Waiwai o ke kinowai. Ka walaʻauʻana physical waiwai o ka wai a

Ua ua ike i na mea a pau e hoopuni iho la i ke kanaka, a me ia iho, - he kino haku o ka waiwai. Ka poe, ma ka huli, kūkulu mai o nā lātoma, nā'ātoma o ka hala, a me ka mea, - o ke ahiahi liʻiliʻi nā hale. Naʻe, i ka puni 'ano mea ai nui i ka mea mea paakiki a hiki i ka hoi i noonoo ai i kekahi ano o ka commonality. Ua mea. Na i huiʻia i loko o ka miliona, kela mea keia mea o lakou i kū hoʻokahi i loko o kā lākou waiwai, me nā hale, a ua hana i ka kūlana. Total hōʻike 'i ka helu o ka pae Hawaii, i hiki ke correlated a pau' ona.

Hoʻopiha ke kūlana waiwai

Hai i e eha Lolina hoʻopiha moku'āina o ka hui.

1. Gaza.
2. Nā puaʻa hiwa.
3. Wai.
4. Wai koko - ka lahui rarefied ionized kinoea.

Ma keia 'atikala, ua noonoo na waiwai o ke kinowai, o ka oi aku lākou me nā hale a me nā' ano o ka hiki koho.

Mea Maluna wai a kino

Ke kumu no keia mahele i ka waiwai o ke kinowai, kā lākou 'ole a me ka Nine Inch' ole a me nāʻano o nā hana kūleʻa ma waena o ka constituent (particles) o ka hui.

1. Oia fluids e komo ana i nā'ātoma paa pu ma ka van der Waals koa. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike nā wai a kinoea (argon, methane, a me na mea e ae).
2. Oia 'ona, a iloko o elua'ālike nā'ātoma. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike: ke kinoea i loko o liquefied palapala - hydrogen, naikokene, i oxygen a me na mea e ae.
3. Wai a ke hooheheeia - Hereme.
4. Waiwai oia hoi o ka oihana mua e pili ana ma ka covalent Polar paa. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike: hydrogen koloriside, hydrogen iodide, hydrogen sulfide, a me na mea e ae.
5. I huiʻia ma i laila, he hydrogen paa. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike: wai, waiʻona mai ke kino, ammonia ma ka pāʻoihana.

Aia i kūikawā hale - e like me ke kinowai ai nā pōaka, ole-Newtonian fluids i ho'āʻo kūikawā waiwai.

E noonoo i ka walaʻauʻana waiwai o ka wai, i maopopo ia mai a pau'ē aʻe Hawaii o ka aggregation. Ka mua i ka poe mea i kapaia ma kona ano maoli.

Waiwai o ke kinowai shape a me ka leo

Nā hualoaʻa ke kālā līkaia no ma kahi o 15 hiʻona i ae e wehewehe i ka mea o ka waiwai a me ka mea o ia mau mea 'ano.

Ka hoʻomaka me physical waiwai o ke kinowai e hele mai i ka manaʻo ma ka hoohiki o ka moku'āina o aggregation o ka hiki ke hoʻololi shape a lawe i kekahi dala. No ka laʻana, ina ua kamailio e pili ana i ke ano o ke kinowai, ka mea, ua nui ea ae kona wa e kaawale aku. Eia naʻe, ia mea ole.

Ma lalo o ka hana o ka luawai ike umekaumaha kulu waiwai undergo i kekahi deformation, no laila, ua nee lākou mau helehelena, a lilo indefinite. Eia naʻe, ina oe i ke kulu ma lalo kumu ma i umekaumaha 'Aʻole e holopono ana paha ka loa i kaupalena' ia, ka mea e lawe i ka hemolele spherical shape. Pela, ua aoia: "He aha ka waiwai o ke kinowai," ka mea i manao ia mea hoʻomano-, haohao o loko o ke kālaikūlohea, pono e hōʻike 'ia i kēia mea.

Like no ka buke, a laila, ma laila e e hoʻomaopopo i ka mau waiwai o kinoea a me ke kinowai. Nā mea hiki ke noho ma ka holoʻokoʻa ka leo o ka makahiki ma i i ke aupuni ', kaupalena wale ma ka moku paia.

(viscosity)

Helu waiwai o ka wai, ua loa like. Akā, i kēia mea he kū hoʻokahi kekahi, e like me ka (viscosity). He aha ka mea a me ka mea ua nānā '? I ka papa kuhikuhiE kiko'î e hooholo i ka nui ma ka ninau nei:

• ako i stress;
• ʻano piʻina māmā.

Ke kaukaʻi ana o kēia mau aiaiiuo ka laina. Inā, nae, e wehewehe i oi alodio hua'ōlelo, ka (viscosity), a me ka buke - kēia mau mea i ka waiwai o ke kinowai, a kinoea i ka mea maoli wale no, a imply unrestricted neʻeʻana, nānā 'ole o ka hopena o ka mawaho koa. I ua, ina kahe ka wai mai o ka moku, ka mea e hoʻomau i hana ai ma lalo o kekahi ololi (umekaumaha, kū'ē a me nā mea kiko'î).

Kēia mea i loko o Akä naÿe i 'ole-Newtonian fluids, a i ke alo ki eki e, a hiki haʻalele ma hope o ka neʻeʻana lua hoolako mai me ka manawa.

Ma ka hana keia huahelu, e hilinaʻi ma?

1. Ke ana wela. Me ka ulu ana wela, ua mahuahua ka (viscosity) o kekahi kinowai, a me ka mea 'ē aʻe, conversely, emi. Ua hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka mau hui a me kona Nine Inch 'ole.
2. O ka puʻe. Mahuahua, lalau mai he mahuahua ma ka (viscosity) inideka.
3. Ke Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o ka waiwai. Ke (viscosity) loli aʻe i loko o ke alo o impurities a me extraneous eiiiiiaiou ma ka hoao ana hapa o ka waiwai a maemae.

wela nona iho

Kēia manawa Ho'ākāka 'i ka hiki ana o ka waiwai, e ka hoʻokemu i kekahi nui o ka wela, e hoomahuahua i kona iho ana wela ma kekahi degere Kelekia. He mea likeʻole pili 'o Randy ma keia anakahi. Kekahi i oi aku mamua o 'ē aʻe hoʻa'ā i.

No laila, no ka laʻana, wai - loa maikai wela pūnaewele, e leie aku kona akea hoʻohana no ka paio hahana maoli nō, sayings a me nā mea e pono ai. I mau, i ka wela 'auhau' inideka mea pololei kanaka no kēlā me kēia mau loli.

'ilikai hoʻopilikia

Pinepine, ua aoia: "He aha ka waiwai o ke kinowai," koke manaʻo o kaʻilikai hoʻopilikia. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, e hoʻolauna iā 'keiki i nā haʻawina o ke kālaikūlohea, kemika a me ka kālaimeaola. A me kēlā'ikamu wehewehe keia nui aiao ma luna o lākou kuleana.

Ke Classic ka wehewehena o kaʻilikai hoʻopilikia o ke kēia: i kēia mau '. Ia mea, i ka manawa ia i kekahi dala o ka wai a ua ia, ia mea ma waho o ka palena o ka gaseous meakino - ea, mahu paha nō kekahi waiwai. Ke'ī mai, ma ka lae o ka hui 'ia lŘlŘ pae kaawale ana.

Pēlā nā lātoma kamaʻilioʻana, e hoopuni ia lakou iho e like me ka nui i hiki helu o (particles) a pela e alakai i na ka mīkini'opihia loli i mau. No ia mea, ina o ka ili honua ua'ōʻia. Na keia waiwai hiki no hoi wehewehe i ka spherical kinona o ka wai a droplets i loko o ka wa e kaawale aku o ka waiū a hiki i na kaua o ka umekaumaha. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ka mea, o keia palapala, ua maikaʻi, mai ka wahi o ka Hawaii o ka ikaika o ka lātoma. examples:

• ke kopa Oe;
• kapuahi e ka wai;
• wai droplets ma weightlessness.

Kekahi nā mea kolo i hakuloli e "hele" ma ka ili o ka wai, he pono e ili honua hoʻopilikia. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike: wai striders, wai'ūhini lele me, kekahi larvae.

kahe ana

Aia i kekahi mau waiwai o ke kinowai, kinopaÿa. Kekahi o ia mau mea - ka flowability. Ke wale koena unuhi o ia no ka mua ka mea, o kona palena. He aha ka ka pā like o keia koho?

Inā e hoʻopili aku i mawaho hopena no ka kinowai kino, ka mea, ua maheleia i māhele, a hookaawale ia lakou mai kekahi i kekahi, oa ke kahe aku ka waina. Pela kēlā hapa hou hoʻopiha i ka holoʻokoʻa ka leo o ka moku. No ka puaʻa hiwa, keia waiwai mea i kaupalena 'ia a me ka kalele iho ma mawaho olelo.

Ke kaukaʻi ana o ka waiwai ma ka mahana

I ka poe nā ekolu kiko'î mea i emi iho iā mākou i ka 'ona:

• overheating;
• anuanu;
• paila.

Na waiwai o ke kinowai like overheating a me ka supercooling, pololei ua hoʻopili i ka pilikia Mahana O Ke Kai (na kumu i) ka baila aʻela i a me ke kūpaleʻana kumu, niioaaonoaaiii. Kapaia overheated wai i pepehi i ka paepae puka pilikia wahi paio hahana maoli nō ma luna o waiū wela, akā,ʻaʻohe mawaho hoailona o nā kapuahi e 'ia.

Subcooled niioaaonoaaiii kapa wai i pepehi i ka paepae puka o ka pilikia wahi o ka hoʻololi i loko o kekahi pae aie i ka mea haʻahaʻa ka mahana, akā, me ka paa i ole.

Like i loko o ka mea mua, a ma ka lua o ka hihia, aia no na rula no ka hoike ana mai o ia mau waiwai.

1. I ka wa e kaawale aku o ÿano ololi ma ka'ōnaehana (neʻeʻana, kamakawiwo ole).
2. Pahele wela, me ka ulia kēia a me spike in.

An hana hoihoi oiaio ka mea, inā i loko o ka superheated wai (e like me ka wai), e haawi aku i ka haole mea, ka mea e loaa ia paila. Loaa ka mea ia ia hiki ke waiho kokoke ana i ka pāhawewe paio hahana maoli nō (hawewe umu).

Coexistence a me nā kūlana 'ona

Mau Lolina o keia aiao hiki ke hōʻike '.

1. ʻO ka wai - kinoea. Oia nenoai i ka loa he ākea, no ka mea, ua ubiquitous ma ka ano. Ma hope o ke omoāea o ka wai - hapa o ka pōʻaiapuni maoli. Pela ka mea, ua ka poʻe ua loaʻa ohu me ka wai a ka wai. Inā e kamailio e pili ana i ka paʻa 'oihana, a laila, ma laila ua vaporized. Just mahu i paʻa kūhohonu loa loa koke, a me ka mea a pau nenoaia hele i ka equilibrium: loli - paʻa kūhohonu loa mahu.
2. Wai - puaʻa hiwa. No ma na nenoai markedly kekahi waiwai - wetting. Ma ka naoh o ka wai a me ka paa hope, hiki ke pulu loa, kekahi hapa paha hoi repel ka wai. Aia nā hui i hoike mai i ka wai koke aku, a ua kokoke kona palena. Aia nō ka poʻe i hana i kēia mea,ʻaʻole hiki i (kekahi mea hiki ke hooheheeia, daimana, etc.).

I mau, i ke ao o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ke kinowai me ka pili 'o Randy i loko o nā Hawaii o ka aggregation ua hana i loko o ka hoʻoponopono o ka loli mechanics.

compressibility

Ka walaʻauʻana waiwai o ka wai makemake e kāpili ina mākou i ole e hōʻike 'ia i ka compressibility. O ka holo ana, ua koho ka oi typical no ka kinoea nenoai. Eia naʻe, noonoo ia mai e kekahi Rose i ka mīkini'opihia ma lalo o kekahi mau kumu.

Na ka papa kuhikuhiE koena unuhi - ke kaʻina hana i kela a me kona uniformity. Inā ke kinoea hiki ke'opihia koke, a ma haʻahaʻa puʻe, i ka loli ua'opihia unevenly, lōʻihi lakou e maona ai a ma pela wae ana.

Omoāea a me condensation o ke kinowai

Ua he mau waiwai o ka wai. Ke kālaikūlohea haawi mai ia i ka kēia wehewehe:

1. Omoāea - E ke kaʻina hana, a characterizes he gradual hoʻololi o ka waiwai a pau, mai ka wai a hiki i ka paa ana o ka aggregation. Kēia ia lŘlŘ ma lalo o ka aoao o thermal 'ole ma o ka'ōnaehana. ʻO nā lātoma e hoʻonoho ma ka noi a me ka hoʻololi kona aniani puka olu oia i gaseous. Ke kaʻina kānāwai no ka lōʻihi a hiki i ka wai a pau hiki ole kekahi, ma ka hui (no ka hamama nenoai). ʻOkoʻa ka equilibration (no ka paʻa moku).
2. Condensation - he kaʻina hana e ku pono ana i ka mea ma luna o notation. Here mahu komo i ke kinowai nā lātoma. Kēia ia lŘlŘ ma mua o ka hoʻokumu o ka equilibrium a piha pae hoʻololi. Couples haawi i oi kinowai (particles) ma mua o ia i hana ai.

Typical examples o kēia mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ka aoao maoli - o ka wai omoāea mai o ka moana 'ilikai, kona condensation i loko o ke keena lewa, i ukali ia e ke kimu ole i loko o ka palapala o ke kimu.

Mechanical waiwai o ka wai a

I kŰia mau mea i ke kumuhana o kēia 'epekema e like me ka loli. Ua hōʻike hewa - kona pauku, i ke kumumanaʻo o ka loliʻano. I ka papa kuhikuhiE mechanical e kiko'î characterizing i ka moku'āina o aggregation o ka waiwai nā:

• paʻapū;
• kekahi umekaumaha;
• (viscosity).

Ma lalo o ka pa apŘ o ke kinowai kino hoʻomaopopo kona nuipa a, a ua hookomoia iloko o ka pa alima buke. Kēia huahelu E ĸokoĸa ana nä pane no kekahi i huiʻia. Aia i mua pōpilikia, a ana aʻela experimentally lokoʻikepili no keia anakahi, a i helu ia ma ka papa kūikawā.

I Kekahi Mau kaumaha ua noʻonoʻo pono i ke kaumaha o ka pa alima ka leo o ka loli. Kēia 'inideka mea ikaika e kaukaʻi ma o ka mahana (ma ka mahuahua kona kaumaha ua hoemiia).

No ke aha lā e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i ke ÿano waiwai o ke kinowai? Kēia ike mea nui e maopopo i ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o 'ia' ano i loko o ke kanaka kino. No hoi, i ka wa e pili ana oaoieei-kumu o nā huahana. Ma hope o nā mea a pau kinowai waiwai - kekahi o ka loa e like me ka māhele 'ano apau loa ma luna o mākou Honua.

Ole-Newtonian fluids a me kā lākou mau waiwai

Waiwai o nā kinoea, ke kinowai, puaʻa hiwa - ka mea o ke ao ana o ke kālaikūlohea, e like me kekahi e pili ka hoʻopaʻi 'ana. Eia naʻe, ma ka hou ana i nā loina wai 'ona, he mea no hoi no laila,-kapa ole-Newtonian, ka mea, hoi, ua këia i kēia' epekema. He aha mau mea, a no ke aha la i ai kapa?

I mea e maopopo mea kūpono ai ka me, haawi i ka loa e like me ka maʻamau o examples:

• "Lizun", i na keiki hula;
• "Racket lima", a i hawawa, putty;
• ʻike mau hō'īpale ka penaʻana;
• pia pāʻoihana i ka wai, a pela aku.

Ia mea, i kēia mau mea o ke kinowai, kona (viscosity) o paha i ka māmā holoʻano piʻina. Ka wikiwiki o ka waiū, ka mea kiekie oia ka (viscosity). Nolaila, i ka wa a ka nihinihi loa olowalu lima ma luna o ka papahele ka mea, ua hoohuliia mai i loko o ka loa paa, hiki hoi e Wāwahi a kaʻawale lākou.

Inā e waiho ia wale nō, a laila, e kekahi mau minuke,ʻo ia, e hohola i ka Padfolio puddle. Ole-Newtonian loli - muli o kona kulana kū hoʻokahi ma luna o nā waiwai o ka waiwai i i ua hoʻohana ole wale no oaoieei-hana, akā, i ka moʻomeheu a me ka pilina.