Ano o ka luaipele. Palapala noi o ka luaipele. Lapaʻau o luaipele

Chalcogens - hui hehee pili ana i ka luaipele. Kona Nine Inch hōʻailona - S - ka mua palapala o ka inoa Lakina o ka luaipele. Haku mele 'ana na mea waiwai nui i kākauʻia e kēia hōʻailona me ka' inideka. E noonoo oe i ka manaʻo nui e pili ana i ka 'ole, ka waiwai, e hoʻomākaukau ai a me ka hoʻohana' ana o kēia hehee ai. luaipele hiʻona e e hōʻike ma ka au mamuli me hiki.

Common helehelena a me oko chalcogen

Luaipele pili i ka subgroup o ka oxygen. 'O kēia ka 16th nâ i loko o ka kēia lōʻihi-manawa hana i ke kiʻi o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana (PS). OOAOAaXUEIE keʻena a me ka 'inideka - Via. Ka inoa o ka Nine Inch hehee wale o ka pae, ke Nine Inch hōʻailona:

• oxygen ma (O);
• luaipele (S);
• selenium (Inā paha);
• tellurium (Te);
• polonium (Po).

Ka mawaho huina'ine iwi hehee wale ka hooponopono ia ma luna o ka ia. Ua loaʻa nā mea a pau eono valence electrons i ke komo 'ana i loko o ke kahua o Nine Inch makaukau na kaula paa a me nā nā'ātoma. Hydrogen hui i ka 'ole H ₂ R, e laʻa me, H ₂ S - hydrogen sulfide. Names o Nine Inch hehee wale ho okumu i me ka o oxygen nāʻano o nā hui: luaipele, selenium a me ka tellurium. General nā papakuhikuhi oxides o kēia mau kumu mua - RO _2, RO _3.

Chalcogen hoʻopili like i na mea waiwai, a oko loa i loko o physical svostvam. Ka loa, he pono ole i loko o ka pńpa o nā mea a pau i ka chalcogen - i oxygen a me ka luaipele. Ke hehee ai mua Ho'ākāka 'mau kinoea, ka lua - o ka puaʻa hiwa. Polonium - ka radioactive hehee ai - pohihihi keia i loko o ka honua o ka pńpa. I ka pae o ka o oxygen e polonium mea hao waiwai emi iho a me ka mea ulu o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. No ka laʻana, luaipele - typical nonmetal a me ka tellurium mai i ka mea hao alohilohi a me ka pila nui conductivity.

№ hehee ai 16 o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana DI Mendeleev

Ke pili'ātoma kaumaha luaipele - 32,064. O ka loa, he pono ole maoli kālaiōewe ³² S (oi ma mua o 95% ma ke kaupaonaʻana). Loaʻa ma ka liʻiliʻi mea nuclides me'ātoma nui o ka 33, 34 a me 36. KE ANO o ka luaipele ma ka kahua i loko o ka SS, a me ka'ātoma 'ole:

• pūkaʻina helu - 16;
• kauoha o ka'Ātoma mea 16;
• 'ātoma kahahńnai - 0,104 HI;
• ionization ikehu o -10,36 eV;
• pili electronegativity - 2,6;
• ke degere o ka'okesaside i hui - +6, +4, +2, -2;
• valence - II (-), II (+), IV (+), VI (+).

Luaipele mea i loko o ke kolu o ka manawa; electrons i loko o ka'Ātoma e aia i ekolu pae ikehu: ka mua - 2, o ka lua - 8, - ke kolu 6. valence electrons mea a pau mawaho. I ka interacting me hehee hou electronegative luaipele haawi 4 a 6 electrons, e loaa typical'okesaside moku'āina +6, +4. Nā reactions me hydrogen, a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia'Ātoma ua kokoke mai electrons nalowale mau octets e hoʻopiha a e loaʻa ai napoo moku'āina. Ke'okesaside ma keia hihia ua kuu iho la i ka -2.

Ke physical waiwai o ka rhombic a me ka monoclinic allotropic ano

Ma lalo o maʻamau rula, ka luaipele nā'ātoma i hui pu ia ma ka huina ma ka hale lio puni. Ka mea hiki ke paa i loko o kekahi komolima, a paipai i ke ola ana o cyclic luaipele nā lātoma. Haku mele 'ana o ka haʻilula noonoo S ₆ a me S _8.

luaipele hiʻona pono e inā hōʻike i nā oko ma waena o allotropic ka hoʻololi 'ana me kekahi mau physical waiwai.

Rhombic a α-luaipele - i ka loa i ka pilina paʻa mea pōaka palapala. Kēia melemele nā pōaka, oia o nā lātoma S _8. rhombic ka sulfur nuʻa mea 2,07 g. / cm3. Light melemele nā pōaka o ka monoclinic palapala β-i hana luaipele ma ka pa apŘ o 1,96 g. / Cm3. Baila aʻela i wahi kīnā 444,5 ° C.

Makaukau o amorphous luaipele

He aha ka waihoʻoluʻu ka luaipele i loko o ke ea moku'āina? He He pouliʻeleʻele nui, kokoke like me ka yellow ka pauka a me nā pōaka. E loaa ia, e pono e maule i ka rhombic a monoclinic luaipele. Ma ke anawela ma luna 110 ° C i ka wai ua hana, oiai no hoi paio hahana maoli nō ka mea, darkens ma 200 ° C i mānoanoa o ia mea, a (viscosity). Inā koke ninini i ka luaipele i hoʻoheheʻeʻia i loko o ka wai huʻihuʻi, e hoopaakiki hoi e lilo zig-zag kaula hao, a me nā hale Hōʻike 'ka haʻilula S _n.

Ke solubility o ka luaipele

Kekahi ka hoʻololi 'ana o ka waiwai wailana ma ka kalapona disulfide, benzene, toluene a me ke kinowai ai ammonia. Inā ho'ēmi lohi ke aloha pāʻoihana i laila i hanaʻia monoclinic luaipele paipu. No ka omoāea o ke kinowai kū maopopo lemona-melemele nā pōaka o ka rhombic luaipele. Ka mea, e fragile, ka mea hiki ke oluolu pepe i ka pepe. Luaipele mea insoluble i loko o ka wai. ʻO nā pōaka piholo i ka lalo o ka moku, a me ka lepo ke lana ma luna o kaʻili kai (ole-wettable).

Nine Inch mall

Nā reactions i hōʻike typical nonmetallic hehee ai ka waiwai № 16:

• luaipele oxidizes i eliiaʻi a me hydrogen, ua hoemi ia S ^2- ion;
• ke'ā o ka lewa a me ka oxygen e hua mai la i di- a me ka luaipele trioxide, i meaʻakika anhydrides;
• ma ka naoh me kekahi hou electronegative hehee ai - fluoro - luaipele i haalele i kona electrons (oxidize).

Free luaipele ma ke ano maoli

E like me ka prevalence o ka luaipele i loko o ka honua ka pńpa mea ma luna o ka 15th wahi i waena o ka Nine Inch hehee wale. Ka awelika maʻiʻo o S nā'ātoma ma ka pōhaku a me nā minelala hao mea 0,05% ma ke kaupaonaʻana o ka pńpa.

He aha ka waihoʻoluʻu ka luaipele ma ke ano maoli (maoli)? He malamalama yellow ka pauka me ka ano ala a yellow nā pōaka me ke aniani alohilohi. Hoʻokomo kālā i loko o ka palapala o ka hoʻokomo kālā, ka mea pōaka papa o ka luaipele i loaʻa i loko o mau mea o ka wa kahiko a me kaʻiʻo nō o kēia volcanism ma Italy, Poland, Middle Hikina, Japan, Mexico, United States. Pinepine i ka pōʻalo o drusen mea he nani a me ka nunui hoʻokahi nā pōaka.

Hydrogen sulphide a oxides ma ke ano maoli

I ka lua pele wahi i aia ma luna o ka ili o ka gaseous luaipele hui. Black kai ma ka hohonu o ka oi ma mua o 200 m + mea lifeless no ka mea, o ke kaawale ana o ka hydrogen sulfide H ₂ S. ka haʻilula divalent ka sulfur'okesaside - ¶ I _2, trivalent - ¶ I _3. Mau gaseous hui i noho i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o kekahi o ka aila, kinoea, kūlohelohe wai. Luaipele ua hookomoia ma ka haku mele 'ana o ka lanahu. He mea pono no ka hana ana i na mea he nui ke aloha i huiʻia. I ka putrefaction o nā polokina o ka moa hua hookuu hydrogen sulfide, no laila ka mea, ua olelo pinepine ia ke kinoea ala o popopo hua. Luaipele e pili ana i ka biogenic hehee wale, ia mea e pono ai ka ulu a me ka hooulu ana o ke kanaka, holoholona a me nā mea kanu.

Manaʻo nui o maoli sulphides a me sulphates

Ano o ka luaipele e e kāpili ina ole i ka olelo i ua loaʻa ka hehee ai i loko o ka palapala o ka poe noonoo ole waiwai a me ka'okesaside ole wale. Ka loa, he pono ole maoli i huiʻia - o ka paʻakai o ka sulfuricʻakika a me ka hydrogen sulfide. Sulfides o ke keleawe, hao, kiniki, o Hereme, alakai loaʻa i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o nā nā minelala hao chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, a me ka cinnabar. Mai sulfates hiki e hoike ia paʻakai, kalipuna, barium a me ka makanekiuma paʻakai i kuahene ma ke ano maoli nā minelala hao a me nā pōhaku (mirabilite, gypsum, selenite, barite, kieserite, epsomite). A pau o kēia hui e hoʻohana i likeʻole nāʻoihana o ka hoʻokele waiwai, e hoʻohana i maka mea no hanalima aaioee, fertilizers, no? Ieoaeunoaa lako. Nui 'inikua waiwai o kekahi mea pōaka.

? eaia

yellow waiwai i loko o ka noa moku'āina ia lŘlŘ ma ke ano maoli ma kekahi hohonu. Inā pono, ka luaipele ua hoʻoheheʻeʻia mai ka pōhaku me ka hooulu ana i na ia a hiki i ka ili honua, oiai pumping ka hohonu superheated mahu a me 'opihia ea. Kekahi iaoia komo ai i ka sublimation o ka pepe iho la ka pōhaku i loko o kūikawā umu. Other ki ina hana like pū ai ka noho male 'ana o ke kalapona disulfide a flotation.

Hana koi luaipele nui, no laila, e loaa kona elemental waiwai i hoʻohana hui. Ka hydrogen sulfide a me ka sulfide luaipele mea i loko o ka hoemiia palapala. Ke'okesaside moku'āina o ka hehee ai mea like i -2. Ka sulfur'okesaside ua lawe mai ma ka hoʻoulu i ka waiwai i 0. No ka laʻana, i ke ano o LeBlanc paʻakai sulufahate ua hoemi ia e sulfide kalapona. A laila, ka mea, ua loaa mai ka kalipuna sulfide, ka mea, ua malamaia lakou nei, me ke kalapona'okikene lua a me ka wai ka ohu. Ke kūpono hydrogen sulfide ua oxidized ma ka lewa i oxygen ma ke alo o ka hōʻeleu. 2H ₂ S + O ₂ = 2H ₂ O + 2s. Hoʻoholo 'o ka luaipele i loaa i loko o kekahi aoao, i kekahi manawa haawi haʻahaʻa maemae nā hoailona. Hoohehee maemae au ia a hoomaemae ana ua lawe mai ma ka distillation, rectification, aaioee nā mea huihuina o nāʻakika.

I ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka luaipele i loko o kēia hana

Granular luaipele hele i kekahi? Iecaianoaaiiuo pono ai:

1. Makaukau o sulfuricʻakika i loko o ka Nine Inch oihana puolo.
2. ? Iecaianoaaiiuo sulfites a me sulfates.
3. Hookuu aku oia i hoomakaukau no ka fertilizing mea kanu, maʻi a me ka pests.
4. Luaipele-i loaʻa i eliia ma ka hoʻouku a me ka Nine Inch kanu hoʻokō 'ia no nonferrous ke hooheheeia. Concomitant? Iecaianoaaiiuo mea sulfuricʻakika.
5. I ka hoike ana o kekahi papa o ka kila, e haawi kūikawā waiwai.
6. Manawa vulcanizing laholio loaa laholio.
7. ? Iecaianoaaiiuo ihoiho, pyrotechnics, pahū.
8. E hoʻohana no ka makaukau o ka pena, pigments, kemikala olona.
9. Ke loloʻa fabrics.

Kaʻawahia o ka luaipele a me kona hui

Dusts (particles) me kaʻawaʻawa loa ala, nāuki mai mucous membranes o ka nasal lua a me ka ÷ naehana hanu'āpana, maka a me ka ili. Akā, elemental ka sulfur kaʻawahia ua i manaoia maopopo kiʻekiʻe. Inhalation o ka hydrogen sulfide a me ka'okikene lua hiki i loa kaʻapu kōheoheo.

Inā pūlehu lākou i luaipele-i loaʻa ka mea e hoohehee ai i loko o smelters a no ka maluhiluhi kinoea i ole trapped, e komo i ka lewa. Ai pili aku me na kulu a me ka wai ka ohu, luaipele oxides a me ka naikokene hāʻawi ala i ka ai-kapaiaʻakika ka ua.

Luaipele a me kona i huiʻia ma ka mahiai

Mea kanu hoʻopau sulphate Ion pu me ka lepo pāʻoihana. Hoemi i ka luaipele maʻiʻo hiki aku ai i ka lohi iho i loko o ka uliuli keena pūnao o'amino nāʻakika a me nā polokina. No ia mea, sulfates hoʻohana 'ia no ka fertilizing mahiʻai ulu.

E disinfect nā manuʻaiʻia hale, hale ahu, nō hale kūʻai alodio waiwai wela paha ia i ke kālā no iauaeoia sulfa ai '. ka sulfur'okesaside paʻa antimicrobial waiwai i i loaʻa lōʻihi palapala noi i loko o ka? iecaianoaaiiie o ka waina, i ka wa o kahi waiho waho lau a me nā hua. luaipele ai 'i hoʻohana like pesticides no ke kaōhiʻana maʻi a me pests (powdery he mae wale a me ka punawelewele, na lepeta).

Hoʻohana 'ia ma ka lapaau

Great nui a hiki i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i lāʻau lapaʻau waiwai o yellow he lepo lā i haawi i ka lapaau ana o kahiko Avicenna a me Paracelsus. Ua Ua hope hoʻoholo i ke kanaka ua i noho lawa ka luaipele, mai ka ai nō kona nāwaliwali,ʻike piʻi ola pilikia (i nā maneo a me flaking o ka ili, lauoho a me nā kui i mea hoʻonāwaliwali maoli). Ka mea o ia me ka luaipele hihia hoʻi hoʻololi kemikala o'amino nāʻakika, keratin, biochemical keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ke kino.

Lapaʻau o luaipele hoohui i loko o ka poni no ka iapaau ana o ka ili maʻi: huehue, eczema, psoriasis, allergy, seborrhea. Bato me ka luaipele ke höʻike aku i ka eha o ka rumatika, a gout. No ka maikaʻi omo ma ke kino, e ho okumu ana i ka wai wailana sulfa ai '. Kēia mea,ʻaʻole he lenalena he lepo lā, he olonā i mea pōaka keʻokeʻo waiwai. No ka foxmike noi keia hui ua lawelawe i loko o ka mea hoʻonani no ka ili mālama.

Gypsum Ua lōʻihi ua hoʻohana ma o ka immobilization o ka poino māhele o ke kino. Glauber ka paʻakai ua hoakaka ia me he laxative lapaau. Magnesia emi ke koko, i ka mea i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka iapaau ana o ka hypertension.

Luaipele ma ka moʻolelo

ʻO ka wā kahiko nonmetallic waiwai yellow pua,ʻo ke kanaka o ka noonoo. Akā, wale i ka 1789, o ka nui chemist Lavoisier loaʻa i ka lepo a me nā pōaka i loaʻa ma ka 'ano, haku o ka luaipele nā'ātoma. Ua Ua manaoio ia malodor i kupu mai i kona'ā, repels a pau ka hewa. Haʻilula ka sulfur'okesaside, a ua loaa ia ma ka'ā, - ¶ I ₂ (ka silica i). Kēiaʻawahia kinoea inhalation ia mea pilikia loa ke ola. Kekahi mau hihia o ka nuipa a ia'na o holoʻokoʻa kauhale o kanaka ma na mokuna, ma na kai o kānakaʻepekema wehewehe i ka auaaeaiea o ka aina a me ka wai hydrogen sulphide a me ka sulfur dioxide i.

Ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ka pauka mahuahua hoihoi i loko o ka hulu nā pōaka ma ke koa. Nui na kaua o Ua lanakila 'o ia ma muli o i ka hiki ana o Kapena, e hui pu iho luaipele a me nā waiwai i loko o ka hana o ka pōkā pahū. Ka loa nui i huiʻia - sulfuricʻakika - i aʻo pehea e hoʻohana i ka lōʻihi loa manawa. Ma ka Middle Ages, ia mea he waiwai i kapaia aila o ka vitriol a me ka paʻakai - sulufahate. Keleawe sulufahate o CuSO _{4 a me ka} hao sulufahate FeSO ₄ Ua nō i lilo i ko lakou nui ma ka hana a me ka mahiai.