Nā polokina: 'ole a me ka hana ana o nā polokina

Nā polokina i ke aloha 'ona. Mau macromolecular hui i wehewehe aku e kekahi mau 'haku mele' ana, a ma ka hydrolysis decompose i loko o'amino nāʻakika. Kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma hiki e ana o kekahi mau ano, iloko o kekahi mau polypeptide na kaula he nui wale o ia mau mea. Information e pili ana i ka 'ole o ke kumuʻiʻo encoded i loko o ka DNA, a me ke kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma hoʻololi kemikala kaʻina kapa unuhi.

Ke Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o nā polokina

Ka kumuʻiʻo he:

• 52% o carbon;
• 7% hydrogen;
• 12% naikokene;
• 21% ka oxygen;
• 3% luaipele.

Kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma - i polymers. I mea e maopopo i ka 'ole, e pono e ike i ka mea kūpono ai kā lākou mau monomers -'amino nāʻakika.

'amino nāʻakika

Ka mea hiki ke maheleia i mau waeʻano: mau 'ia a me kekahi manawa pilikia. Ka mua eaaaony 18 kumuʻiʻo monomers amide a me ka 2: asparticʻakika a me glutamicʻakika. I kekahi manawa, he mea wale ekolu nāʻakika.

Mau nāʻakika hiki ke hoʻolaha ma naʻano likeʻole: ke ano o kaʻaoʻao kaulahao a papa mai la, radicals, no hoi ka mea hiki ke puunaueia e ka helu o nā pūʻulu, CN a me COOH.

Ke iniiaiie 'ole o ke kumuʻiʻo

Ka mea o ka'amino nāʻakika ma ke kumuʻiʻo kaulahao hoʻoholo kona pae mahope o ka hoʻolālā, hiʻona a me ka hana. I ka papa kuhikuhiE ano o ka 'ōlelo ma waena o nā monomers mea heʻakika'amino. Ua Ua hanaʻia ma ka wehe 'ana i ka hydrogen mai kekahi aminoksloty a me OH pae o ka' ē aʻe.

Ka mea mua nui o ka hui ana o ke kumuʻiʻo lātoma - he kaʻina o ka'amino nāʻakika i loko o ia, e ke kaula, a hoʻoholo i ka 'ole o ke kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma. Ua ninoieo o ka "iwi" me he mau 'ole. Ua hai kaʻina -NH-Ch-co-. Kekahiʻaoʻao, i elua kaula o'amino nāʻakika i hōʻike mai iā ia radicals (R), kā lākou waiwai ho oholo i ka haku mele 'ana o ke kumuʻiʻo' ole.

Ina o ka ia hakakino 'ole o nā polokina, ka mea i oko ma wale waiwai i loaʻa he okoa kaʻina o monomers i loko o ke kaulahao. Ke kauoha o ka'amino nāʻakika i loko o ka kumuʻiʻo ua nānā 'ia e na nā'ōewe a me ka kumuʻiʻo dictates kekahi liluwelo hana. Ke kaʻina o nā monomers ma na nā lātoma kuleana no ka ia hana, pinepine kokoke i loko o kekahi? Ueo. Oia nā lātoma - ia a like, e hoonohonoho a hana i nāʻano o nā meaola,ʻo ia hana - homologous nā polokina. 'Ole, ka waiwai a me ka oihana o ka wā e hiki mai nā lātoma i waiho ma ke kahua o ka hoʻololi kemikala o nā kaula o ka'amino nāʻakika.

Kekahi, he pono ole hiʻona

Ka 'ole o ka kumuʻiʻo i ua? Anoee he lōʻihi manawa, a me kā lākou mau iniiaiie' ole Ka Ikepili ae mai e hana i kekahi generalizations. No ka nui loa o nā polokina wehewehe aku ma ke alo o nā mea a pau he iwakālua'amino nāʻakika, o ka i pololei ai nui glycine, alanine, asparticʻakika, glutamine a me ka uuku tryptophan, arginine, methionine, histidine. 'Ia mea wale he mau hui o nā polokina, e like me histones. Ka mea, e pono no ka DNA'ōpala, a iloko o ka hailona o ke histidine.

Ka lua o ka generalization:ʻaʻohe makaainana lauana ma ka'amino nāʻakika i loko o ka alternation o globular nā polokina. Akā, a hiki i ka mamao liluwelo hana o na polypeptides, he hakina uuku o ka ia nā lātoma.

haumāna 'ole

I ka lua o ka nui o ka hui ana o ka polypeptide kaula - o kona māhele kulana, a ua mālama 'ia e hydrogen paa. Pee α-helix a me ka β-pa. Kaapuni hapa i ka kauoha ole, e kapaia amorphous ia mau mea.

Alpha-helix o maoli nā polokina pravozakruchennaya. ʻaoʻao pūʻulu o'amino nāʻakika ma helix mau alo waho, a aia ma ke alo o aoao o kona iho (axis). Inā ka mea, i ole-Polar, he mea kā lākou Hoʻohui 'ia ma kekahiʻaoʻao o ka helix loaa piʻo, i hana i rula no ka hoʻohui o okoa helical wahi.

Hoʻokolohua-pa - loa elongated helix - kamaʻilioʻana, e noho i loko o ka kumuʻiʻo lātoma, a ua hana e pili a me ka laua i 'ole-laua β-pleated papa.

Ke tertiary 'ole o ke kumuʻiʻo

Ke kolu o ka nui o ka hui ana o ke kumuʻiʻo lātoma - pelu ana spirals, nā pā, a amorphous wahi i loko o ka olelo hoopomaikai 'ole. Kēia ia lŘlŘ aie i ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o kaʻaoʻao kaula hao o ka monomers lakou iho. Oia nā loulou e māheleʻia i loko o kekahi mau ano:

• hydrogen paa ana i hanaʻia ma waena o Polar radicals;
• Hydrophobic - ma waena o 'ole-Polar R-pūʻulu;
• electrostatic uʻi koa (ionic makaukau na kaula paa) - ma waena o nā pūʻulu, i ka 'āhewa' ana i mea e ku pono ana;
• disulfide na alahaka - ma waena o cysteine radicals.

Ka hopeʻano o ka pili ana (-S = S-) ho covalent AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. Disulfide uapo hooikaika i na nā polokina, kā lākou 'ole i oi hale lio. Akā, pono i ke alo o ia nā loulou hana ole. No ka laʻana, cysteine i e loaʻuʻuku i loko o ka polypeptide kaula, a me ka mea radicals i kokoke me ka hiki ole i kekahi hana "alahaka".

I ka ha o ka 'ilikai o ka hui

Quaternary 'ole ua hanaʻia,ʻaʻole i nā polokina. Ka 'ole o nā nā polokina ma ka ha o kaʻilikai hoʻoholo ma ka helu o ka polypeptide kaulahao (protomers). Ka mea, i ua hoʻopili pū ma ka ia pili 'o Randy me ka mua kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻolālā, ma ka hou e disulfide na alahaka. Ke lātoma ninoieo o ka helu ana o protomers, i kela mea keia mea o lakou i kona mau kūikawā (ole'ālike) tertiary 'ole.

A pau pae o ka hui hooholo i nā hiʻona i e hookauwa aku ai i kiʻi kumuʻiʻo. Ka 'ole o ka kumuʻiʻo ma ka pae mua o ka hui ka loa pololei hoʻoholo lākou mahope kūlana ma ka halepaahao, a me ka meaola me ka a pau.

I ka mana o nā polokina

Ua mea paakiki pehea nui o ke kūlana o nā polokina i loko o ka halepaahao ha awina, e hiki hoi i noonoo ai. Ma luna o ua nānā mākou i kā lākou 'ole. I ka mana o nā polokina e pono kalele iho ma luna o laila.

Hana hale (mall) papa, e lilo i kumu o kekahi mea ola aeea cytoplasm. Mau polymers nō i ka papa kuhikuhiE mea o nā mea a pau halepaahao membranes, ka wā i komo ai i loko o ka luna 'me lipids. Kēia nā aeea mahele i loko o compartments, kela mea keia mea o ko i ana i ko lakou reactions. Ka mea i ka mea pono kona mau hua'ōlelo, he pakahi aku la ia nui kūlana pâʻani 'o ia ma ka meakino pH no kela a me keia o ka luna' ke kelepona hele keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Nā polokina kūkulu lahilahi pā pōhaku, a puunaue i ka halepaahao i ka ai-kapaia compartments. Akā, i ka kŰia ua, ua kapaia compartmentalization.

Ke catalytic kuleana pili i mea e hooponopono i na mea a pau ke kelepona hele reactions. All nā'ūhū me Kinohi mea noonoo ole a me ka luna 'nā polokina.

Kekahi 'ano o ka meaola neʻe (Muscle hana, i ka neʻeʻana i loko o ka halepaahao protoplasm, ciliary flicker ma protozoa a me ka' ole. D.) Ua lawe mai nā polokina. Ka 'ole o nā polokina e leie aku ia e neʻe i ke ano olona, a me nā apo. Ka papa amo mea ua nui na waiwai i kaʻi aku ma ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi i ho'ākāka 'lawe nā polokina.

Hormonal kūlana o kēia mau polymers mea maopopo ma koke: ma luna o ka 'ole o ka helu ana o hormones i nā polokina, e like me insulina, oxytocin.

Ua nānā 'hope hana no laila, i ka mea hiki ke hana i hoʻokomo kālā i nā nā polokina. No ka laʻana, valgumin hua paha, ka waiu casein, kanu hua pūnaewele nā polokina - he nui helu o ka mahuaola waiho waho ma loko o laila.

All tendons, hui articulation, iwi iwi, hooves i hanaʻia nā polokina, a lawe mai i kekahi o ko lākou mau oihana - kākoʻo.

Kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma i na receptors e hali ana i ka mea e wae i ka hoʻomaopopo pono o kekahi mau waiwai. Ma kēia kūlana, pakahi aku la ia ikeia glycoproteins a me lectins.

Ka loa nui aʻe o ka e hoʻonele - nā mea'aʻaʻa a me ka hoʻokō nenoaia kumu i nā polokina. No ka laʻana, i ke kaʻina hana o ka koko coagulation ua nānā 'ana ma luna o loli ma ka fibrinogen kumuʻiʻo. Ka loko paia o ka esophagus a me ka opu i hoalaala ia me ka aiiay ahu iho la ka mucous nā polokina - Litsinija. Toxins 'ē aʻe nā polokina o na kêia kanaka. ili kumu, hoomaluia holoholona kino ka collagen. A pau i kēia mau hana a pau aiiay nā polokina.

Pono, ka mea hope i loko o ka papa lalani - hoʻokonukonu. Aia nō nā polokina i ka pāʻana genome hana. Ia mea, e hooponopono i ka EKOLU a me ka unuhi.

Kela mau manamana nui o ka hookani kekahi nā polokina, kumuʻiʻo 'ole ua unriddledʻepekema no ka lōʻihi manawa. A, ano ka mea, e wehe aoao hou e hoʻohana i kēia ike.