He aha mea i ka hana o ka'ūhū kumuʻiʻo? Ke enzymatic hana o nā polokina: examples

I ka hana o ko mākou kino - he loa luna 'kaʻina hana ma i miliona o aeee ohana, na tausani o kekahi mau waiwai. Akā, he mea kekahi wahi i mea loa e kaukaʻi ma o ka ho'ākāka 'ia i nā polokina, me ka a ke kanaka a me ka holoholona ola makemake e loa ole. E like me 'oe paha koho koke, mākou e kamailio nei e pili ana i na nā'ūhū.

I kēia manawa i ka enzymatic mākou e noonoo hana o nā polokina. Kēia mea he nui 'āpana o ke biochemistry.

Mai ke kumu o kēia mau waiwai e puleʻAmelika, nā polokina, a laila ka mea, hiki ke noʻonoʻoʻia e ia. Oe e ike i no ka mea mua manawa nā'ūhū i loaa i loko o nā 30s o ka 19th kenekulia, wale i nā kānakaʻepekema i oi ma mua o ke kenekulia, i mea e hiki i ka oi a emiʻaʻahu ka wehewehena no ia. No laila, i kuleana pili i ka hana ma ka kumuʻiʻo nā'ūhū? Ma keia, e like me kā lākou 'ole a me ka reactions o na examples oe e aʻo mai i kēia' atikala.

Oe i ka maopopo i ole na kumuʻiʻo hiki e ka'ūhū, a hiki ma ka kumumanaʻo. Globular nā polokina wale kuahene hiki ke hoike catalytic haʻawina a me ka mahalo i nā ke aloha i huiʻia. E like me nā mea a pau ma kona ano maoli i huiʻia i loko o keia papa, ua haku nā'ūhū o'aminoʻakika residues. E noke i ka enzymatic hana o nā polokina (examples o ka a, e ia i loko o ka 'atikala) hiki ke hana wale e kekahi nona molar nuipa mea uuku ma mua o 5000.

He aha mea he'ūhū, i kaʻiʻo nō o kēia ho'ākāka 'ana

Nā'ūhū - he hōʻeleu o liluwelo kumu. Ka mea, i ka hiki e hōʻeleu i ke naoh, aie i ka'ō'ō ihe ma waena o nā reactants (substrates). Mākou ke olelo aku i ka papa enzymatic o nā polokina - he kaʻina kekahi catalysis o biochemical reactions i mea kū hoʻokahi i ka meaola ola. Wale i ka hapa uuku wale no o ia hiki ke paʻi i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua.

It E e kaulana ia i loko o kēia wahi, aia ua pio ka polokalamu kekahi Hopu i loko o nā makahiki. ʻepekema i ke kiʻekiʻe o hele kokoke ia e pili anaʻimi hoʻopunipuni nā'ūhū mea e hoʻohana hiki ole pono no aneiai hana, akā, i lāʻau lapaʻau. Ua Ua ulu nā'ūhū i ka pono luku hiki i mau mea uuku o incipient Ka maʻi 'aʻai.

I māhele o ka'ūhū pili 'ole i loko o ka naoh?

E noke i, ma ka hui 'ana me ka kūpapakū' aʻole i loaʻa i ke kino a pau o ka'ūhū, akā, wale he uuku pauku o i ua kapaia kaʻeleu paena. Kēia mea kā lākou mau papa kuhikuhiE waiwai o ka complementarity. Kēia manaʻo hoʻohuʻu i ka'ūhū ua maikaʻi loa hoʻomākaukau i ka kūpapakū i loko o ka palapala, a me ko lakou kino a me ka Nine Inch waiwai. Mākou ke olelo aku i ka hana o nā'ūhū ma keia hihia, ua like penei:

• iho mai lākou i ka wai, mai ka iwi 'ilikai.
• Aia He He kekahi deformation (polarization, no ka laʻana).
• Ma hope iho o ia mea, i hoonohonoho ia ma ka kūikawā ala i loko o ka makahiki, oiai e neʻe kokoke i kekahi i kekahi.

Mau kumumea alakai ana i ka hoʻonui o ka naoh. Ano, e mai e ka hoʻohālike ma waena o nā nā'ūhū a me'okanikaʻole catalysts.

E like me 'oe ke ike, i ka enzymatic hana o nā polokina pono specificity. E iho, e hoi hoʻouka hou aku au i na mea he nui o kēia mau nā polokina i kekahi? Ueo kekahi. Aloha kau, kanaka nā'ūhū aneane e pono no ka Guinea puaʻa.

Nui 'ike e pili ana i ka' ole o nā'ūhū

Ka 'ole o kēia mau hui ua kaʻawale koke ekolu pae. Ke iniiaiie 'ole hiki ke hōʻike' ia ma ka'aminoʻakika residues a i kekahi hapa o na nā'ūhū. Mai ka enzymatic hana o nā polokina, examples o a mākou i pinepine ae la oia Kuhikuhi 'ia i loko o kēia' atikala, hiki ke lawe mai wale ma kekahi mau waeʻano o ka hui, e hōʻike iā lākou kaʻoi loa ma luna o kēia kumu, he loa maoli no.

Like i ka haumāna kiʻekiʻe, ka mea kalaima ana me ka nānā 'ana hoʻi o nāʻano o ka paa ana i kānāwai ma waena o kēia mau'aminoʻakika residues. Kēia kamaʻilio hydrogen, electrostatic, hydrophobic, a me van der Waals hana kūleʻa. E like me ka hopena o ka hoʻopilikia ana i kēia mau wahi i pili i loko o nā wahi likeʻole o ka'ūhū hua α-helix, ka loop a me ka β-kaula makalii.

Ke tertiary 'ole o ka hopena o ka mea i kŘpa a nui haʻawina o ka polypeptide kaulahao wale pa. Ke kūpono kaula makalii i kapa inoa kikowaena. Eia hoi, i ke kahua hope o kēia 'ole i wahi ma hope o ka hale hānai AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN hookupaaia ma waena o kekahi mau inoa kikowaena wale. Ua hoʻomanaʻoʻia ai ia i ke kahua o nā kāʻei kapu ia lakou iho e hele i loko o ka pono kuokoa ano mai kekahi i kekahi.

Kekahi aupuni ano

Nō kāu, ka polypeptide lei mai i ka mea i hanaʻia, he o ka hola 150'aminoʻakika residues. I ka kāʻei kapu pāʻani aku i kekahi i kekahi, i hana globule. Mai ke kuleana pili i ua hana ia e ka enzymatic hana hoʻopunipuni ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ia mau mea, e ike i ka nui o keia kaʻina.

Ke kāʻei iho ua wehewehe aku ma ka mea i waena o'aminoʻakika residues i loko o kona 'ole ka mea, he lehulehu hana kūleʻa. Lākou helu mea nui kiekie ae no ka poe reactions ma waena o lakou iho kāʻei kapu. Ke'ī mai, o ka lua ma waena o ia kŘpa a "kūlana" i ka hana a na ke aloha nā'uheheʻe. Ka buke o ka mea o 20-30 cubic angstrom e fits mau wai nā lātoma. Kekahi mau inoa kikowaena pinepine i ka pono kū hoʻokahi ekolu-dimensional 'ole, a ua pili i ka hana o ka okoa loa i hana'.

hana hoʻopunipuni

E like me ka rula, o ka hana kahua i ke aupuni 'pololei ma waena o nā kāʻei kapu. Alaila, Radio kēlā no a he kūlana loa nui i loko o ka papa o ka naoh. Manawa a hiki i kēia hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha o nā kāʻei kapu loaʻa nui kohoʻia, ka hoʻoneʻe i loko o ka wahi o ka'ūhū. He aliʻi nui, mai ua hana i ka papa enzymatic ka poe i huiʻia wale i suitably hoʻololi hiki kona māhele kulana.

Ma waena o polypeptide hoopaa lōʻihi ma ke kino o ka'ūhū, a ma pehea luna 'oihana ka mea hana, he mea he pololei loulou. Complication kūlana nā kō e ho okumu i kaʻeleu paena o ka naoh ma waena o ka catalytic kikowaena, a ma muli o ia i ke kahua o ka loa hou inoa kikowaena.

Kekahi nā polokina, nā'ūhū (examples - lysozyme a me ka glycogen) hiki oko a nui ma ka nui (129 a me 842'aminoʻakika residues, niioaaonoaaiii), eia nae ka naoh ua catalyzed cleavage o Nine Inch paa ana o ka mea hookahi type. Ke koena unuhi mea ia e hiki ke aho ka pāʻana kona kulana ma ka makahiki, i hōʻoiaʻiʻo nui kumupaʻa, a me ka oi papakaukau, a nui nā'ūhū ka mämä holo o ka naoh.

Ke kumu nui Mea Maluna o nā'ūhū

Currently maliuʻia a he ākea i loko o ke ao nei, oia ka mea maʻamau Mea Maluna. E like me ia, e ku neiʻeono kāna mau 'ōlelo papa, a me ka pili subclasses. E noonoo wale i ke kumu o. Eia ka mea i:

1. Oxidoreductases. I ka hana o nā'ūhū ma keia hihia - stimulation redox reactions.

2. Transferases. E hana i ka hoolilo substrates ma waena o nā kēia mau pūʻulu.

• One-kalapona huahelu.
• I koe o nā aldehydes a me ketones.
• Acyl a me ka glycosyl eiiiiiaiou.
• Alakaila (me he koe hiki ole ke hoʻomanawanui CH3) residues.
• Nitrogenous kumu.
• Groups i loaʻa phosphorus.

3. Hydrolases. Ma keia hihia, no ka enzymatic kuleana pili i mea e hoʻopili i nā nā polokina o na kēia mauʻano o ka hui:

• Nā mea kemika.
• Glycosides.
• Nā mea kemika, a me thioesters.
• ʻakika'aminoʻano paa.
• Piliʻano CN (koe wale no ka iaʻakika'amino).

4. Lyases. He hiki no disengaging pūʻulu me ka mahope ho okumu ana o ka papalua hoopaa. Eia kekahi, ma laila e hana i ka inverse kaʻina: e pili ana i koho pūʻulu e ka palua ana o paa ana.

5. Isomerases. Ma keia hihia, no ka enzymatic hana o nā polokina ua huikau isomeric catalysis reactions. Kēia pūʻulu nā ke kēia nā'ūhū:

• Racemase, epimerase.
• Tsistransizomerazy.
• Intramolecular oxidoreductases.
• Intramolecular transferases.
• Intramolecular lyase.

6. Ligases (ole ike like synthetase). Ka mea, i hoʻohana 'ia no ka splitting o ATP oiai ho okumu i kekahi pili' o Randy.

He oluolu e hai i ka enzymatic hana o nā polokina mea incredibly nui, e like me ka mea e ai i kekahi mea i ka hooponoponoʻaneʻane a pau o na reactions lawe wahi na lua i loko o kou kino.

Aha i koe o ka'ūhū ma hope o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka kūpapakū?

Pinepine, i ka'ūhū mea he kumuʻiʻo globular ka molekumu o, kaʻeleu konu o i ua poe e kona hookahi'aminoʻakika residues. Ma nā mea a pau nā hihia, ma ka waena wahi paa e pili ana me ka mea prosthetic pūʻulu 'ole coenzyme (ATP, no ka laʻana), ka pilina mea nui nawaliwali. A hōʻeleu i kapaia he holoenzyme, a me kona mea i koe, ma hope ana o ka mea i hanaʻia ATP apoenzyme.

Penei, e like me kēia hiʻona nā'ūhū hoʻolaha i loko o ka kēia mau pūʻulu.

• Simple hydrolase, lyase, a me ka isomerase, i nui mai no coenzyme kumu.
• 'ūhū nā polokina (examples - kekahi transaminase) ec kekahi prosthetic pūʻulu (lipoicʻakika, no ka laʻana). Kēia pūʻulu nā mea he nui o ka peroxidase.
• Enizmy no a ka mea koi 'ia coenzyme e noho. O nā kinases, e like me ka hapanui o na oxidoreductases.
• Other catalysts, ua ole nae maopopo maopopo i ka haku mele 'ana o ka a.

Nā waiwai i mea hapa o ka pae mua, e hoʻomano hoʻohana i loko o ka meaʻai oihana puolo. All'ē aʻe catalysts he pono loa i ho'ākāka 'ana no kona ho'ā hope, a nolaila wale hana i loko o ke kino, a ma kekahi keʻena hoʻokolohua ho okolohua. Pela, ke papa enzymatic - keia mea he loa kekahi naoh, a oia i ka noho haumāna kahi (catalysis) reactions i loko o kekahi mauʻano o ka maikaʻi-i ho'ākāka 'ana o kanaka a me ka holoholona kino.

He aha ka hana i loko o kaʻeleu paena, a no ke aha la nā'ūhū hana ai ka pono?

Mākou Ua pinepine mai la oia i ke ki i ka naʻauao o ka enzymatic catalysis o ka hanaia'na o kaʻeleu waena. He loaʻa i ka mea i ho'ākāka 'paa o ka kūpapakū, i loko o ia mau rula e nui aku kaila pane koke. I mea no ka oe i ike i ka ka manaʻo pohihihi o na reactions i ka laweia ana mai ma laila, e hāʻawi aku i ka mea hoʻohālike e hiki monakō koko fermentation, ia mea e pono koke 12 nā'ūhū! Like paʻakikī AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN i hiki wale no i ka mea i ke kumuʻiʻo e hanaʻia ai ka enzymatic hana i ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa degere o ka specificity.

Ano o nā'ūhū specificity

He loa. Ma keia hihia, ke specificity ua hoikeia wale kekahi, pololei hoakaka type'ūhū. Penei, urease hana me ka urea wale. Me ka lactose ka waiū e like me ka mea komo i ka naoh ma lalo o kekahi ana. I ka mea kuleana pili i ua hanaʻia e nā polokina, nā'ūhū i loko o ke kino.

Eia hou, i ka pūʻulu mea i uncommon loa specificity. I hiki ke hoomaopopo mai i ka inoa, ma keia hihia he mea "receptivity" pololei a hiki i ka papa o ke aloha i huiʻia (nā mea kemika, a me luna 'ia ka waiʻona mai a me aldehydes). No ka laʻana, pepsin, i mea kekahi o na ki nā'ūhū o ka opu, wale hōʻike specificity no hydrolysis o kaʻakika'amino paa. Alcohol dehydrogenase hana wale nō me ka waiʻona mai ke kino, a laktikodegidraza ole Wāwahi i kekahi mea'ē aʻe ma mua o Alpha-hydroxy nāʻakika.

Ua hana no hoi i ka enzymatic hana ano o kekahi mau pūʻulu o i huiʻia, akā, ma lalo o kekahi mau rula, na nā'ūhū ke hana ma muli o kona kulana okoa mai lākou ka papa kuhikuhiE "manao" o ka waiwai. Ma keia hihia, ke hōʻeleu ", kūnihi ke" i kekahi i kekahi papa o ka 'ona, akā, ma lalo o kekahi mau kumu ia e pili aku me' ē aʻe i huiʻia (ʻaʻole pono like paha). Naʻe, i loko o keia hihia, no ka naoh e hele nui aku lohi.

Lohe nuiʻia no ka hiki ana o trypsin, e hana ma kaʻakika'amino paa ana, akā, mau kanaka ike i keia kumuʻiʻo e hanaʻia ai ka hana ana o ka'ūhū i loko o ka gastrointestinal'āpana, e pono pane koke me kekahi ester i huiʻia.

Eia hoi, he mea ka specificity o ka'ōnohi. Mau nā'ūhū ke pāʻani aku me ka laulāʻano o ka waiwai helu loa, akā, ma lalo o ke kūlana i ka mea, i ka punawai-hoakaka'ōnohi waiwai wale. Penei, ka enzymatic hana o nā polokina ma keia hihia ka mea i like loa me ka loina o ka hana mea,ʻaʻole nā'ūhū, catalysts a me'okanikaʻole kumu.

He aha kumumea kau i ka ka hoʻokōʻana o ka catalysis?

I kēia lā, ka mea, ua manaoio ia kumumea i ka hoʻoholo 'ana i ka loa kiʻekiʻe degere o ka hoʻokōʻana o nā'ūhū i:

• kiaʻana i kāna kanawai.
• māhele kohoʻia ai.
• Ke versatility o kaʻeleu naoh waena.

I mau, i ke kanawai o ka waiwai lehulehu, aole ia i oko mai ia i loko o ka'okanikaʻole catalysis reactions. Ma keia hihia, he lehulehu o ia kūpapakū, i mea mau manawa i oi aku mamua o ka like waiwai no a pau na mea a pau o ka buke o ke kākoʻo pāʻoihana ma kaʻeleu waena. Ma ka naoh kikowaena selectively la, kela waina lātoma waiwai a pono pane koke i kekahi i kekahi. Ia mea,ʻaʻole paʻakikī e koho i keia kanawai hiki aku ai i ka hua i loko o ka Nine Inch naoh uku kekahi mau kauoha o ka nui.

I ka wā o ka maʻamau Nine Inch kaʻina i wahi, ia mea paʻakikī nui, i ka hapa o ka interacting nā lātoma e collide me kekahi i kekahi. Aloha kau, i ka waiwai o ka lātoma i ka manawa o ka hookui pono e pololei aʻo i kaʻoihana i pili i kekahi i kekahi. Aie i ka mea i ua hana ma lalo o compulsion, laila, a pau ke komo pū o eiiiiiaiou i hoonohonoho ia ma ka kekahi laina, ka catalysis naoh ua hōʻeleu i ma kahi o ekolu kauoha o ia i ka huli i loko o kaʻeleu paena o ka'ūhū.

Ma lalo o multifunctionality ma keia hihia e pili ana i ka waiwai o nā eiiiiiaiou o kaʻeleu paena i ka ia manawa (a pololei wahi) hana ma ka lātoma "ia" waiwai. Ma ke aha hoʻokahi (lātoma) ua ole wale suitably paa ma ka makahiki (ike, ma luna), akā, i nui hoʻololi kona ano. A pau i kēia pū hiki aku ai i ka mea i ka'ūhū ua lilo nui maʻalahi e hana ma ka kūpapakū like pono.