Aristotle me he nä känaka 'epekema a me ka poe akeakamai

Aristotle, me he nä känaka 'epekema a me ka nui Helene poe akeakamai, ike no na mea he nui: i kona inoa ma luna o nā kānaka a pau o ka lehelehe kanaka. Kona ola ua piha ka hoihoi ', a, e like me ka mama no hoi i lawe mai i na makana invaluable i ka' epekema.

Hoa a me ka mentor

Ka nui kahiko Greek poe akeakamai Aristotle, ma ka kālaimeaola a me ka kālaiʻike haʻalele i ka nui footprint, i hānau i loko o 384 BC. e ka. i loko o ka Thracian kūlanakauhale o Stagira. I ka 368 BC. Hawaii., ia ia i ua'ōpiopio loa, hele aku la ia i Atenai, kahi ana i lilo i Plato Academy haumāna-alakaʻi. Ma Plato, Aristotle, he nä känaka 'epekema loaʻa he inā pilikia ka haumāna mentor a me ka elemakule hoa, ka mea ana i mahalo a me ka nana ole ia ia i ke koena o kona ola. Ka mea, e pono launa a Plato ka make i loko o 348 a me 347 BC. e ka.

Puka, akā, he pono ka ka pähola 'ana i mua o kona alo i ka Academy Aristotle ua he implacable hoa paio o Plato, e konane me ka supremacy o kona mau manaʻo. I ka mea, Aristotle i ka Academy no iwakālua makahiki, a me ia meaʻaʻole paha keia makemake e hiki ina he loa okoa mai Plato ka manao a me ke kue i ka mau papa o kona mau manaʻo i kona mau manaʻo.

ma hope o ka Academy

Ma hope iho o ka make ana o ke kumu, Aristotle haʻalele i ka Academy ma Atenai, i mea e hookupaa i kona lala i loko o ke kūlanakauhale o Aso: manao iho i loko o Asia Minor Teroa no makou. Here kona hoonoho ana i ka noho aloha pū me ka kūloko hoʻomäinoino o ia Herema, aʻelua makahiki ma hope i hoopiiia o hoʻokuliʻoe i ka Peresia, a hooko aku la i. Ma keia manao, Aristotle i puʻe wale akula kēlā i ka neʻeʻana i ka mokupuni o Lesbos, i loko o ke kūlanakauhale o ka koloriside. Ka mea, ua i keia manawa ma Aso: manao iho a me ka koloriside, e hoomaka ana e lawe shape a e i mai o kona mau philosophical nā manaʻo.

Aristotle a Aleksandr Veliky

About 343 makahiki BC. e ka. King Philip o Makedonia, Aristotle e kaumaha ana i ka oihana o ka mea aʻo o kana keiki a me ka hooilina o Alexander. He naʻauao aʻo o Aristotle i he kuleana ole ma ke kahua o ka wā e hiki mai alihi kaua nui hoi. Mahalo iā Alexander like me ka hoailona o ka hohonu mahalo a me ka mahalo hou luku i ka paipai aʻo kai eʻe o Pilipo i ka aina o kona mentor Stagira.

kekahi kula

Ma hope iho o ka ka piʻiʻana o Alexander a hiki i ka nohoalii Teselonike i loko o 336 BC. e ka. Aristotle haʻalele i ke kulana o ka mea aʻo, a hele aku la ia Atenai, kahi o kona mau kula, ua hoʻokumu - Lyceum (aia kokoke i ke keʻena kapu Apollona Likeyskogo, o ka maka), iʻikeʻia me Περίπατος ( «lanai», kahi haʻi'ōlelo). Ua kapaia kona listeners Peripatetics. Aristotle ka Lyceum ua he maoli noiʻi kaiāulu. Here i kona iho waihona, a me ke kookoo o ke kumu, haʻi'ōlelo kaiāulu.

I ka makahiki 323 BC. e ka. Aleksandr Makedonsky make. Ka heluna kanaka o Atenai, e imi ana e pakele, mai ka Teselonike i domination, kū'ē Aristotle. He Ua haʻakoi e haʻalele, a noho i loko o ke kūlanakauhale o Halkida ma Evia, kahi i make ai i ka makahiki ma hope.

makakū manawa

I ka pau 'epekema o Aristotle ua maheleia i ekolu manawa:

1. "KU¯" manawa, i ka manawa o keʻano o me Plato. A laila, ua hana mākou i kaʻano o "Evdem" kahi Aristotle me he nä känaka 'epekema e like me ka manaʻo o Plato ka ike i hiki wawe i ko Ideas, noʻonoʻo ana ia manawa a hiki i ka hanau ana, a me ka "Protreptics" - palapala i Femissu o Kupero ma a ka mea kākau a me ka poʻe kākoʻo iā ia o Plato ka pähola' o nā 'ano apau loa, wahi a ua ka oiaio ke ola o ka uhane hoʻomaka ma hope o ka make ana o ke kino. No hoi i keia manawa, paha, hana i ke ahulau ma luna o "ke kālaikūlohea" a me "Ma o ka uhane", e like me kekahi mau hana ma luna o ke kūpili.
2. Manawa o ke ola ma Aso: manao iho a me ka koloriside. Kēia i nāʻano o "Ma kālaiʻike", kahi Aristotle, ma ka kālaimeaola i ia manawa i ole i i kekahi discoveries, e kahea ana Platonism laekahi oioi o ka hooulu ana o ke akeakamai, nae, oia criticizes i ka kumumanaʻo o ka pepa. Here Aristotle ua loaʻa ka manaʻo o ke Akua, me he "wahi Kuhina Nui kanaka hooeueu ana" o ko ke ao nei. I loko o kēia wā,ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hana ma "Metaphysics" a me "E pili" ka hakuʻana "Evdemovu nā mea pono."
3. manawa aʻo a me ka noiʻi ma lalo o ka hoaka o ka Lyceum. I loko o kēia wā, he mea ka manao o lakou e Aristotle loaa i na makahiki o kona ola ana. Hoʻoholoholo aʻelaʻo ia mai, e haawi aku i ke akeakamai o ka ike loea a me ka ikaika kumu:ʻo ia mau e lawelawe ai like, piha haʻawina i loko o ka wahi o ka ano a me ka mōʻaukala. Kiʻina aʻo hana (haʻi'ōlelo) i ka manawa o Aristotle hoolaia, a i paʻiʻia ma ka 60s BC. e ka. Ia Anederoniko o Rode. No laila, "Metaphysics" mea he ohi o ka haʻi'ōlelo i haawiia mai ma ka Lyceum ma kekahi mau manawa. Ka inoa "metaphysics" Hōʻike 'o ka wahi o ka hana i loko o ka ohi ana o na hana o Aristotle, no ka mea, mea ma hope o ka "ke kālaikūlohea" (Greek μετα -. «Ma hope o»). Akā, i ka ia ka maʻiʻo me ia mea metaphysical i loko o ka laekahi 'ano - ina ka "ke kālaikūlohea" huli ana i nā hana nui loa ia o ua olohelohe ia lakou i ka neʻe, ka "Metaphysics" ua hoolaa ana i na kumu lani kiekie loa, a hp'pnphp mea, lalau mai. Wale "ke kālaikūlohea", 'o ia hoʻi, Aristotle ka kino hoolilo i maoli' epekema a me ka maoli kālaiʻike Ua pili kekahi i ka kolu o ka wā. Ka mea, i nā "Ma o kaʻuhane" - He manaʻoʻike pähola 'o Aristotle, o ka hana ethic ( "Nicomachean nā mea pono", "Great nā mea pono"), ka manaʻo politika kumumanaʻo ( "Policy"), "Rhetoric", "Poetics".

systematization o ka 'epekema

Aristotle me he nä känaka 'epekema a me ka systematized kālaiʻike, ka mahele ana i ka mea i loko o ka kēia mau mea o ka ike:

1. ʻimi naʻauao kālaiʻike. Ua makemake no ka hoʻokō maʻemaʻe ike, i ka ike ana iho,ʻaʻole i kekahi mea hiki hualoaʻa. ʻimi naʻauao kālaiʻike nā ke kālaikūlohea (i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka mea, hoʻololi iauaeoia), makemakika (këia i ka loli iki, akā, inseparable mai o ka mea) a me metaphysics (pili i hoʻokaʻawale, mai ka mea, i ka transcendent a paa).
2. Mea hiki kālaiʻike. Ua nāʻano nui pili aupuni 'epekema, e like me ka helu ana o ka hoʻopaʻi' ana i Aristotle manaoio subordinate, a kākoʻo i ka kālai'āina:? Aneia iainiiaaiea, hoʻolālā, rhetoric.
3. Poetic kālaiʻike. Nā nā mea pono a me aesthetics, keia nā Aristotle ka pähola 'i loko o nā kaua.

Aristotle ka makana i ka waihona waiwai o ke ao nei ka noho hiki apuepue ke overestimated. He aha Aristotle wehe, ke papa hiki e lōʻihi. Nui o kona mau theories E neʻe i ai i ka Neo-Platonic kālaiʻike a me medieval kālaiʻike. A kau dala e Aristotle, a ua hoʻohana 'ia i kēia lā nō i ke kumu o ka philosophical hua'ōlelo o kekahi o ko ke ao nei i ka na' ōlelo a pau.