Simple a eiiieaena nā polokina. Ke 'ole, hana, ka waiwai, ano, examples o ka luna' nā polokina

Kekahi o ka wehewehena o ke ola, ua like penei: "Life o keʻano o ke ola o ke kumuʻiʻo kino." Ma ka Honua, me ka a koe meaola aia no iloko olaila na ke aloha mau mea, e like me nā polokina. He 'atikala e wehewehe i ka poe noonoo ole a me ka luna' nā polokina hōʻike 'oko ao ma hakakino' ole, a me ka discusses kā lākou mau hana i loko o ka halepaahao.

He aha e nā polokina

Mai ka viewpoint o biochemistry - he kiʻekiʻe hakakino kaumaha ke aloha polymers, monomers a he 20ʻano o ka'amino nāʻakika. Ka mea, i hui pu ia ma ka covalent Nine Inch paa ana, ole ikeʻakika'amino. Mai kumuʻiʻo monomers i amphoteric i huiʻia, ka mea iloko o ka'amino pae a me ka carboxyl ooieoeiiaeuiiai pūʻulu. Nine hoopaa CO-NH ma waena o ia ia lŘlŘ.

Inā ka polypeptide ninoieo o'aminoʻakika residues nā loulou, ka mea 'ano apau loa he mea kumuʻiʻo. ʻO nā lātoma o ka pīlali, hou ec metala Ion, nā wikamina, nucleotides, carbohydrates - i luna 'nā polokina. Next, ka māhele 'ole o polypeptides mākou noʻonoʻo.

Pae o ka hui o ke kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma

Ka mea, e hōʻike mai iā ia i loko o ehaʻokoʻa kŰia ke kau. Ka mua 'ole - laina, ka mea, o ka poe noonoo ole loa, a i ka ano o ka polypeptide kaulahao oiai kona spiraling i ke kahua o nā hydrogen paa. Ka mea, stabilize ka helix, a ua kapaʻia he haumāna 'ole. Tertiary kulanui i noonoo ole a me ka luna 'nā polokina, i ka hapanui o ka mea kanu a me nā holoholona keena. Na hope hoʻonohonohoʻia - quaternary kupu i loko o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o kekahi mau nā lātoma o na kanaka maoli 'ole,' amelika coenzymes,ʻo ia nā polokina i luna '' ole, hana i loko o nā kino.

Aʻano o ka poe noonoo ole nā polokina

Kēia pūʻulu mea i lehulehu polypeptides. Lākou nā lātoma komo wale o ka'aminoʻakika residues. E nā nā polokina, e like me histones a me globulins. Ka mua na poe i loko o ka 'ōlelo' ole, a ua hui ia me ka DNA nā lātoma. Ka lua o ka pūʻulu - globulins - i ka papa kuhikuhiE eiiiiiaiou o ke koko wai koko. Oia ke kumuʻiʻo e like me gamma globulin, hanaʻia me ka mana o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea pale a me ka mea he lāʻau lapaʻau kino. Mau hui e hana pono a pau o, i pihaʻi me eiiieaena carbohydrates a me nā polokina. Oia fibrillar poe noonoo ole nā polokina e like me collagen a me ka elastin, he hapa o ka connective'aʻaʻa, cartilage, tendons, ili. Lākou ka papa kuhikuhiE papa - ke kukulu ana a me kākoʻo.

Tubulin kumuʻiʻo mea he lala no microtubules, i nā eiiiiiaiou o ka cilia a me ka flagella unicellular meaola e like me ciliates, Euglena, parasitic flagellates. Kēia ia kumuʻiʻo He l & acirclâ 'o multicellular meaola (flagella spermatozoa, pio cilia, ciliated epithelium o ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi).

Kumuʻiʻo albumin lawelawe 'ana i ka pua paha i kekahi kuleana pili i (e like me, he kumuʻiʻo o ka moa hua). Ma ka endosperm o na anoano o kiliala - rai, raiki, palaoa - kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma loaa. Ka mea, i kapaʻia ke kelepona hele inclusions. Mau waiwai i hoʻohana 'ia ma ka hua embryo i ka hoʻomaka o kona ulu ana. Eia hou, ka mea kiʻekiʻe kumuʻiʻo maʻiʻo o ka palaoa weevil mea he mea nui anakahi o ka mea e like ai o ka palaoa. Ka berena pulehu mai gluten-waiwai palaoa i ke kiʻekiʻeʻono ka pono a me ka oi maikaʻi kēia. Gluten māmala'ōlelo i loko o laila-kahea ikaika me ka hua palaoa. Ka hohonu-kai iʻa koko wai koko kekahi mau nā polokina e ole ai i ko lakou make ana, mai ke anu. Ka mea, e komo ka antifreeze ka waiwai, hikiʻole i ka make ana o ka meaola i haʻahaʻa ka wai mahana. Ma ka kekahi lima, ma o ka haku mele 'ana o ka halepaahao paia o thermophilic koʻohune ma geothermal kumu na nā polokina hiki ia oe ke hoopaa i kona kino hoʻonohonohoʻia (tertiary ole quaternary' ole), a 'aʻole i denature ma mahana HEN, mai +50 i + 90 ° C.

proteid

Mau mea eiiieaena nā polokina, a i wehewehe aku ma ka nui 'ano ma ka pili ana i na mana likeʻole hanaʻia e ia. Like mua 'ana i kumumanaʻo, i ka pae ana o polypeptides, koe wale no ke kumuʻiʻo kuleana he he prosthetic pūʻulu. Ma lalo o ka aoao o nā kumumea like me kiʻekiʻe wela, kaumaha metala paʻakai, i kia mekala 'åkilikai a me kaʻakika eiiieaena nā polokina hiki hoʻololi kona māhele kinona, simplifying ia. O kŰia ua kapaia denaturation. Ka 'ole o ka luna' nā polokina ua o Nyos i wawahi ai i ka hydrogen paa ana, a me na nā lātoma lilo aku i ko lakou waiwai a me ka hana. E like me ka rula, o ka denaturation mea irreversible. Akā, kekahi o na polypeptides hana e like me ka hōʻeleu, e hoohauhee ana a me ka hōʻikeʻana oihana, he mea hiki renaturation - hoihoi ka 'ole maoli o na proteids.

Inā i ka hana o ka destabilizing ololi e hele ana i ka lōʻihi manawa, ke kumuʻiʻo lātoma ua luku loa. Ua hiki aku i ka rupture o kaʻakika'amino paa ana o ka iniiaiie 'ole. Hoʻihoʻi kumuʻiʻo a me kona kuleana pili i ka mea hou e hiki. O kŰia ua kapaia ka make. Lakou i mea hoike o ka imu o ka hua: wai kumuʻiʻo - albumin, Aia i loko o ka tertiary 'ole ua pau luku.

kumuʻiʻo biosynthesis

Once hou, iloko o ia i loko o ka polypeptides o ola meaola ninoieo o 20'amino nāʻakika, kekahi o i mea irreplaceable. Kēia lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, a no laila, ma luna o. D. lakou komo i ke koko, mai ka mea uuku liʻiliʻi ma hope o splitting ia kumuʻiʻo huahana. E synthesize nui'amino nāʻakika (alanine, proline, serine), fungi a me nā holoholona hoʻohana naikokene-i loaʻa i huiʻia. Mea kanu, i autotrophic, kū kaʻawale hana i ka mea e pono ai constituent monomers no ko ka luna 'nā polokina. No keia kaʻaluna reactions ka mea, e hoʻohana 'nitrates, ammonia, a naikokene-noa. Ma kekahi 'ano o ka microorganisms hoolako ia lakou iho me ka piha lākou o ka'aminoʻakika, oiai i loko o kekahi poe wale kekahi i synthesized monomers. Kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o ka biosynthesis o nā polokina ana i loko o na keena o nā meaola e ola ana. Ma ka 'ōlelo o ka EKOLU i, a ma ka cytoplasm o ka halepaahao - hōʻike.

Ka mua anu u - ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka mRNA precursor ia lŘlŘ ma ka'ūhū RNA polymerase. He uhai aku i ka hydrogen paa ana ma waena o ka DNA kaulahao, a me kekahi o ia mau mea ma luna o ka loina o ka complementarity 'ohi i mālama'-mRNA lātoma. Ua Ua paku ole ia i slaysingu i ka mea oo, a laila, hele mai mai o ka nucleus a hiki i ka cytoplasm, ho okumu iʻelele ribonucleicʻakika.

E hoʻokō i ka lua o ke kahua koi i ho'ākāka 'ia i organelles - ribosomes a me hakakino ike, a hoolilo ribonucleic nāʻakika. Kekahi mea nui ana o ka alo o ATP, like me nā reactions ea pūnao, a e pili ana i ka biosynthesis o nā polokina ia lŘlŘ me ka omo o ka ikaika.

Nā'ūhū, kā lākou 'ole a me ka ho'āʻo

Kēia mea he nui pūʻulu o nā polokina (ma kahi o 2000), lawelawe i ke kūlana o ka 'ona mea e pono ai ka uku ana o biochemical reactions i loko o ke keena. Ka mea hiki e alodio (trepsin, pepsin) a eiiieaena. Complex nā polokina la i komo ai o ka apoenzyme a me ka coenzyme. Ke specificity o ke kumuʻiʻo pili ana i na hui no i ka mea hana, e hoʻoholo i ka coenzyme, a ua malama proteids hope wale nō i loko o ka hihia ma ke kumuʻiʻo ke keʻena ua hoʻopili i ka apoenzyme. Ke catalytic ha awina o ka'ūhū mea kuokoa o ka lātoma, akā, wale ma kaʻeleu waena. Kona 'ole hoʻopili like i ka Nine Inch' ole o ka 'ona catalyzed ma ka rula o ka "ki-laka", no laila, i ka hana o nā'ūhū mea pololei maopopo. Oihana o ka luna 'nā polokina mea i komo i loko o metabolic keʻano o ka hanaʻana, a ma ka hoʻohana' ana i ia mau mea e like me acceptors.

Classes o eiiieaena nā polokina

Ka mea, i? Ac? E biochemists, me ka nānā 'ana i nā koi a 3: physico-Nine Inch ka waiwai, a me nā hiʻona mall hiʻona proteids specificity. Ka mua pūʻulu ka loaʻa o nā polypeptides o ka like pu ole, electrochemical waiwai. Ka mea, ua mahele ia i loko o walaʻauʻana,'ākilikai a me kaʻakika. I pili i ka wai nā polokina hiki e hydrophilic, amphiphilic a me ka hydrophobic. I ka lua o ka pūʻulu o nā'ūhū i i ua noʻonoʻo mamua. Ke kolu o ka pūʻulu nā polypeptides e oko i loko o Nine Inch haku mele 'ana prosthetic pūʻulu (mea chromoproteids, nucleoproteins, metalloproteins).

E noonoo i ka waiwai o ka luna 'nā polokina ma hou au mamuli. Ke'ōlelo mai, no ka laʻana,ʻakika kumuʻiʻo i ka aoao o ribosomes, he 120'amino nāʻakika a me ka mea versatile. Ua Ua Aia i loko o ka kumuʻiʻo-synthesizing organelles, nā prokaryotic a me ka eukaryotic keena. Kekahi lala o keia pae - S-100 kumuʻiʻo, he o nā kaula hiloʻelua ua hoʻopili kalipuna ion. He He He l & acirclâ 'o neurons a me glia - kākoʻo'aʻaʻa o ka'emi ko kahua. Ka e like me ka waiwai o nā mea a pauʻakika kumuʻiʻo - ka maʻiʻo kiʻekiʻe o dicarboxylic nāʻakika: glutamic a me ka aspartic. Ma kona'ākilikai nā polokina nā histones - nā polokina e e mai RNA, a DNA nukelea nāʻakika. Ke peculiarity o ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o ka nui o ka huina lysine a me ka arginine. Histones, pu me ka nukelea chromatin chromosome palapala - noho pilikia ke kelepona hele 'ole nā kūpuna mai. Mau nā polokina e komo i loko o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka EKOLU a me ka unuhi. Amphiphilic nā polokina hoʻomano poe ma ka aeea membranes, ho okumu i ka lipoprotein bilayer. Ke'ī mai, i ka pae aʻo i ka luna kamaʻilio nui luna 'nā polokina, ua hoomaopopoia mākou i kā lākou physico-Nine Inch waiwai aie i ka' ole o ke kumuʻiʻo ke keʻena, a prosthetic pūʻulu.

e hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i keʻano o Nine Inch i huiʻia, e like me antigens, a pane koke ia ia kekahi mau luna 'aeeaʻili lahilahi nā polokina. Kēia ka hōʻikeʻana kuleana pili i proteids, ia mea nui loa ia no ka mea e wae omo keʻano o ka hanaʻana, waiwai, mai ka mea mawaho i hoʻolilo 'ia, a me ka hoʻopale ai ia.

Glycoproteins a me proteoglycans

Ka mea, e eiiieaena nā polokina e oko ma waena o ka haku mele 'ana biochemical prosthetic pūʻulu. Inā ka Nine Inch paa ana ma waena o ka kumuʻiʻo ke keʻena, a me ka carbohydrate hapa - covalently-glycoside, ua kapaia ia waiwai glycoproteins. Apoenzyme ka mea, hōʻike mai iā ia nā lātoma o mono- a me oligosaccharides, examples o ia nā polokina i prothrombin, fibrinogen (nā polokina komo i loko o ke koko coagulation). Kortiko- a gonadotropic hormones, interferons, nā'ūhū a me kaʻili lahilahi i glycoproteins. Ma nā lātoma proteoglycan kumuʻiʻo wahi mea wale nō 5%, i ke koena i ke prosthetic pūʻulu (geteropolitsaharid). He mau māhele i pili ma ka glycosidic hoopaa o ka OH pae-threonine a me ka arginine pūʻulu a me NH₂-glutamine, a me ka lysine. pāʻani Proteoglycan nā lātoma he kūlana loa nui i loko o ka wai-paakai pūnao keena. Aia ma lalo o ka papaʻaina o ka luna 'nā polokina, ua aʻo.

metalloproteins

Kēia mau mea i pihaʻi me hapa o kona hakakino ion o kekahi a oi ke hooheheeia. E noonoo examples o ka luna 'nā polokina no i ka luna hui. Ua mea ma luna a pau o nā nā'ūhū e like me cytochrome oxidase. Ua Ua waiho nei ma luna o ka cristae o ka mitochondria, a haʻalele no ka hoʻololi kemikala o ATP. Ferrin a transferrin - proteid i loaʻa ka hao Ion. Me Kinohi hoʻokomo kālā iā lākou i loko o na keena, a me ka lua o ke amo ana o ke koko kumuʻiʻo. Kekahi metalloproteins - alfaamelaza ka mea, iloko kalipuna Ion ua komo i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ka tuha a me ka pancreatic wai, e komo i loko o ka splitting o ka pia. Hemoglobin mea pehea metalloproteins a me hromoproteidov. like me ka amo kumuʻiʻo e hāpai i oxygen He lawelawe. I ka hopena o ka huina lakou o ka oxyhemoglobin. Inhalation o kalapona monoxide, a kalapona monoxide-kapaia, kona hemoglobin nā lātoma kuahene loa ka pilina paʻa hui erythrocytes. Ua koke hohola ai i nā loko a me nā'aʻaʻa, e kauoha ana aeea kaʻapu kōheoheo. E like me ka hopena, ma hope o hoʻolōʻihiʻia inhalation o ka kalapona monoxide make ia lŘlŘ mai asphyxiation. Hemoglobin hapa 'ia' hāpai a me ke kalapona'okikene lua i hanaʻia i loko o ka catabolic keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Mai ke koko kahe o ke kalapona'okikene lua i ka maʻiʻaʻai a me nā konāhua, a mai ia - a hiki i ka mawaho kaiapuni. Kekahi crustaceans a me molluscs amo kumuʻiʻo e hāpai oxygen, o ka Sol Hoopii. Ma kahi o ka hao ka mea, he keleawe Ion, pela no ka holoholona koko mea i ulaula, a me ka uliuli.

chlorophyll kuleana pili i

E like me mākou i olelo ia mamua, luna 'nā polokina hiki ke hana pono a pau o me pigments - nā pōpō ke aloha' ona. Lākou mau waihoʻoluʻu hilinaʻi nui ma hromoformnyh pūʻulu i selectively omoʻia kekahi spectra o Map. I kanu keena he uliuli plastids - chloroplasts i loaʻa ka chlorophyll pigment. Ua Ua haku o ka makanekiuma nā'ātoma, a me ka polyhydric ka waiʻona, phytol. Ka mea, i pili me ka kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma, a me lakou iho iloko chloroplasts thylakoids (papa), a me kaʻili lahilahi hou pili i ka puʻu - facet. Ka mea, e photosynthetic pigments - chlorophyll - a aiiieieoaeuiuo iiauo carotenoids. Eia nō nā nā'ūhū a pau ia ia ma ka photosynthetic reactions. Penei chromoproteids, i nā chlorophyll, hana noho pilikia oihana ma ka pūnao,ʻo ia i loko o reactions kaʻaluna a me ka dissimilation.

mea hoʻomaʻi nā polokina

Ka mea, nā 'elele o ka' ole-ke kelepona hele ano o ke ola, komo i loko o ke aupuni o ka Vir. Nā mea hoʻomaʻi aʻole 'oe i kā lākou mau kumuʻiʻo-synthesizing i hoʻomākaukauʻia. Nukelea nāʻakika, DNA a RNA, hiki induce i ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka hapanui (particles) mau keena iho mailoko me ka mea hoʻomaʻi. Simple nā mea hoʻomaʻi komo wale o ka kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma, compactly akoakoa i loko o ka helical 'ole a me ka polyhedral kinona, e like me ka paka mosaic mea hoʻomaʻi. Complex nā mea hoʻomaʻi i nāʻili lahilahi ho okumu i kekahi hapa o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi o ka kaua aeea. E like me ka mea hiki ke komo i glycoproteins (hepatitis B mea hoʻomaʻi, puʻupuʻu mea hoʻomaʻi). O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o na glycoproteins - he iaia o kekahi receptors ma luna o ka poʻe kaua aeeaʻili lahilahi. I ka haku mele 'ana o nā mea hoʻomaʻi membranes a me nā polokina nā nā'ūhū ka hoʻolako' hope o ka DNA a RNA EKOLU. Ma muli o ka keia, kekahi ke hoʻopau i nā kēia: mea hoʻomaʻi huna nā polokina leho i ka kekahi 'ole, ke kaumaha ma muli o kaʻili lahilahi nā polokina o ka puali aeea.

Ma keia 'atikala a mākou i hāʻawiʻia i nā' ano o ka luna 'nā polokina, aʻo lākou' ole a me ka hana i loko o keena o ka like 'meaola.