Black haneri - he polokalamu o ka Black haneri ...

People e aʻo i loko o Soviet kula, aole lakou i ike lea i ka Black haneri - keia bigots a me thugs. No kanalua ma keia manual ua,ʻaʻole e like me ka makemake i kekahi'ē aʻe huina, e nana i na kanaka, ka poe i hoʻonohonoho i ke koko o haunaele i loko o nā kūlanakauhale o Rusia, o ka oi aku ma Moscow, a Odessa.

Black haneri Hair e ola nei i keia la. Ma ka kekahi stratum o ka lehulehu, he mea i hoihoi ia ia. Ko makou manawa mea kupaianaha nō i loko o ia nā nīnau hiki ke loaʻa, haawiia mai na kumu okoa o ka hoomaopopo, a ho'āʻo e e i kou manao iho e pili ana i kēia neʻeʻana.

Koʻikoʻi huahelu kōkua aloha i ka Black haneri

He hana hoihoi 'no ka ike lea i ka polokalamu o ka Black haneri, inā wale nō no ka mea, o ka wahine, a me ka kaikamahine F. M. Dostoevskogo, nana i olelo mai e pili ana i ka impossibility o ka maikai, a ua nānā' ia ma ma ka liʻiliʻi loa o kekahi kulu o haniniia koko o ke keiki, uaʻeleu chernosotenkami. Mākou i hana ia Archpriest Ioann Kronshtadsky a me ka artist Victor Vasnetsov. Mendeleev, Michurin, i ka luna o ka cruiser "Varyag" Rudnev - he Black haneri,ʻaʻole e hōʻike i ka 500 aka wale o ka Orthodox Church, hope haawiia keia i ka "New poe hoike aku o Rusia." Mawaena o lakou i ka wā e hiki mai makua'lii Tikhon, Kauhalenui Bellavin.

ola aʻa

No laila, ua kekahi maikaʻi manaʻo i loko o ka polokalamu o keia neʻeʻana? A me ke ano o ka inoa o ia ma luna o manawa i lilo ai o kona makau i malu? Kākau moʻolelo Vladimir Mohnach mai nei i initially "Black haneri - keia kemokalaka elele o ke kulanakauhale kaiāulu."

No ke aha la pela? No ka mea, ua kapaʻia nā haneri o tsarist Rusia ke kipi mahele o ke kulanakauhale. Aia he mau haneri o keʻokeʻo, a loaʻa ka strata kiʻekiʻe o ke kanaka, aole ia e uku i na auhau i ka moku'āina, a me ka eleele - male. O ka poeikohoia o ka hoʻokiwikā aupuni a ka lehulehu (poʻe kālepa, artisans) a me ka pūʻulu i hana Kuzma Minin, kipaku mai ka Kremlin, a me kaʻauamo ka pilina i ka demise ma Rusia Time o ka pilikia.

Kekahi o na ideologists

A nui loa nā mea kū reactionary 1900-1917 ka inoa i ka VA Gringmut, kekahi o na kumu nui ideologists o Black haneri neʻe. He ua ia he maikaʻi loa Luna o ia mōʻaukala i ole he alakaʻi kalaiaina o ka akau-eheu aneane, akā, me Pillager a obscurantist (obscurantist,ʻenemi i ka 'epekema, ka holomua a me ka hoʻonaʻauao' ana), no ka i ka mea i komo ma ka tsarist ke aupuni i ka 1906 a hiki i ka pā hale.

E like me ka Gringmut Black haneri - keia ardent ikaika no ka malama ana o ka inviolability o autocracy, nae, ma ke kumu o ka nui-mana chauvinism, Anati-Semitism ua hōʻike hewa ignited.

Kekahi o ka Contemporary neʻeʻana koho

I ka hoomaka ana o ke kenekulia ia mea paʻakikī loa reactionary neʻeʻana i laila,ʻeleu mea i kapa ia "Black-haneri weliweli o 1905-1907." I keia manawa ka mea, ua pepehi kanaka M. Ya. Gertsenshteyna a me G. B. Iollosa (Central Komite o ka Cadet Party), aʻaʻohe emi resonant hoao ia P. N. Milyukova, a mamuli o-Kuhina Nui Kuhina Witte, o ka a kekahi mau hoa o ka neʻeʻana (ka mea ia Gringmut) ua ua hoʻohikiʻia me kekahi o kona papa kuhikuhiE poe enemi. . S. Yu Vitte i manaoio aku i ka Black haneri - keia mea, ma ka oiaio, 'elele o patriotic ka hoʻonohonohoʻia, manaʻo i mea ole me ka nānā' ana i ke kumu a me ka hanohano, a me nā kuko, a me ia mea wale i ka loaa a me na luna, a mawaena o lakou he nui kānaka kolohe a me ka poʻe me ʻino manao a me nā manaʻo. Ma keia kaila kiʻekiʻe,ʻo ia'ōlelo e pili ana i ka pogrom-'ē aʻe, ka poe i hoʻonohonoho i ka luku. Holoʻokoʻa Iudaio ohana make ma lalo o ka slogan "pepehi i ka poe Iudaio a me ka hoola Rusia!". Akā, ke oiai ma-Kuhina Nui e lawelawe, Ua haawiia i ke patriotism o ka Black haneri, Uaʻae nō hoʻi haawiia keia i ka manao o ka hoʻomaka ana i ka neʻeʻana, a ua muli ma ka slogan Slavophiles Lūkini wahine paha, a me kona iho, okoa, mai ke komohanaʻaoʻao o? Acaeoey.

reliance ana

Pela no hoi, owai ka mea,? Hoopuehu aku reactionary mamao-pono ka hoʻonohonohoʻia i loko o Rusia 1906-1917 makahiki - keia mea i ka Black haneri. Ka mea, i ole i hiki, mea pōmaikaʻi, e hui pu iho la i loko o ka hookahi mana i makemake kā lākou hana, e mahuahua ka hōʻoi '. Ma mua o ka Hekikai o ka inoa pono o ka disparate poe i kapa ia lakou iho "Patriots", "io Lūkini", "monarchists".

Ka nui ahahui o ka Black haneri, he "Union o Lūkini People (ke poo - AI Dubrovin)," Russian Monarchist Party "(mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā - VA Gringmut). Kekahi o na Mamua o ka clerical-makeʻe kulana hui "Union Mihaila Arhangela" i VM Purishkevich. He mea pono e hōʻike ana i nā hana o disparate a pinepine kaua Black haneri kuhikuhi a uku kālāʻia e ka "Aha o ka United alii ko lakou", hanaia ma May 1906 me ka piha kākoʻo mai o ka tsarist aupuni. Ua E hoi e hoʻomaopopo i ka makai o ka Russian aupuni a noʻonoʻo i ka Black haneri kauna, me allies i loko o kona hana loa nui ma luna o lākou. A me ka "Aha o ka United alii ko lakou" reactionary hui "Russian Union o People" i hana ia ma Moscow. Nā Mamua a me nā luna,ʻo Sheremetiev kaikaina, Prince Troubetzkoy a me Shcherbatov. Duke Dmitri Pavlovich Golitsyn (Muravlin) ua i ka Black haneri. Mau mea i ka "nani Lūkini i kapaia" Ua pili me ka Black haneri. A pau o ka ia i o Laielohelohe i ke kiʻi i ka manaʻo, implicit i loko o ka polokalamu ana, - i ka inviolability o ke aupuni mō'ī, no ka hoʻohuiʻana o ka autocracy a me na kanaka.

Boundless aloha i ka autocracy

Loa monarchists, no laila, i kapaʻia ka Black haneri, Rusia mea he makeʻe kulana e hoʻomoana ai, a, e like me kekahi mau kumu, i heluʻia ma hope o ka pio ana o ke kipi ana o 1905-1907 i 410 tausani kanaka. Black haneri polokalamu holo nōhie hilinaʻi ma luna o ka pähola 'ana o ka ai-kapaia kūhelu aupuni' ē aku, i kākoʻo 'ia e ka Russian Kuhina o Education S. S. Uvarov (ka mua hapalua o ka XIX kenekulia). He nui ka tripartite haʻilula e e noʻonoʻo hiki like me ka walaʻauʻana manaʻo o ke kumumanaʻo Uvarov: Orthodoxy, Autocracy, aina. Kona palena autocracy, like hoʻi me Orthodox, ka mea mua i manao ai i ka Black haneri Lūkini kêia kanaka, ua e noho luli ole, a me nā mea hoʻololi Rusia, aole ia e pono ai.

Relaxations aeia ka Black haneri

Naʻe, i kekahi o ko lākou mau papahana nā likeʻole o kānaka - o ka hoomana, ka olelo, ahakanaka, kaomi, 'ē aʻe, a me ka inviolability o ke kanaka. No laila,ʻaʻole kahaha ko oukou naau ma ka hailona ana i kanaka mai i aloha aʻe me ka Black haneri. Uaʻano uncompromising a agrarian reactionaries polokalamu hoʻolako mahiʻai kuai hakahaka wale lehulehu aina (i ka haoʻana o nā konohiki), i ka ulu ana o ka hoolimalima a me ka aie nenoai.

Penei, e like me ka mea huli mai, ka mea, ua he ole i loko o ka polokalamu o na haneri Black aupuni nīnau. One a me indivisible Rusia, ma ko lakou manao, e ke nānā 'ana i chauvinism, a lawe loa ano, a i lālā i loko o ka militant Anati-Semitism.

ikaika kākoʻo

Black haneri manaʻo i nā nā paʻi hua hoinoinoiaʻe pela paʻi puke me "Lūkini Flag" a me ka "Moscow News", "Pochaev kuina" a me ka "Bell". A no hoi "zemshchina", "Thunderstorm" a me ka "Veche", "Kievlyanin" a me ka "Makaainana". Kākoʻo no ka oi ma mua o ikaika. Ka mea, ka pilina i ka mea i ka Black haneri polokalamu ua lilo nā a comprehensible i ka lehulehu o nā konohiki, clergy, kalepa, poe hana a me kauwa, artisans a me ka poeikohoia o ka poe liilii, a me ka nui hoʻokiwikā bourgeoisie, ka haʻahaʻa o bourgeoisie a me na Cossacks - loa a pau strata o Lūkini lehulehu.

I ka pau ana o ka neʻeʻana a me kona poe luna

Ma hope o ka pepehi pogroms loa kākoʻo recoiled mai ka Black haneri, a ua hiki mai i ka neʻeʻana i ka piha standstill ma hope o 1917, a me ka Soviet aupuni i ua loa banned. Ke Black haneri, na luna a me ideologists o i i noʻonoʻo poe enemi o na kanaka, 'Imi kaua aku i ka Soviet mana, a me ka manawa o ka Apana o ke Kaua Honua ma kaʻaoʻao o ka Nazis. Ma ka nui huahelu o ka neʻeʻana i kuhikuhi AI Dubrovin, V. Purishkevich, VA Gringmut, N. E. Markov. A PF Bulatsel (loio), II Vostorgov (kahuna), lunaʻenehana AI Trischaty Prince M. K. Shahovskoy Monk Heliodorus.

Octo

I kaulana ma luna, i ka hoʻohuiʻana i loko o nā kahua o keia neʻeʻana i ole, ua malamaia, he nui uniona kālepa ka oko ao mai kekahi i kekahi,ʻaʻole wale nō nā inoa akā, i nā polokalamu. Ke'ī mai, i nā lālā o ka aoao "Union o Okatoba 17", a Octo-Black haneri, noho ana i ka kūikawā wahi i waena o ka Lūkini poe pili aupuni - ka mea, i ke aupuni 'ma waena o conservatives a me Liberal (KS), a me ke kumu a lakou i kapa makeʻe kulana Liberal (KS). Mākou i alakai i ka aoao i kumu nui kālā, a kalepa a me ka hanalima bourgeoisie A. I. Guchkov, M. V. Rodzyanko a me VV Shulgin.

Ma ka naʻau o ko lākou polokalamu kau i ka tsar ka Manifesto o Okatoba 17, 1905. Mai ka loa akau-'ēheu reactionaries Octo kapa hoʻohanohanoʻia e ka mea i hea aku i ka ke kumukānāwai Kalikiano a ma i ke alii ka mana makemake e kaupalena 'ia ke kumu o kānāwai. Ka mea, mai nā lōʻihi akau, a me ka mea e, e olelo ana no ka mea indivisible Rusia, i ka pono, e kū kaʻawale o Finland ua nō 'ike. A me ke kua'āina ninau ka mea, e noho ana i loko o ka lokomaikai o ka muli o mokuāhana ma o na konohiki 'aina no ka uku.

Cadets

Inā ka loa akau eheu, he Octobrists, laila, i ka eheu hema o ka lokomaikai hoi o ka neʻeʻana hoomoana Cadets (Kumukānāwai-kemokalaka Party), ka hoʻokuhikuhi a me ideological luna o ka a ua P. N. Milyukov. Party, ka luna strategist no i ka mea i kapa ia "Ka Party o People ka ku okoa ana." I kā lākou polokalamu, i uku ai i ka pono kīvila o ke kanaka nui noonoo. I ko lakou manao, i ka wā e hiki mai Lūkini moku'āina ho okumu e lilo i kumukānāwai a me ka hale kanawai mō'ī. Na Cadets, ka Octobrists, ka Black haneri - keia mea oi a emi nui aoao i waena o kēia ōlaʻi o na mea e ae, e like me ka mea Socialist-Revolutionaries, neopopulists, ka Mensheviks, ka Bolsheviks, ka mea i loko o Rusia i ka hoʻomaka o ka hope ke kenekulia, a hiki i ka HoʻokahuliʻOiʻenehana, he ōlaʻi. Akā, me ka Cadets, ka Octobrists a me ka Black haneri 'amelika e pili ana i ke aupuni mō'ī, a prioritizes ka inviolability o ko lākou mau papahana.