana ana ma luna o ke kahe ana o ka poe oo hoi. Ke ho'āʻo nei epekema ke aha meaola makahiki, a me ka mea kumu ka poe oo hoi kaʻina e maopopo. Keia pilikia ua kapaia kekahi o na mea pohihihi nui loa o ke kanaka, i ka pāʻoihana o ka a, e mau loa hoʻololi i ke ao nei.

No emi hana noiʻi, a oi loa aku hoi botany, hana ma ka pilikia o ke kumu o ke ola ma Ű. Ia mau haʻawina pāʻani, e ka nui kūlana ma kaʻimi loa i ka lewa o waho makahiki a me ka Ű.

nā loina o ka kālaimeaola

I huina, aia no elime apau kumu. Ka mea, hui loa a pau liluwelo ka hoʻopaʻi 'ana i loko o kekahi hookahi' epekema o meaola e ola ana, nona ka inoa - kālaimeaola. Ka manawa nā ke kēia mau kumu:

• Evolution - he maoli kaʻina hana o ka? Acaeoey o kekahi meaola ola, ma i ka loli ma ka aaiaoe kivila o ka meaola.
• Energy - he paʻa mau kaila o kekahi meaola ola. Ma ka nutshell, ke kahe ana o ka ikaika, ka paʻa wale nō, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ke ola o ka meaola.
• Cell kumumanaʻo (aeea - ke kumu o ka mokuna o kekahi mea e liki ola). A pau keena o ke kino originate mai i ka hoʻokahi hua. Lākou nā'ōlelo mea ku pono i ka mahele o kekahi aeea i loko o elua.
• 'ōewe kumumanaʻo (kekahi hapa uuku o ka DNA lātoma, i mea kuleana no ka papaa a me ka EYI o aaiaoe 'ike mai kekahi hanauna a hiki i ka aʻe).
• Homeostasis - he kaʻina hana o ka hoʻoponopono-rula hooponopono o ke kino, a hoihoi koena i nā hae.

liluwelo no ka hoʻopaʻi '

Currently kālaimeaola - he manawa i ka loaʻa o kekahi mau kakini kanaka kēlā me kēia no i ka hana kūikawā, akā, e pili ana i nā kumu ma luna i hoike ia o keia 'epekema.

Mawaena o ka loa hanohano kanaka e:

• Anatomia - ka hahau i Haʻawina no ka 'ole o multicellular meaola, ke' ole a me ka hana ana o na nā loko.
• Botany - he hahau i epa me ke ao o ka mea kanu hoʻokahi wale nō me multicellular a me ka unicellular meaola.
• Virology - he māhele nui o Microbiology, ka mea i këia a me ka paioʻana pilikia i kānaka, e like me nā mea hoʻomaʻi holoholona. Ma ka manawa, virology - he mea pepehi i ka hakakā nā mea hoʻomaʻi, a no ia mea, e hoola miliona o kanaka.
• Aaiaoe? A aaiaoe 'enekinia, - ka' epekema e Haʻawina i nā kānāwai o nā kūpuna mai, a oko o ka meaola. Ka hope epa me ka manipulation o nā'ōewe, aʻo ka mea e hiki ai i ka hoʻololi 'ana meaola, a hiki i hana hou poʻe.
• Zoology - ka 'epekema e epa me ka hoʻopaʻa' ana o ka holoholona ao nei, a, oi wale,? Aaoa.
• Kālaikaiaola - ka 'epekema e Haʻawina ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o kekahi meaola i nā meaola ola, e like me kā lākou AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN a me ke ao nei.

Ano, e ike i ka mea a ke nä känaka 'epekema dala i ka makahiki "kālaimeaola", he ala o? Acaeoey o keia' epekema i hala. Mākou manaʻolana i ka 'ike ua maikaʻi kēia.