He aha nā mitochondria? Lākou 'ole a me ka ho'āʻo

Mitochondria - kekahi o ka loa nui eiiiiiaiou o kekahi halepaahao. Ka mea, i kapaʻia chondriosomes. Keia granulovidnye a filamentous organelles i mea he integral hapa o ka cytoplasm o ka mea kanu a me nā holoholona. Ka mea, i na nā hoʻohua o ATP nā lātoma, i mea no laila, e pono ai no na mea he nui keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ka halepaahao.

He aha nā mitochondria?

Mitochondria - ka halepaahao mea he ikehu kumu, kā lākou mau hana i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka'okesaside o ke aloha i huiʻia , a me ka pono o ka ikehu hookuuia ma ka hoʻopöʻino' ia o ATP nā lātoma. Biologists ma ka papu 'ōlelo, ka mea, ua kapaia ke koa hoʻomakaʻia ka ikehu no keena. I ka makahiki 1850 g. Hōʻike 'mitochondria ma granules ma na nāʻiʻo. Lākou helu e lauwili ke kaumaha ma muli o ka ulu ana: ka mea, loaa hou i loko o ia mau keena ma ka nui deficiency o ka oxygen. Kēia ka hana i ka hapanui o pinepine i hoʻokō '. Ma kēia mau nā'aʻaʻa mea akaka ka huʻi shortage o ka ikaika i e i na mitochondria.

Ke muli o ka makahiki, a me ka wahi i loko o kumumanaʻo symbiogenesis

I ka 1897 lena no ka manawa mua hoʻolauna i ka manaʻo o "mitochondria", e Kû ke granular a filamentous 'ole i loko o ka cytoplasm o aeee. Ke shape a me ka nui mea e lauwili: ka mānoanoa o 0,6 microns, lōʻihi - mai ka 1 a hiki i 11 microns. Ma pohihihi keia wahi, i hiki, no ka mitochondria i e nui a me ka manamana ai wahi.

I kumumanaʻo symbiogenesis hāʻawiʻia i ka maopopo manaʻo o ka mea i ka mitochondria, a pehea eʻikeʻia i loko o ke keena. Ua hākālia nō i ka nuʻu mua i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka chondriosomes luku ana o koʻohune keena, prokaryotes. No ka mea, hiki ole kū kaʻawale hoʻohana i oxygen e paka ikehu, ia Hāʻule maila lākou ulu kūpono 'ana a me ka progenote ke hoʻomōhala ka uku ole ia. Iloko o ka evolution o ka pilina ma waena o lakou, i mea e hiki ai i ka kekahi, ma luna o lākou nā'ōewe progenote manawa eukaryotes. Mahalo i kēia holo nei mitochondria i kēia manawa,ʻaʻole kuokoa meaola. Lākou'ōewe punawai hiki ole ke hoʻokō i ka piha, e like me ka kona hapa blockage o nā'ūhū, i mea i loko o kekahi halepaahao.

Hea mai ka mea, e ola?

Nā mitochondria i kiaʻana i kāna i loko o ia mau wahi o ka cytoplasm, ma laila mea he pono i loko o ka ATP. No ka laʻana, ka mea, i ke aupuni 'mamao aku, mai ka myofibrils, a me ka sperm ua hanaʻia a puni ka aiiay masking kaula oka (axis) i loko o ka Muscle'aʻaʻa o ka naau. Aia ka mea, paka i ka puu o ka ikehu i ka "huelo" me. Ma keia aoao o ka sperm i ka hua e neʻe aku.

New mitochondria ma na keena i hanaʻia e ka mea mahele mua organelles. Iloko o ka mea a pau hereditary ike ua waiho waho i mea.

Mitochondria: pehea ka mea, nana

Ke kinona o ka mitochondria kohu i ka paukūʻolokaʻa. Ua pinepine i loaʻa i loko o eukaryotes, lawe mai ka 10 a hiki i 21% o ka halepaahao ka leo. Lākou nui a me ka shape lauwili loa, a hiki oko ma luna o ka rula, akā, i ka laula mea ikaika: 0.5-1 microns. Chondriosomes oni ana hilinaʻi nui ma luna o nā wahi ma kahi o ka halepaahao ua i hoʻokēʻaiʻana i ka wao akua o ka ikaika. Ko ia neiʻoniʻoni ma ka cytoplasm hoʻohana cytoskeletal 'ole no ka neʻe. Waiho hou i nā Ana okoa o mitochondria, e hana ana i kaawale mai kekahi i kekahi, a lako me ka ikehu, kekahi mau mea o ka cytoplasm, ua lōʻihi, a manamana ai mitochondria. e hiki ia i ka ikehu i ka halepaahao ioauoa a i mamao ke kaʻawale lākou. Oia laulima chondriosomes malama ole wale i loko o hookahi-aa? Meaola, akā, i loko o multicellular. Ka loa eiiieaena 'ole chondriosomes i loaʻa i loko o skeletal nāʻiʻo o mammals, kahi o ka nui loa ka lala chondriosomes hui me kekahi i kekahi ma ka hoʻohana' ana i mezhmitohondrialnye hui 'ana (MMK).

Ka mea, e puka i wāhiʻia ma waena o pili i kekahi i kekahi mitochondrial membranes. Kēia makahiki i ka kiʻekiʻe huina'ine nuʻa. MMK ana hou i loko o na keena o ka naau Muscle, a i pili i ka pae'ōnaehana chondriosomes.

E pono ike i ka hilo, ia mea e pono pokole e pena hoʻi i ka manaʻo nui o ka mitochondria, ke 'ole a me ka hana ana i kēia mau organelles kupaianaha.

Pehea e hanaʻi?

No ka maopopo i ka mea a ka mitochondria, ia mea e pono ke ike i kā lākou 'ole. Kēia hana ikehu kumu i ka spherical kinona, akā, oi elongated. Nā membranes elua e waiho kokoke ana i kekahi i kekahi:

• waho (i laumania);
• Kalaiaina i ano protuberances o ka lau (cristae) a me ke omo (tubules) 'ano apau loa.

Inā 'oe e ole lawe i loko no o ka nui a me ke kinona o mitochondria, ke' ole a me ka hana o ka ia. Chondriosomes delimited e mau membranes, nui 6 HI. Ka mawahoʻili lahilahi o mitochondria kohu he ipu mea i malama ia mai hyaloplasm. Pāʻili lahilahi, mai ka pā hapa laula otedinyaet 11-19 HI. Hanohano nō hoʻi hiʻona o ka pāʻili lahilahi ua manaoia e lilo kona hiki e nei iluna i loko o ka mitochondria, e lawe i ka palapala o flattened kualono.
Ua hoopiha i ka pā lua o ka mitochondrion'ōpū mai i ka mea i maikai na hua liilii 'ole, ma kahi a nā huakaʻi i kekahi manawa ho'āʻo a me granules (15-20 HI). Kēia hiapo a nā huakaʻi ho okumu DNA nā lātoma organelles, a me ka meaʻuʻuku nui granules - ribosome mitochondria.

ATP hoʻololi kemikala i loko o kaʻanuʻu mua i wahi ma ka hyaloplasm. Ma ia kahua, he mea ka loiloi mua'okesaside o substrates paha o ka monakō koko i pyruvicʻakika. Kēia mau kaʻina hana lawe wahi ole o oxygen - anaerobic'okesaside. I kekahi ke kahua o ke kahua o ka ikaika i loko o ka aerobic'okesaside a me ATP palaho, i kēia kaʻina ia lŘlŘ i loko o nā mitochondria o aeee.

He aha nā mitochondria?

O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o na organelles i:

• mana hanauna aeea;

• waho pūnaewele o aaiaoe 'ike i loko o ka palapala o kona iho DNA.

Ke alo aku o ka mitochondria i loko o kona deoxyribonucleicʻakika hookahi hou keʻae i ka symbiotic kumumanaʻo o ka muli o kēia mau organelles. Nō hoʻi, heʻokoʻa ka kumu o ka hana, ka mea i komo i loko o ka hoʻololi kemikala o hormones a me'amino nāʻakika.

mitochondrial pathology

Mutations e ana i loko o ka genome o ka mitochondria, e alakai i ka loaa ole ia hopena. Lawe o hereditary 'ike o ke kanaka DNA, i ua hele mai na makua i ka hua, a me ka mitochondrial genome ua pū i hiki wale mai i ka makuahine. Wehewehe i kēia mea ka loa puni hoʻi: ka mea, cytoplasm pio chondriosomes keiki kiʻi a me ka wahine i ka hua manu, ka sperm i kahi e. Women me keia haiahū kūmau hiki ke hele ma ka hua mitochondrial maʻi, he maʻi ke kanaka -ʻaʻohe.

Ma lalo o maʻamau ana, chondriosomes he like kope DNA - gomoplazmiya. Ma ka genome mitochondria mutations ke'ākoʻakoʻa like me ka hopena o ke kākoʻo '-ola o ke ola, a mutated aeee ia lŘlŘ heteroplasmy.

Mahalo i kēia lapaau i ka lā hōʻike 'oi ma mua o 200 maʻi, i ke kumu o ka hanana o i malamaʻi, e like me ka mitochondria DNA mutation. 'Aʻole i loko o nā hihia a pau, akā, me ka hoomau o ka pākōlea a me ka hana ana o mitochondrial maʻi haawi lilo ole ia lakou iho luawai.

No laila, i hana mākou i ka ninau o ka mea na mitochondria. Like a pau'ē aʻe organelles, ka mea, ua nui loa no ka halepaahao. Lakou kahiko o ka'āina lawe i loko o nā keʻano o ka hanaʻana a pau, a pono ka ikehu kauwahi.