Haʻilula toluene: He aha ka toluene, a pehea e loaa ia?

Arena, i nā toluene, hiki ke noʻonoʻo i nā mea loaʻa o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā a me ka mua lâlâ o ka homologous puke - benzene. Ke mau haʻilula o ka hui i no a hiki i keia papa, - C _N H _2n-6. Ma nā lātoma o onaona hydrocarbons na benzene ke komo lima (ke komo lima o kāna mau 'ōlelo). Haʻilula toluene C ₇ H ₈ Hōʻike 'waiwai no a hiki i keia hui nui o ke aloha i huiʻia. He nui no toluene ua ikeia ma lalo o kekahi 'ano' okoʻa inoa - methylbenzene. Ka waiwai i lilo he ākea ma ka hana, ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka ke aloha'ūheheʻe, a me na kohu o remover no nā hana.

He aha ka toluene?

ʻO kekahi mea nui arenes - toluene - mea he meto derivative o benzene. Ka wai-insoluble colorless wai a paʻa i keʻalaʻono reminiscent o ka pena, lacquers, nā'uheheʻe.

Nine haʻilula toluene - C ₇ H ₈ - i ke kākau okoa: C ₆ H ₅ -CH _3. Ma keia hihia, me ka helu o nā'ātoma koe ka ia akā Akä naÿe markedly mai benzene, i mea ka'ano'ē - meto.

E ho ohana i nā loina o ka nomenclature, ua kapaʻia ka hui methylbenzene a me ka fenilmetanom. 'O kēia ka ia toluene, ke mau haʻilula mea C ₇ H _8. I ka mua pela ka mea, e kālele ana ma luna o ka mea i kekahi hydrogen'Ātoma, mai ka poe i pili i ke kalapona o ka benzene ke komo lima o ua hookomoia ma ka meto'ano'ē. No ka mea lua o ka inoa koho he okoa kokoke loa i kahi. Ua Ua manaoio aku i methane kekahi hydrogen UAIAaIN ma ka phenyl'ano'ē. Keia huna, a ua hoohuliia mai benzene, e hāʻawi ana i ka hydrogen'Ātoma.

hakakino 'ole

I ka haku mele 'ana o ka ke aloha mea, iloko olaila wale nō o ka kalapona a me ka hydrogen nā'ātoma, Hōʻike' toluene haʻilula. Sharosterzhnevye a me ka leo Ke Ana Hoʻohālike haawi aku i ka manaʻo o ka 'ole o ka lātoma o ka hui, like okoa mai o ka waiwai o ka mea hookahi no homologous moʻo. Aia nā mea like ma waena o toluene a me ka benzene, i mea ke alo aku o ke apo o 6 kalapona nā'ātoma, i loko o ka moku'āina o SP ² hybridization. Kēlā me kēia no kēia mau 'ano apau loa ekolu sigma makaukau na kaula paa a me kokoke (particles) (ke kalapona nā'ātoma elua a me kekahi hydrogen). P ÷ haku ke komo lima ia lŘlŘ hookahi lolouila nenoaiu o ka i koe ole-hapalua pa-orbitals (kekahi i loko o eono kalapona nā'ātoma). he nui ka ikaika a me ka kumupaʻa o ka pōʻaiapuni holoʻokoʻa, a nolaila i ka waiwai toluene ka hopena lilo. Ke mall haʻilula nā hui hiku o ka kalapona, mai ka meto pae, i mea hiki ke SP ³ hybridization. Ua Ua pili me ekolu hydrogen nā'ātoma, a me ka ha o ka pilina ka hāhai he huina lakou me kekahi kalapona ma o ka benzene apo hookahi.

Mall haʻilula methylbenzene

Ka huina'ine nuʻa ma waena o ka kalapona nā'ātoma mea nāna i hana i ka onaona apo, ua haawi kōā kaulike. Ke kŰia i ka lewa ma ka haʻilula benzene, toluene, a me nā kama'āina arenes aromaticity (i ke anapuni o ke apo). Ua Ua kaulana a me ke alo o ka meto'ano'ē ma kekahi o ka kalapona nā'ātoma i loko o ka nucleus. Palapala ma waena o nā mea a pau o nā (particles) i hōʻikeʻia e dashes. Ke mall haʻilula ma keia hihia Hōʻike 'o ka haku mele' ana, a me ka walaʻauʻana hiʻona o ka hakakino 'ole o ka mea.

Nohie toluene haʻilula - me ke komolima i loko o ka hexagon paha dashes, mea he papalua hoopaa. Ke meto pūʻulu hiki ia ma kekahi ana o ka'ātoma nuclei eono, e like no lakou i kekahi i kekahi. Ke keakea ana o keia iaoia i ke kiʻi i maopopo. Record aʻole i 'ike ma o ka haku mele' ana o ka mea a me ka equivalence o nā mea a pau kalapona-kalapona paa ana i loko o ke apo hookahi.

Kaniak methylbenzene i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua a me ka hana

I ke keʻena hoʻokolohua, ke toluene i mua i loaa i loko o nā makahiki 1835-1938 P. Pelletier a me A. Deville. Ka muaʻepekema e distillation o ka tidara nui aʻe ana, a me ka lua o ka hoʻohana 'ia tolu' aila loko mai o ke kūkulu hema American laau Toluifera ma Colombia. A ua i ka pono inoa no ka waiwai - toluene. Currently he nui helu o ka methylbenzene haawi distillation o kaʻaila kā a me ka lanahu hohono, ukali ma ka hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻana. Ma ka coking kaʻina hana, toluene ua wehe 'ia mai ke Coke umu kinoea. Ma ka hoʻololi kemikala o styrene ka mea, ua hoʻokuʻuʻia me he he hopena ia o ka naoh o benzene a me ka'etolina. I ke keʻena hoʻokolohua a me ka hana e loaa ana toluene lawelawe 'ia e kekahi mau ki ina hana like.

1. Dehydrocyclization o acyclic hydrocarbons. Toluene Ua hoomakaukauia mai heptane ma ke alo o ka hōʻeleu i ka wela o ka 300 C °.
2. Alkylation o benzene, i kapaia o Friedel-Fashion naoh. Lawe mai i loko o ke alo o AlCl3 hōʻeleu 'ole' ē aʻe catalysts o: C ₆ H ₅ -h + Ch ₃ Cl = C ₆ H ₅ -CH ₃ + HCl.
3. AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka bromobenzene: C ₆ H ₅ Ch ₃ -Br + -Br + 2Na = C ₆ H ₅ -CH ₃ + 2NaBr.
4. Hoʻohuihui kiniki a me ka cresol: C ₆ H ₄ Ch ₃ OH + Zn = C ₆ H ₅ Ch ₃ + ZnO.
5. Aaioee toluenesulfonicʻakika.

Ke physical waiwai o ka methylbenzene

Toluene, ka mall haʻilula o iloko ona i kakauia he benzene nucleus, hōʻike physical waiwai i mea typical o onaona i huiʻia.

1. Ka aniani moakaka colorless wai a ka inika kī ana ala.
2. Methylbenzene hoopaakiki hoi ma haʻahaʻa mahana, a hoʻomaka e maule ma -93 ° C.
3. Ka baila aʻela i wahi o ka toluene mea 110,63 ° C. waiwai nuʻa - 0,8669 g. / ml.
4. Methylbenzene Solubility i loko o ka wai ma ke ana wela o 20 ° C - 0,47 g. / Ho'āo ai. Molar nuipa o ka waiwai M (C ₇ H ₈₎ = 92.14 g. / Mol.

Ke Nine Inch waiwai o ka toluene:'okesaside

Waiwai o arenes i paa chemically ka pilina paʻa kalapona o eono kalapona nā'ātoma. Haʻilula toluene - mea he benzene komolima i ua unsaturated formally a me ka meto'ano'ē. Onaona hydrocarbons ma ka waiwai like i ka alkenes, a i wehewehe aku e kekahi poe koa hou naoh. Naʻe, i ka hydrogen nā'ātoma i loko o nā nā lātoma o benzene a me kona homologues i komo ma ka hakahaka reactions, i lawe mai i ka Arena a me alkanes. Toluene Ua oi kū'ē ma mua o benzene. No ka typical'okesaside naoh hope paha.

1. Ke ahi, a ua hele pu me ia e hoʻokuʻu ana i ke kalapona'okikene lua a me ke kahua o ka wai: C ₇ H ₈ + 9O ₂ = 7CO ₂ + 4H ₂ O.
2. Ma ka naoh o toluene me ka potasiuma permanganate oxidizes ka meto hui ma kaʻaoʻao kaulahao o ka lātoma e carboxyl waiwai. Naoh o benzoicʻakika ua loaa.

Nine reactions toluene onaona nucleus

1. Bromination, a ua mālama 'ia ma ke alo o catalysts. Halogenated mea ua hana: C ₇ H ₈ + br ₂ = C ₇ H ₇ br + HBr.
2. methylbenzene Nitration ua lawe mai me ka läÿau, o ke kia a me ka nitric sulfuric nāʻakika. Ke nitro pae ma toluene ke kūlana 'i ka ortho a me ka para kūlana. Ke naoh puka e like me kaʻano papa hana o electrophilic hakahaka. trinitrotoluene (TNT), ka mea pahū ua hanaʻia ma kiʻekiʻe ana wela.
3. Hydrogenation o hydrogen ma ka hōʻeleu hiki aku ai i ka makaukau o ka dearomatization a me ka methylcyclohexane: C ₇ H ₈ + 3H ₂ = C ₇ H _14.
4. Chlorination me ka ikaika paio hahana maoli nō paha ma UV pāhawewe pau ka palapala hexachlorocyclohexane.

palapala noi methylbenzene

Toluene ua hoʻomano hoʻohana like me ka maka mea i loko o ke aloha hoʻololi kemikala. He mea he nui mea i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o na mea he nui 'ona. Ka hoʻohana o toluene:

• loaa make;
• manufacturing kohu. removers, detergents;
• Hana o ka pōkā pahū TNT;
• hana like'ūheheʻe adhesives, pena, kemikala mea ala a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe konohiki;
• ? iecaianoaaiiuo o ka pena no kūkulu hana;
• ia auoiaea no kui;
• pharmaceuticals;
• e māhuahua wahie octane;
• ke aloha hoʻololi kemikala benzoicʻakika, benzaldehyde, benzyl koloriside, saccharin, benzyl ka waiʻona, a me ka waiwai;

Ke toluene hana me ka hanalima'ūheheʻe i ka maloo, i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe hana, ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka tanning o E hūnā i nā. He He precursor i ka helu o ka aila huahana, phenol, formaldehyde, pesticides a me nā hui.

toluene kaʻawahia

Methylbenzene waiwai o ke ahi p ÷ ino. Ka mahu-ea ukuhiia explodes ma lalo o kekahi mau kumu. Toluene mea flammable wai. Ke mall haʻilula haawi i ka manaʻo o ka haku mele 'ana a me ka' ole, akā, 'aʻole e apo ia' ike i ka hopena o ka 'ona ma luna o ke kanaka kino. Ua Ua loaʻa ia toluene meaʻawahia, carcinogenic hana. Couples methylbenzene maʻalahi komo iloko ma kaʻili, naehana nenoaiu, i loli ma ka Central ko mākou hopohopo oihana, ae hookaawale ana i ka uhi'aʻaʻa, dermatitis. A hiki ana ma ka ohu o ka toluene i loko o kānaka akaka lethargy, tremors, hoʻopōʻino haʻawina o ka vestibular i hoʻomākaukauʻia. E hana me ka toluene, pena, nā'uheheʻe pono e komo ai laholio Loan, ua nānā ventilate i ka lumi 'ole e hoʻohana ana i ka hewa. Methylbenzene mea nawaliwali narcotic waiwai, ke kumu i ka hoʻohana pākela 'toluene. Other ano o ka hopena maikaʻi 'ole o ka waiwai:

• maka ae hookaawale a me ka hana maʻamau o ke ano hihiʻo;
• lōʻihi-ʻia waiū hiki i lohe poho;
• kiʻekiʻe lehulehu i loko o ke koko ke kumu ake pōʻino, hakuʻala necrosis;
• Inhalation o ka nui nui o ka ohu hiki aku ai i ka pōniuniu, drowsiness, headache.

ka hopena

Toluene ua hua mai la i ka nui na mea ma ka petrochemical kanu a loaa i ka ma-huahana Coke mea kanu. Ka hui He He waiwai nui maka mea no ka nui-unahiʻole, i ke aloha hoʻololi kemikala hoʻohana ma o ka mea lāʻau lapaʻau oihana puolo. Hookomoia methylbenzene o na laau o nā'uheheʻe, a i hoʻohana i ka hana me ka pena. Toluene pili ia i ka Mea Maluna o kaʻawahia i huiʻia i III papa o ka p ÷ ino. I ka hana ana a me ka waiwai o ka lehulehu o ka mahu i loko o ka lewa e ole oi aku i ka manao o lakou hui hoʻomaʻemaʻe rula. Mākou hiki ole ae i ka pēpēʻana o ka toluene helehelena o ka hamama lapalapa, hunaahi, ka mea hiki i ka Naita. Aia nō i? Aneie nīnūnē pili me ke kala o ka toluene i loko o ka lewa:

• ma ke ahi kaʻaila, kekahi mau mōʻalihaku;
• ma ka hana lua pele;
• i loko o ke ahi ululaau;
• hoʻohana 'ana i nā'uheheʻe a me ka pena.

Kaʻawahia waiwai o ka toluene, ke ahi a me ka Naita me p ÷ ino e noi mai ana precautionary lapaau wai a waiwai, a me kona ka ohu.