Facultative anaerobes - He aha ka keia? Ano he kumu hoʻohālike a me ka Mea Maluna

Ka Poeikohoia ... Monera aupuni, e like me ka pono me kekahi parasitic ilo a me ka līoho a me fungi i wehewehe aku e kekahi kūikawā ano o ka'okesaside o ke aloha i huiʻia 'ia i loko o ka wa e kaawale aku o hakakino oxygen ma paha ma ka haʻahaʻa lehulehu. Meaola e noho ana i loko o ka oxygen ma-noa 'ia - ia anaerobes. Facultative a obligate? Ueony, e like me examples o ko lākou olaʻana, a me ka Mea Maluna nō e noʻonoʻoʻia e mākou i loko o kēia 'atikala.

No ke aha la oe i pono ai i ka hanu

Mākou ke koho 'ia, e kamaʻilio pū mākou e pili ana i ka ai-kapaia kūloko ma, a me ke kelepona hele, ka hanu. Kona papa kuhikuhiE hana mea e paka ikehu mai ka waiwai, o ka oi aku monakō koko komo i ka halepaahao. Inā ka'okesaside keʻano o ka hanaʻana lawe hapa o oxygen - ua kapaia na meaola aerobic. Inā ke kanaka hookipa mai i kekahi hapa o ka ikaika ma ka kūpapakū phosphorylation me ka inflow o O ₂ nā lātoma - nā meaola, anaerobes.

Kēia manawa dala e Lui Pasterom i ka 1861, initially pili wale i kekahi ano o ka prokaryotes hana butyricʻakika fermentation. Ma kēia microbiology ma lalo o keia inoa a pau meaola hui, ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka acceptor hope mea ole oxygen, a me nitrates, hydrogen a me ke aloha i huiʻia. Naehana kaula aerobic, facultative a obligate anaerobes, a ua noonoo ia ma lalo nei, keʻano o ka hanaʻana i lawe mai ka ikehu pūnao, ma a ka'okesaside o ka monakō koko, i ka momona, a me ka'amino nāʻakika e HI _2, H ₂ O a me NH _3. Note no hoi ia anaerobic pūnao emi efficient ma mua o oxygen. O ke kumu ho i ka mea e ulu ana i loko o ka wa e kaawale aku o ka o oxygen pono oi kūpapakū, e like monakō koko. Ikehu like me ka hopena o ka splitting o ka o oxygen-noa e kū mālie i kekahi puu uuku. No ka laʻana, ka wā glycolysis - kela mea keia mea o ATP 2 iole mai monakō koko lātoma, no ka mea hoi o oxygen cleavage o synthesized 36 nā lātoma o adenosine triphosphate.

Keʻano o nā anaerobes

Ma ka mea kēia Mea Maluna nāʻano o nā meaola, o ka oi aku koʻohune. No ka laʻana, facultative anaerobes - he single- a nunui-aa? Ueony o prokaryotes, mea kanu a me fungi, i catabolism 'aʻole i koi O _2. Akā, o kona alo i loko o ka cytosol o ka halepaahao paha i loko o ka mawaho 'ia mea,ʻaʻole no ke kanaka ona. No ka laʻana, mau ioiinyony koʻohune kanaka pathogens: anginal streptococcus hemolytic staphylococcus. Ka mea, e facultative anaerobes, a me kekahi mauʻano o ka koʻohune, kona 'eleu pono i kānaka. Penei, ka thermophilic Streptococcus a pipili lactose i C ₃ H ₆ O _3, ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o kaʻawaʻawaʻana waiu huahana: holika, huawaina waiu, pahee paʻi waiūpaʻa he. Ma lapaau, ia mea paʻa mau i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o probiotics hoʻohana no ka Kāohiʻana o ka diarrhea a me ka enterocolitis o like etiology. Hoomau ana me ka Mea Maluna o anaerobes, e hoailona oukou makroaerofilov e noho ana i loko o ka papa kahi a ka lehulehu o ka O _2, aole ia i oi aku mamua o 0.5-1%.

I waena o lākou, he nui loa kanaka pathogenic? Ueony, e like me streptococci, hoomokuahana pharyngitis, a me Lyme maʻi. Other ano o facultative aerobes noho i loko o ke kanaka gastrointestinal'āpana, ma o na la acee? Iuo oeiia o gastritis a me ka'ōpū ulcers. Ke causative Agena o ka maʻi ma luna o ua 'ike nui Helicobacter. A nui helu o ka makroaerofilov e pili ana i ka facultative anaerobes, noi aku no kā lākou pūnao kiʻekiʻe ka maʻiʻo o ka o carbon dioxide. O ka poe i kaheaia prokaryotes capnophile.

Naehana lei facultative anaerobes

E hoʻomau i ka noiʻi i nā 'ano o kēia pae o ka koʻohune pūnao. Ma lalo o keʻena hoʻokolohua kumu, ua ua loaʻa i ka mea hiki e hooponoponoia ia mea, ma ka pāʻoihana o ke aloha waiwai i loaʻa ka 'okoʻa ke kaupaona like ana o ka oxygen. Mau anaerobes e loaa kokoke i ka lalo o ka Tube, ai ka lehulehu o O ₂ mea haʻahaʻa. O ke kumu ho i ka mea i ka facultative anaerobes - he koʻohune e i nā māhele liʻiliʻi o ka o oxygen e mai i keia he nuiʻino wale i. Mamua aku nei nō mākou i olelo ia i kekahi pūʻulu o koʻohune, no kekahi laʻana, denitrifying, ka acceptor hope i nitrate - naikokene i huiʻia,'okesaside o ka hala.

Ke naehana lei facultative anaerobes ma catalytic reactions komo'ūhū nitrate reductase, a ua hoakaka no ka huina'ine amo ana o ka ion NO ₃ ^-. Mau koʻohune mau prokaryotes o ke genera Micrococcus, Pseudomonas. Ka mea, e noho ana ma loko, a me ke kuaua lepo. Mau koʻohune hoʻohana nitrate oxygen maʻakika paʻakai me ka huina'ine acceptor, e hali ana i ai-kapaia "nitrate ka hanu nā".

Ke kūlana o ka'ūhū i loko o ka catabolism o koʻohune

Ke pūnao o microorganisms nui hana o ka catalytic'ōnaehana ua lawe mai, aka cytochromes, catalase, flavin nā'ūhū, peroxidase. Penei, flavoproteins pāʻani he kūlana lâlâ ai pili aku i ka kūpapakū, a me ka oxygen ma nā lātoma, a laila, e hoemi i ka hydrogen peroxide. Ua haawiia i ka mea i facultative anaerobes - e microorganisms pūnao i ia lŘlŘ nā ma ke alo o ka O _2, a ma ka oxygen ma-noa 'ia, i kēia mau' ano mau o nā prokaryotes hiki hookoaiaʻi lakou. E mākou noonoo ia i loko o aku au mamuli.

Kind o facultative koʻohune

Aerobes, anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, microaerophiles - he 'ano i ka papa inoa o nā prokaryotes, naehana lei i ka hapa' ia 'ole loa e kaukaʻi ma ke alo o nutrient pāʻoihana ka ka oxygen nā lātoma. No ka laʻana, allerotolerantnye oxidizing koʻohune lactose, ulu i loko o ke alo o ka O ₂ akā,ʻaʻole ma ka mea i loko o ka naehana kaulahao. Ka mea, synthesize ikehu ma fermentation reactions. Other koho anaerobes, e laʻa me, ka hū keena, e hiki ke hele mai i ka fermentation kaʻina hana no ka o oxygen hanu ke kaumaha ma muli o ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o ka kūpapakū.

Cytochromes a me kā lākou mau mea nui i loko o pūnao

Complex nā polokina - proteid ka hoʻohuiʻana heme (hao-i loaʻa ka prosthetic pūʻulu) - ka cytochromes. Ma komo ana ma ke kelepona hele ka hanu i loko o koʻohune a me ka hūʻole, ka mea, i nā nā mea hāʻawi a me ka huina'ine acceptors. Hao'Ātoma prosthetic pūʻulu reversibly hoʻololi i kona'okesaside moku'āina mai +2 i +3. Ua apono 'e lawe aku electrons mai cytochrome dehydrogenase e acetaldehyde a pyruvicʻakika. Facultative aerobes, anaerobes a me microaerophiles huina'ine acceptors hiki ke hooku iho la ia ma nā lātoma o ke kalapona'okikene lua, hydrogen Ion,'amino nāʻakika.

Meaning prokaryotes, anaerobes i loko o ka pōʻaiapuni o ka mea i 'ano

He inconceivable pōʻaiapuni organogenic ka papa kuhikuhiE hehee wale, e laʻa me, naikokene 'ia i loko o ka biosphere honua, me ka komo o microorganisms. No facultative anaerobes - ua kuhikuhi denitrifying koʻohune, ka mea, e hiki hoi ke hoemi wailana ma nitricʻakika paʻakai i ka aina a me N ₂ O i noa naikokene. Denitrification i wahi loa 'Imi i soils i loaʻa ka oi nui o ka wai a me ka nitrogenous mea hoʻomomona. E like me ka hopena o Nine Inch reactions o noa naikokene nā lātoma hookahi manawa hou hoi aku la i ka lewa ma ka panina o ka pōʻaiapuni o kona loli 'ma ka ano.

Probiotics a me kā lākou mau mea hoʻomaoe no kanaka

O ka oi aku 500 laha 'o ka koʻohune e noho i ka kanaka gastrointestinal'āpana, nui i wahi ua ku e facultative anaerobes. Ua mea mua a me ka poʻokela poeikohoia o ka genera Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Candida. Ka nui loa helu o ia o Nyos i loko o ka naʻau liʻiliʻi nui. It koʻohune hooponopono motility (neʻeʻana mai o ka ai nā paʻi hua) a synthesize nā wikamina B a me C. Ua i komo i loko o ka ulu ana o ka aiiay nā polokina - immunoglobulin, a me ka poe ma ka huli, i bactericidal intestinal Contents. Lapaʻau haʻawina Ua hoike ia ka maʻiʻo o koʻohune i loko o ke kanaka AeXIeAaOIePEAaI emi ia ma hope o infectious maʻi aie i ka hoʻoʻino keʻano o ka hanaʻana, a ma hope o antibiotic Inc.

E hoihoi i ka microflora i loko o ka gastrointestinal'āpana ka hoʻohana 'ana ai' - probiotics. Ka mea, aia no iloko olaila maikaʻi kēia facultative anaerobes - bifidobacteria a me lactobacilli. Once i loko o ke kanaka AeXIeAaOIePEAaI, e hōʻoia 'ia ai kona maʻamau ana a me ka emi i ka hopena maikaʻi' ole o ka luna. Ka loa mau hoʻohana probiotics maopopo ma ka gastroenterology - he "Hilak Forte", "Linex", "Laktovit".