He aha ka ho'opili hou'ana o DNA? 'O ka hana ho'opili'ana DNA

'O ka mole DNA he hale i loko o ka chromosome. Ho'okahi o ka chromosome kahi ho'okahi mole, kahi i'elua mau kaula. 'O ka ho'opili hou'ana o ka DNA'o ia ka ho'ololi'ana o ka'ike ma hope o ka ho'opili'ia'ana o nā filaments mai kekahi mole i kekahi. He pilikino ia ma DNA a me RNA. Hō'ike kēia'atikala i ka hana o ka ho'opili hou'ana o DNA.

Nā'ike nui a me nā'ano o ke kā'ei DNA

Ua'ike'ia ua ho'ohuli'ia nā filaments o ka mole. Eia na'e, i ka ho'omaka'ana o ka ho'oponopono'ana o DNA, ho'owahāwahā lākou, a laila e ne'e a'e, a ho'opili'ia kekahi kope hou ma kēlā me kēia. I ka hopena, e'ike pono'ia nā'āpana mole like'ole, i loko o kēlā me kēia mea kahi makuahine a me ke kaikamahine. Ua kapa'ia kēia'ano he seminiconservative. Holo aku nā mole o ke DNA, oiai e waiho ana i ho'okahi kenetimeke, a ma hope e ho'ohuli wale i ka wā e ho'omaka ai kēia centromere i ke ka'ina o ka mahele.

'O kekahi'ano o ke'ano o ka inoa i kapa'ia'o ka ho'opunipuni. 'A'ole ia e pili ana me ka mua,'a'ole e pili ana me kekahi o nā pūnaewele pūnaewele, akā ho'omaka ke ho'opuka'ia'ana o ka DNA. Inā nui ka nui, a laila make ka pūnaewele. Eia na'e, inā he wahi o ka poino, hiki iā'oe ke ho'iho'i. Ma muli o ka pilikia, loa'a koke i kahi mau kaula DNA a i'ole'elua. 'O kēia, e like me ia i kapa'ia aku nei,'a'ohe manawa lō'ihi e ho'omana'o'ia ai ke'ano o ka ho'ohālikelike'ole'ia a'a'ole e koi i nā mea ho'okomo i ka ike nui.
Akā i ka ho'opili'ana o DNA, pau ka nui o ka ike, ka mea, a lō'ihi ka lō'ihi o nā hola.
Ho'oka'awale'ia ka ho'oponopono hou'ana i'ekolu mau manawa:

• Ho'omaka;
• Elongation;
• Ho'opau.

E no'ono'o i kēia ka'ina o ka ho'opili hou'ana o DNA i loko o nā kiko kiko'ī.

Ke ho'omaka

I loko o ke kanaka DNA, aia nā hapa he miliona o nucleotide pai (ma nā holoholona he ho'okahi wale nō a me ka iwa). Ho'omaka hou'ia ka DNA ma nā wahi he nui o ke kaula no nā kumu. Ma ka manawa like, hiki ke kākau'ana i ka RNA, akā, ke oki nei i ka manawa o ke kāpili DNA ma nā wahi like'ole. No laila, ma mua o ka hana'ana, loa'a ka nui o ka waiwai i ka cytoplasm o ke kelepona i mea e ho'omau ai i ka hō'ike'ana o nā gen a'a'ole e pihoihoi ka hana nui o ka pūnaewele. I ka nānā'ana i kēia, pono ke ka'ina hana e like me ka hiki wawe. Ua ho'okō'ia ka unuhi'ana i kēia manawa, a'a'ole mālama'ia ka palapala kākau. E like me ka hō'ike'ana o ka noi'i, ho'opau koke'ia ka DNA i nā helu he nui - nā wahi li'ili'i me kahi o nā nucleotides. Ho'opili'ia lākou e nā proteins kumu mua, a ua ho'ohui'ia kekahi mau enzymes o ka ho'opili hou'ana o DNA.

'O kahi'āpana o DNA, kahi i ulu ai kahi hanana, ua kapa'ia he kope. Ho'omaka ia mai ka helu kumu a me ka hopena i ka ho'opau'ana o ka enzyme i ka ho'opi'i hou. Ho'okomo'ia ka Replicon, a ho'olako pū i ke'ano holo'oko'a me kona pono pono'ī.
'A'ole hiki ke ho'olālā i nā mea a pau i ka manawa ho'okahi, ma kahi i ho'omaka mua ai, ma kahi - ma hope aku; Hiki ke holo i loko o ho'okahi a'elua paha'ao'ao kuhikuhi. Hana'ia nā hanana i ka papa i lalo, inā:

• Pāpā hou;
• RNA mua.

Ho'oponopono hou

'O kēia māhele kahi hana e hana'ia ai ka inoa o nā lole deoxyribonucleic i nā kaula DNA i hemo. Ho'okumu'o Forks i ka mea i kapa'ia i ka nānā'ana. Ho'omaka mua'ia ke ka'ina hana e kekahi mau hana:

• Ho'oku'u'ia mai ka pa'a'ana i nā histones i loko o ka pilikino - nā DNA e ho'opili hou'ana i nā enzymes e like me ka methylation, ka'ākau a me ka phosphorylation i nā hopena'enehana e hopena i nā proteins e lilo ana i kā lākou kuleana kūpono, e ho'onāuki i ka ho'oku'u'ana;
• 'O ka ho'onā'ana o ka ho'onāukiuki'ana, pono ia no ka ho'oku'u hou'ana o nā pae;
• 'O ka'oki'ana i nā hui wai ma waena o nā kaula DNA;
• 'O ko lākou kūkeke ma nā'ao'ao like'ole o ka mole;
• Ke ho'opili'ana, me ke kōkua'ana o nā proteins SSB.

RNA mua

Ho'olama'ia ka mana'o e kekahi enzyme i kapa'ia'o DNA polymerase. Akā,'a'ole hiki iā ia ke ho'omaka ia mea pono'ī, no laila, he mau enzymes'ē a'e,'o RNA polymerases, i kapa'ia'o RNA primers, e hana i kēia. Ka mea, i synthesized ma laua kaula makalii o deoxyribonucleic ma luna o ka loina o ka complementarity. No laila, ua pau ka ho'okumu'ana me ke kahakaha'ana o'elua mau kaha RNA ma nā kaula DNA'elua i haehae'ia a ho'oka'awale'ia ma nā'ao'ao like'ole.

Elongation

Ho'omaka kēia wā me ka ho'ohui'ana o kahi nucleotide a me kahi 3 'hopena o ka RNA mua, i hana mua'ia e kēlā DNA polymerase. I ka mea mua, ho'opili'o ia i ka lua o ka nucleotide, a pēlā aku. New ka pae kumu e pili ana i ka makua kaulahao ma ka hydrogen paa. Mana'o'ia'o ka hō'ano o ka filament e hele i ke ala o 5 '- 3'.
Ma kahi e loa'a ai i ka pīpī ho'opi'i, hiki ke ho'omau'ia ka hua'ōlelo a lō'ihi i ka manawa like. No laila, ua kapa'ia kēia kānana i alaka'i ai'ole e alaka'i. Ma luna o ia mea,'a'ole i ho'okumu hou'ia nā moaho RNA.

Eia na'e, ma kahi'oko'a o ka makuahine, ho'omau ka ho'omau'ana o nā nucleotides DNA i ke kumu mua RNA, a'o ka māhele deoxyribonucleic ka synthesized i ka'ao'ao'ē a'e mai ka'ōkuhi hou. I kēia hihia, ua kapa'ia'o ia i ka lohi a i'ole ka lagging.

Ma luna o ka filament ha'aha'a, hana'ia ka inoa ma kahi fragmentally, ma kahi o ka paukū ho'okahi, ke ho'omaka ka hō'aiho ma kahi pūnaewele kokoke me ke kōkua o ia RNA mua. Pēlā,'elua mau'āpana ma ke kaulahao lō'ihi, e pili ana iā DNA a me RNA. Ua kapa'ia lākou'o nā'āpana o'Okazaki.

A laila ho'opuka hou nā mea a pau. A laila ua ho'oka'awale'ia ka pae'ē a'e o ka helix, a'o nā kaulahao o ka hydrogen e wāwahi, e ho'onui'ia ke kaula, e ho'onui'ia ke'āpana o ka RNA-primer ma luna o ka mea palahalaha, a ma hope o ka'āpana'Okaucas. Ma hope o kēia, ma kahi pae lō'ihi, ho'opau'ia ka RNA primers, a ho'ohui'ia nā'āpana DNA i ho'okahi. No laila, aia ma luna o kēia kaulahao i ka manawa ho'okahi:

• Ke kūkulu'ia'ana o nā mea hou RNA primers;
• Ke Kuhi o nā'āpana o'Okaucasi;
• Ka luku'ia'ana o nā RNA primers;
• Ho'ohui hou i ho'okahi kaula ho'okahi.

Ho'opau

Ho'omau'ia ka hana a hiki i ka hui'ana o'elua mau kīpili hou, a'o kekahi o lākou e kokoke ana i ka hopena o ka mole. Ma hope o ka hui'ana i nā ka'a,'o ka'ili o ke DNA ke ho'ohui'ia e kekahi enzyme. I ka hopena, inā ua ne'e ke plug i ka hopena o ka mole, ho'opau'ia ka ho'oponopono hou DNA me ke kōkua o nā enzymes pono.

Ho'oponopono

Ma kēia hana, hā'awi'ia kekahi kuleana ko'iko'i e mālama (ai'ole ho'oponopono) o ka ho'oponopono hou'ana. 'O nā'ano'ehā o nā nucleotides e komo i ka pūnaewele keahi, a ma ka ho'ā'o e ho'ohui'ia, e koho ka DNA polymerase i nā mea e pono ai.

'O ka nucleotide i makemake'ia e hiki ke ho'onui i nā hawewe hydrogen e like me ka nucleotide analogue ma ka mahele o ka DNA. Eia kekahi, pono e kau i kahi mamao mau ma waena o nā pūhaka hulu-phosphate e like me nā apo'ekolu ma nā kumu'elua. Inā'ae'ole ka nucleotide i kēia mau koi,'a'ole e pili ka pilina.
Lawe'ia ke ka'ina ma mua o ka ho'okomo'ia'ana i loko o ke kaulahao a ma mua o ka ho'okomo'ia'ana o ka nucleotide. Ma hope o kēia, ua ho'okumu'ia kahi palapala i loko o ka'eke o ka phosphate sukaki.

Ka loli ma'amau

'O ke'ano o ka ho'opili hou'ana o DNA,'oiai he hapa nui o ka pololei, e maule'a pinepine ana i nā pae, i kapa'ia'o "nā ho'ololi." Ho'okahi tausani mau pilina nucleotide no ho'okahi hewa, i kapa'ia'o ka hua'ōlelo hou.

Loa'a ia no nā kumu like'ole. Eia kekahi la'ana, me ka ho'oki'eki'e ki'eki'e o ka nucleotides, ka ho'ohaunaele'ana i ka cytosine, ka hiki'ana o nā mutagens i ka mahele o ke ka'ina, a'oi aku. I kekahi mau kumu, hiki ke ho'oponopono'ia nā hewa ma nā ka'ina hana ho'oponopono, a'o nā mea'ē a'e ua lilo ka hana i mea hiki'ole.

Inā pili ka poino i kahi wahi kūpono,'a'ole ka hopena kūpono i ka hala inā e ho'oponopono hou'ia ka DNA. Hiki i ke ka'ina o ka nucleotide o kekahi hui ke hō'ike iā ia iho me ka hewa hapa. A laila ua like ka hopena, a'o ka hopena maika'i'ole ka hopena o kēia pūnaewele, a me ka make'ana o ke kiko holo'oko'a. Ua E hoi e kaʻikaʻiʻia ma ka manaʻo i 'ōewe mutations i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o mutational variability, aʻo ka'ōewe pūnāwai o ka plasticity.

Methylation

I ka manawa o ke kuhi'ana a i'ole ia ma hope koke iho, ua methylated nā kaulahao. Mana'o'ia he mea pono kēia kanaka e hana i nā chromosomes a ho'oponopono i ka transcription o nā gen. Ma nā hua bacteria, hana kēia hana no ka pale'ana i DNA mai ka'oki'ana ia me nā enzymes.