Hiʻona o nukelea 'ole. 'Ole a me ka hana o ka halepaahao nucleus

aeea nucleus - kona loa nui organelle, i ka wahi o waho pūnaewele a me nā'ōlelo o aaiaoe 'ike. Kēiaʻili lahilahi 'ole, a ninoaaeyao 10-40% o na keena, o kona mau oihana, ua nui loa no ke ola o eukaryotes. Eia naʻe, e like me ke alo o aaiaoe 'ike Kernel manaʻo hiki. An kumu o kēia kaʻina hana o ka hiki, e ola mea koʻohune keena. Aka hoi, i ka mall hiʻona o ka nucleus a me kona manao, ua nui loa no ka multicellular meaola.

Location o ka nucleus i loko o ka halepaahao, a kona 'ole

hohonu i loko o ka cytoplasm, a me ka hui 'ana me ka ino a me ka laumania ke nucleus ua ke aupuni' endoplasmic reticulum. Ua Ua hoʻopuniʻia e nā membranes, kaawale ma ke perinuclear pokole. Loko o ka Kernel'ōpū mai,ʻo kēia manawa, he kekahi nui o ka chromatin a me ka nucleoli.

Kekahi oʻo kanaka aeee e ole i nuclei, a me kekahi poe e hana ma lalo o loa wale o kona hanana. I mau, ua poe ka 'ole o ka nucleus (noaia) e like me ka mea nukelea lua kau palena ia ana karyotheca mai aeee i loaʻa ka chromatin a me ka nucleoli, paa ma ka nucleoplasm nukelea'ōpū mai.

'ole karyotheca

No ka pono o ka Kora naʻEsau keena, i ka la mahope e e ike me Oe, pūʻulu leho mai ka'ē aʻe Oe. Kora - ka mea, 'o ka omole o aaiaoe' ike i loko o ka halepaahao mānoanoa. Mai kona cytoplasm oia paleia lakou bilayer lipidʻili lahilahi. Kora iwi 'ole i' ano like me ke kelepona heleʻili lahilahi. I ka mea, e kuhi wale i ka inoa a me ka helu o nā papa. Ole a pau keia, ka mea, i ka ia i loko o nā hale a me ka ho'āʻo.

'Ole karyotheca (nukeleaʻili lahilahi) elua-ahu iho la: ka mea, ua haku o nā lipid papa. Bilipidny karyotheca mawaho, ahu iho 'ana hui' ana o ka ino endoplasmic reticulum keena. Kūloko karyotheca - me Kora naʻEsau Contents. Ma waena o ka mea ma waho a me ka pahale kariomembranoy perinuclear pokole i koe. Apparently, ka mea i hanaʻia ma muli o ke electrostaticʻike manaʻo - repulsion mau mea e kukaʻi glycerol residues.

I ka hana o ka nukeleaʻili lahilahi mea e ho okumu i kekahi me mechanical ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai ma waena o ka nucleus a me ka cytoplasm. Ke pā kāna mau 'ōlelo He wahiʻili lahilahi fixation nukelea mua - kaula kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma e kākoʻo i ka ekolu-dimensional' ole. Ka mau nukelea membranes i kūikawā ili: ma o lakou i na ribosomes ma ka cytoplasm elele RNA lau. Ma ka loa kāna mau 'ōlelo kona mānoanoa i kekahi mau nucleoli a me chromatin.

Na na 'ole o ka nucleoplasm

Hiʻona o nukelea 'ole ae mai, e hoohalike ia me ka halepaahao. Loko o ka nucleus mea i ike i ka hana 'ia (nucleoplasm) i hoʻouna' ia ma ka Sol-tuko pīlali, he colloidal pāʻoihana nā polokina. Loko ka mea, ma laila nucleoskeleton (mua), na poe ma ka fibrillar nā polokina. I ka papa kuhikuhiE koena unuhi ninoieo wale nō i loko o ia kaʻakika nā polokina e ikeʻano nui i loko o ka nucleus. Apparently, e like me ka naoh papa Pono e malama i ka Nine Inch waiwai o nukelea nāʻakika a me biochemical reactions.

endosome

Ka 'ole o ka halepaahao nucleus hiki ole e pau ole nucleoli. Laina kolekole o ka helical ribosomal RNA, i ua aia i loko o ka oo ana ke kahua. Ma hope, mai ia kiʻi i ka ribosome - he organelle pono no ka kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala. Ke nucleolus Ua kaʻawale 'ole he mau eiiiiiaiou: fibrillar a me ka globular. Ka mea, oko wale ma ka huina'ine microscopy, a me ka mai mai i kā lākou mau membranes.

Fibrillar ke keʻena ua aia ma ka waena konu o ka nucleolus. Ua ho i ke 'ano o ka ribosomal RNA ili aku ai, a e e ohi mai ribosomal subunit. Inā ka kāna mau 'ōlelo (' ole a me ka papa) mākou noonoo, ka mea, ua maopopo i kekahi granular ke keʻena e e hana hope. Mau mea i ka iaʻoihana kaua, ribosomal subunit, a nō ma nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao ma hope o kona ulu ana. O kēia mau ribosomes i hana koke. Ka mea, i wehe mai ke nucleoplasm ma nukelea ili karyotheca, a hāʻule ma luna o kaʻili lahilahi o ka ino endoplasmic reticulum.

Chromatin a Chromosomes

'Ole a me ka hana ana o ka nucleus keena organically ua hoʻopili: ia mea i hiki mai ia mau nā hale wale i mea e pono ai ka papaa a me nā'ōlelo o aaiaoe' ike. No hoi malaila karioskelet ('ōpū mai kāna mau 'ōlelo) kona kuleana pili i ka mea e malama i ke kinona organelles. Eia naʻe, no ka nui loa ke keʻena o ka nucleus chromatin. Kēia chromosome, e pāʻani ana i ke kūlana o ke kāleka indexes o kekahi pūʻulu o nā'ōewe.

Chromatin mea he luna 'kumuʻiʻo a oia no ka quaternary' ole o ka polypeptide hui i ka nukeleaʻakika (RNA ole DNA). Nā plasmids chromatin koʻohune i keia manawa. Kokoke i ka hapaha o ka huina kaumaha i chromatin histones - nā polokina kuleana no ka "'ōpala" o aaiaoe 'ike. Kēia hiʻona o nā haʻawina o ka biochemistry a me ka kālaimeaola. Ka 'ole o ka Kora naʻEsau luna' kaʻoi loa no ka mea, o ka alo ana o chromatin a me keʻano o ka hanaʻana ia ano 'ē aʻeo spiralization a me uncoiling.

Ke alo aku o ka histoneʻo ia ka mea hiki ke Punk a hoʻokō ili aku ai o ka DNA i loko o kekahi mea uuku wahi - i loko o ka halepaahao nucleus. Keia ia lŘlŘ like penei: histones e hana nucleosomes, i nāʻoihana e like me lei. H2B, H3, H4 a me H2A - i kēia mau mea i ka papa kuhikuhiE histone nā polokina. Nucleosome i hanaʻia ma ka eha hui o kela a me keia a hoike aku la histones. Penei histone H1 mea he linker: ka mea, ua ua hoʻopili i ka DNA ma ke kahua o ke komo E i loko o ka nucleosome. DNA'ōpala o ka hopena o ka "o Kahualoa Kokohi" laina lātoma 8 histone kumuʻiʻo 'ole.

Ka 'ole o ka nucleus, kona noaia ua hoike mai ma luna presupposes solenoidpodobnoy DNA' ole e iai? Oaiaaiiua ma histones. Ka mānoanoa o ka conglomerate mea ma kahi o 30 HI. Ke 'ole i ke Punk a me ka hou aku e noho emi makahiki, a emi paku ole ia i ÿole mechanical poino inevitably' ia ma ke kelepona hele ola.

Ka hapa iki o ka chromatin

Ke 'ole, ka' ole a me ka hana o ka halepaahao nucleus fixated ma ia kākoʻo hōʻeuʻeu keʻano o ka hanaʻana a me ka helix uncoiling o chromatin. No ka mea, ma laila nō ka papa kuhikuhiE mahele elua o ia mea: he nui ka helical (heterochromatin) a me ka malospiralizovannaya (euchromatin). Ua māheleʻia nā structurally a functionally. Ma heterochromatin DNA ua pono palekana mai kekahi hopena, aʻaʻole hiki ke i kāna mete ia. Euchromatin hoʻomalu i ka nawaliwali, akā, nā'ōewe hiki ke papalua no ka kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala. Loa pinepine kahua o ka heterochromatin a me ka euchromatin e koho 'ē aʻe ma ka holoʻokoʻa loa o ka chromosome.

chromosome

Ke kelepona hele nucleus, ke 'ole a me ka mana o ka i i ho'ākāka' ia i loko o kēia puke maupaʻa he chromosome. He He chromatin eiiieaena, a densely piha ia e ike hiki ma lalo o ka malamalama microscopy. Naʻe, i kēia mea hiki wale ina ka kiʻiaka ua aia ma luna o ka halepaahao i ka anu u mitotic a meiotic mahele. Kekahi o na kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao mea he helix o chromatin e lilo chromosomes. Lākou 'ole ka loa puni hoʻi: chromosome ua he telomere a me na mea kaua elua. Kēlā me multicellular meaola o kekahi? Ueo i ka like 'ole o ka nucleus. Table chromosomesʻo ia i like.

I ka hoʻokō 'ana o ka Kora naʻEsau mana

Ke kumu nui hiʻona o ka Kora naʻEsau o ka 'ole pili i ka manaʻo o kekahi mau oihana, a me ka hiki i ka mana ia lakou e pono ai. Ke nucleus hana like o ka waihona o aaiaoe 'ike, i mea heʻano o ka waihona a me kākau i ka'aminoʻakika kaʻina o nā polokina e i synthesized i loko o ka halepaahao. Ua o ia hoʻi, no ka hoʻokō i kekahi papa, o ka halepaahao pono synthesize kumuʻiʻo 'ole ua encoded i loko o ka'ōewe.

I ka kāna mau 'ōlelo "ka hoomaopopo" nā mea kiko'ī kumuʻiʻo e e synthesized i ka manawa pono, aia no he ano o mawaho (ʻili lahilahi) a me na receptors. Information ma luna o ia ua lako i ka 'ōlelo ma ka mea o hakakino transmitters. Loa pinepine keia ua hanaia ma ka adenylate cyclaseʻano papa hana. No ka mea, ua loaʻa i aeee i hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine), a me kekahi mau ai 'me ka hydrophilic' ole.

A lua o ka 'ike EYIʻano papa hana mea maloko. He mea nona ia lipophilic nā lātoma - corticosteroids. Kēia waiwai bilipidnuyu komo iloko o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi, a ua kauoha ia ka nucleus, kahi e hana ai me kona mea loaʻa. E like me ka hopena o ka ho'ā hope o ka mea loaʻa luna 'aia ma luna o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi (adenylate cyclaseʻano papa hana) a karyotheca, naoh kaʻina kānāwai ho'ā hope o ka ua'ōewe. Ua replicates, elele RNA ua kūkulu ma luna o ke kulanui i ona. Ma hope, e like me ka mea hou synthesized kumuʻiʻo 'ole i hanaʻia i ke kuleana pili i.

ʻO kāna mau 'ōlelo o multicellular meaola

Ma multicellular meaola mau kāna mau 'ōlelo' ole i ka mea like me ia ma ka hookahi-aa?. 'Oiai, loaʻa nō kekahi mau nuances. Mua, multicellular hoʻohuʻu i kona iho kekahi kuleana pili i (a oi) e e kahiāuli i loko o ka helu o ke keena. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i kekahi mau nā'ōewe i paʻa despiralizovany, oiai kekahi poe i loko o ka AEeOEXAaI moku'āina.

No ka laʻana, e hele AEeOEXAaI keena o adipose'aʻaʻa kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala, a no ia mea, ka hapanui o ka chromatin spiralized. A ma keena, no kekahi laʻana, exocrine pancreatic kumuʻiʻo biosynthetic keʻano o ka hanaʻana, ke hoomau aku i noke aku. No ka mea, o ko lākou chromatin despiralizovan. Ma kēlā mau mea, e replicated oi pinepine na nā'ōewe. Ma kēiaʻano nui kī hiʻona: ka chromosome 'ia paha o nā keena o ke kino o ka mea hookahi. Wale nō no ka mea, o ka mea differentiation o mana i loko o nā nā'aʻaʻa o kekahi o ia aku mai ka hana, a me ka 'ē aʻe dispiralized loa na mea e ae.

Nukelea-noa keena o ke kino

Aia mau keena, a nō ka mall hiʻona o ka Kernel hiki ole e noʻonoʻo no ka mea, i ka hopena o ko lākou ola a inhibit kona kuleana pili i, kekahi loa pakele no ia. Na simplest laʻana - ula koko keena. Kēia koko keena, ke nucleus mai i ka makana wale ma na kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao kakahiaka o? Acaeoey, ka wā synthesized hemoglobin. Once kona nui ua lawa no ka oxygen ma hoololiia ana, ka nucleus ua wehe 'ia mai ke keena, ma ka mea e kōkua ai kona halihali' aʻole i ālai ia 'aʻe i ka oxygen.

Ma kona mau palapala ka erythrocyte cytoplasmic eke piha i hemoglobin. A like 'ole o kekahi ano o ka momona keena. 'Ole adipocyte aeea nucleus like Nohie, ka mea emi a me ka hoʻololi ai i kaʻili lahilahi, a me ka kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala keʻano o ka hanaʻana i maximally inhibited. Mau keena i kekahi reminiscent o "mau eke" piha me ka momona, eia nae, o ka papa, heʻano o biochemical reactions mea iki nui ma mua o ula koko keena. Platelets no hoi i ole nucleus, akā, ka mea e ole e manao like piha-fledged keena. Kēia aeea hakina e pono ai ka manaʻo o ka hemostasis kaʻina.