Hakakino a mall haʻilula o phenol

Phenols - i ka pono inoa o ka onaona 'o ka waiʻona. Ma ka waiwai o ka mea i nawaliwali nāʻakika. An nui mea hiki manaʻo nui i na mea he nui homologues hydroxybenzene C ₆ H ₅ 0H (haʻilula Phenol) - simplest ka Luna o ka papa. E mākou hoike i kēia i loko o hou au mamuli.

Phenols. Ke mau haʻilula a me ka Mea Maluna

Ke mau haʻilula o ka ke aloha waiwai o onaona waiʻona mai ke kino, - R-OH. Lātoma ia phenols a me cresols hana'ano'ē - C6H5 phenyl, a ua pono i pili i kekahi a oi hydroxyl pūʻulu OH (hydroxyl pūʻulu). Ma kā lākou helu no lātoma phenols e hoʻolaha i loko o mono-, di- a me ka polyhydric. Monohydric i huiʻia o kēiaʻano i phenol a me ka cresol. I ka loa a pau mawaena o polyhydric hydroxybenzenes - naphthols i pihaʻi me i loko o kona haku mele 'ana 2 fused nucleus.

Phenol - ka 'elele o ka onaona waiʻona mai ke kino

Lole poe hana phenol Ua ikea iho la ia i loko o ka XVIII kenekulia: na weavers hoʻohana mea me he kalameaʻai. Ma ka distillation o ka lanahu hohono i ka 1834 ma Hawaii, o ka chemist F. Runge kahiāuli nā pōaka o ka waiwai a me ke anoʻalaʻono. Ke Lakina inoa lanahu - carbo, no laila, i kapaʻia hui carbolicʻakika (carbolicʻakika). Kelemānia noiʻi Ua nele e kuhikuhi i ka waiwai. Phenol hakakino haʻilula i hoʻokumu 'ia i ka 1842 O. Laurent, ka poe i manaoio carbolic derivative o benzene. No ka mea houʻakika hoʻohana i ka inoa "phenyl". Sharl Zherar hoʻoholo i ka waiwai o ka waiʻona, a kapa aku la ia i ka phenol. Ka loiloi mua noi i huiia - lapaau,ʻili tanning,? Iecaianoaaiiie o kemikala make. Ano o ka waiwai ma lalo o noonoo.

• Ka naauao Nine Inch haʻilula - C ₆ H ₅ OH.
• Ke hakakino kaumaha o ka hui - a 94,11. e ka. m.
• Ke loa haʻilula o ka hoʻopiha, - C ₆ H ₆ O.

Electronic a me ka māhele 'ole o ka lātoma o phenol

Cyclic 'ole o ka benzene haʻilula kaumaha ma Kelemānia ke aloha chemist F. Kekule i ka makahiki 1865, a ua koke mua ia - I. Loschmidt. ʻepekema i ka lātoma o ke aloha mea i loko o ka palapala o ka papa hexagon me alternating hookahi a me ka papalua paa. E like me ke kālā no manaÿo, me ka onaona apo - he kūikawāʻano o hoʻopoepoe 'ole, i kapaia "conjugated hoopaa".

Eono kalapona nā'ātoma ho'āʻo kaʻina SP ² -hybridization huina'ine orbitals. 'Aʻole komo i loko o ke kahua o C-C paa ana o ka pa-huina'ine ao ano ma luna, a ma lalo o ka pelane o ka lātoma Kora naʻEsau. Aia nōʻelua e like me ka huina'ine ao e uhi i ka apo holoʻokoʻa. Phenol mall haʻilula e nānā okoa, haawiia i ka mōʻaukala hoʻokokoke ai i ke ano o ka 'ole o ka benzene. I mea e kuapo i ke ano o unsaturated onaona hydrocarbons, conventionally manaoia ekolu o ka waʻa mea paa eono a 'ē aʻe me ekolu poe noonoo ole.

Polarization ma muli o ka oxy pae

Ma ka simplest onaona hydrocarbon - benzene, C ₆ H ₆ - huina'ine ao ka symmetrical. phenol haʻilula kekahi ma kekahi hydroxy hui. Ke alo aku o ka hydroxyl, mai hemo mai ka symmetry i ka lewa i loko o ka waiwai o ka mea waiwai. Ka pilina ma waena o o oxygen, a hydrogen i loko o ka hydroxy pūʻulu - Polar covalent. Offset e like me ka paʻa o electrons i ka oxygen ma'Ātoma hele aku ai a hiki i ka hopena maikaʻi 'āhewa' ana ma luna iho (hapa). Hydrogen nalowale electrons, a loaʻa iā ia kekahi he hapa kauoha "+". Eia hou, i ka oxygen ma loko o ka O-H pūʻulu o ke kanaka o nā unshared huina'ine hui. Kekahi o ia Laielohelohe ma ka huina'ine ao o ka onaona apo hookahi. No ia kumu, e olelo aku i oi polarized, hydrogen hoopuni auou caiaiai ke hooheheeia. Nā ana hoʻohālike e haawi aku i ka manaʻo o ka asymmetrical ano o ka phenol lātoma.

Features 'ākeʻakeʻa nā'ātoma ma phenol

Kekahi huina'ine ao o ka onaona nuclei ma phenol lātoma reacts me ka hydroxyl pae. Ua lŘlŘ kŰia, conjugation inoa, ma a ka oxygen ma'Ātoma iho paʻa o electrons o Laielohelohe i ka hydroxy hui o ka benzene apo kahua. Hoemi i ka hopena maikaʻi malama compensated ma ka mea i oi aku polarization ku i ka O-H pae.

Ke onaona ke komo lima o kekahi loli aʻe lolouila hoi o ka makana nenoaiu. Ua ua hoemi ma ka kalapona i ua paa ana i ka o oxygen, a ua mahuahua ma ka hoʻopuniʻana iā ia i nā'ātoma ma ka ortho kulana (2 a me 6). Pairing o ka hoʻomāhuahua o ka uku ole ia ia "-". E möakäka hou "naeaeaa nuʻa - kona ana mai na nā'ātoma ma ka meta-nā kūlana hana (3 a 5) i ka kalapona ma o ka para-kulana (4). phenol like haʻilula no ka pono a me ka ae huina ana maupaʻa helu o na nā'ātoma o ka benzene apo hookahi.

Wehewehe phenol Nine Inch waiwai ka nānā 'ana ma luna o lākou uila' ole

Keʻano o ka hanaʻana conjugation o ka onaona apo, a hydroxyl loli i ka waiwai o nā (particles) a me nā 'ona. No ka laʻana, he kiʻekiʻe huina'ine paʻapū i ka'Ātoma i loko o ka ortho a me ka para kulana (2, 4, 6) i ka C-H mea paa o ka onaona phenol kalapona hou kū'ē. Hoemiia hopena maikaʻi malama o ka kalapona nā'ātoma ma meta kulana (3 a me 5). Hoouka o electrophilic (particles) i loko o Nine Inch reactionsʻana kalapona ma o ka ortho a me ka para kulana. Ke bromination naoh o benzene loli ana ma lalo o ikaika hahana maoli nō kēia, a me ka alo o ka hōʻeleu. I hana monogalogenoproizvodnoe - bromobenzene. Haʻilula phenol apono 'waiwai, e pane koke me ka bromine kūpono kou instantaneously me ka hahana maoli nō kēia i ka läÿau,.

Onaona ke komo lima e loli ai i ka pilina polarity hydroxy pae, piʻi aʻela ia. Hydrogen lilo hou'ōlewa, i hoʻohālike au i paʻa kūhohonu loa oe i ka waiʻona. Phenol reacts me alkalis, ho okumu i paʻakai - phenates. Ethanol 'Aʻole i pane koke me ka mekala' åkilikai, a, e, i ka naoh huahana - ethanolates - decompose. Ma Nine Inch hua'ōlelo phenols - ikaikaʻakika ma mua o ia ka waiʻona mai.

Me ka Poeikohoia o onaona ia ka waiʻona mai ka papa

Hakakino haʻilula homolog phenol - cresol (methylphenol hydroxytoluene) - C ₇ H ₈ O. waiwai i loko o kona ano maoli, heʻiʻo maka mea pinepine accompanies phenol, kekahi i antiseptic waiwai. Other homologues o phenol:

• Catechol (1,2-hydroxybenzene). Nine haʻilula - C ₆ H ₄ (OH) _2.
• Resorcinol (1,3-hydroxybenzene) - C ₆ H ₄ (OH) _2.
• Pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene) - C ₆ H ₃ (OH) _3.
• Naphthol. Waiwai hakakino haʻilula - C ₁₀ H ₇ OH. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka hana o ka make, laau lapaau, onaona i huiʻia.
• Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol). Nine haʻilula - C ₆ H ₃ Ch ₃ (OH) (C ₃ H _7). Hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kemikala ke aloha kemika, a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
• Vanillin ole phenolic'ano'ē kekahi mau he Etera pae a me ka aldehyde koena. Hakakino haʻilula hui - C ₈ H ₈ O _3. Vanillin ua hoʻomano hoʻohana me kaʻimi hoʻopunipuni flavoring.

Haʻilula mea kemikala no ka loaʻaʻana o nā phenols

Qualitative hoʻoholo o ka phenol hiki ke lawe mai hoʻohana bromine. E like me ka hopena o ka hakahaka naoh he keʻokeʻo precipitate tribromophenol. Catechol (1,2-hydroxybenzene) ua 'ia nā pōpō i uliuli ano ma ke alo o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ferric koloriside. Me ka ia mea kemikala reacts phenol a me ka triphenol ua hana me ka lila waihoʻoluʻu. Qualitative naoh i resorcinol - nānā aku o ka pouli lila ano ma ke alo o ferric koloriside. Ke kiʻekiʻe, ka ano o ka pāʻoihana huliʻeleʻele. Ke haʻilula o ka mea kemikala, a ua hoʻohana 'ia e hoʻomaopopo i kekahi mau phenol a me kona homologs, - FeCl ₃ (ferric koloriside (III)).

Hydroxybenzene, naphthol, thymol - a pau phenols. Ke mau haʻilula o ka waiwai, e hooholo i ka wale nô o kēia mau hui i ka onaona moʻo. A pau i ka ke aloha i huiʻia i loaʻa i loko o kā lākou haʻilula phenyl'ano'ē C ₆ H _5, a me a ka hydroxy pūʻulu i pololei ua hoʻopili e ho'āʻo kūikawā waiwai. Ka mea, oko mai ka waiʻona i ka maikai i olelo iaʻakika ano. Ke hoʻohālikelike me ka waiwai homologous puke benzene, phenols - oiʻeleu Nine Inch hui.