I ke ka'ina hana o ka ho'omana'o pūmua, he aha nā hale a me nā molecuka i kū pololei?

'O nā kinona he mea nui ia no nā mea ola. Ke komo nei lākou i nā hana hana holo'oko'a o ke kelepona, he mau mea ho'ohālikelike ia o nā'ōpili a me nā kinikini, hana lākou e like me nā mole mole. I ke ka'ina o ka ho'omau pūmua, nui nā enzymes, a me nā pūpona pūnoho a me ka pūpū.

Kapuai o ka kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala: liluwelo kemika

'O ka'enehana o ke kūkulu'ana i kahi mole moleula he pa'akikī a koi i kahi nui o nā kumu. 'O nā peptides nā kinaika he nui o nā amino acids, a'o ko lākou helu ke'ano like'ole.

'O ka hana pololei o ka pilina e pili i ka ho'ololi o ka mole, a me ka heluna o nā amino acids a me kā lākou kū pololei i ka peptide. Ho'omo'a'ia nā'ike e pili ana i kēia pūnaewele i loko o ka DNA, a'o ka hewa i pili i nā ho'ololi a me nā kumu'ē a'e e hiki ke alaka'i i ka ho'opakele'ia'ana o nā meaola pilikino a me ka make o ka cell.

Līkaia no ka mea kēia mau kapuai o ke kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala i loko o ka halepaahao :

1. Ka palapala.

2. Ka unuhi.

Māhele ho'okahi: transcription

I ke ka'ina hana o ka ho'omau pūmua, pono pololei nā molecuke nucleic acid. 'O DNA e like me kahi waihona no nā'ike a pau e pili ana me ke kōkua o kona nucleotides ho'olālā i ka papa o ka peptide e hiki mai ana. E ho'omaka ana mai ke codon ho'omaka (triplet) a me ka hopena me ka mea hope, heluhelu'ia ka'ike pilikino i kekahi'eneke nucleic - RNA. Lawe'ia kēia mole mole-ho'okahi i nā pores o ka pūpū i ka cytoplasm o ke kele.

Inā ma nā'eukaryotes ka ho'ohui'ia o ka hana o ka transcription me ke komo'ana o ka pūpū, a laila ma ka prokaryotes kona hemahema e ho'ohālikelike i ka inoa o ka peptide. RNA, i hana'ia ma luna o ka chromosome bacteri, ke hana koke nei i ka hana a ho'ohui i nā ribosomes.

He mea nui ka Enzymes i ka ho'omohala'ana a me ke kahakaha'ana o RNA ma ka pilina DNA. I ke ka'ina hana o ka ho'omau pūmua, nā kinikiki e like me nā mea kākau, ai'ole TF, e komo pololei. Kēia mea he moʻo o nā polokina e paipai i ke kahe ana o ke kaʻina hana o ka heluhelu 'ike mai ka deoxyribonucleicʻakika.

Ka Papa Hana'elua: Pāpāho

Ke komo ka RNA i ka cytoplasm cell mai ka pūpū, pono e heluhelu'ia nā'ike e pili ana i ka hana'ana o ka peptide ma nā'ano kūikawā. Ma ke ka'ina o ka ho'omau pūmua, ua pili pololei nā ribosomes - nemembrannye, nā li'ili'i ma ke anawaena o nā aniani, i loko o nā'ao'ao'elua: nui ā li'ili'i. Ho'onoho'ia'o RNA ma waena o kēia mau māhele, a ma hope iho e ho'omaka ai ka heluhelu'ana i nā'ike.

'O ke codon ma hope o ke codon, ke kūkulu'ia'ana o kahi mole mole protein, e like me kahi pahu. Hō'ike'ia kēia ma ke'ano penei: ma ka'āpana waena,'elua wale nō codons i ho'onohonoho koke'ia. Ke heluhelu'ia kekahi o lākou, ua ho'okomo'ia ka amino acid i ka peptide a, i ke'ano o kahi huelo, e hā'ule ana i waho o ka ribosome ma kahi hāmama. 'O kēia ke'ano o ka iho'ana o ka pahu pahu mai ka pū ma hope o ka pana.

I ke ka'ina hana o ke kīpona pilikino, nā pāmua o ka hui IF, a me nā kumu ho'okumu, e komo pololei. Me ko lākou kōkua'ana, ho'omaka ka inoa o ka polypeptide mai ka codon ho'omaka, a ma ka hapanui o nā hihia he methionine.

He mea kūpono ke kuhikuhi'ana i nā'ae'a amino i hā'awi'ia i nā ribosomes e nā mea ko'iko'i i kapa'ia'o tRNA, ai'ole nā halihali RNA. 'O kēia mau molepika he'ano o kahi hua clover, a ma ka hopena o ka ho'ohui'ia'ana o ka amino acid, a me ka ATP a me kahi protéine kūikawā - aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Hiki i ka'ōpili a pau ke hā'awi i ka ikehu e ho'opakele i ka papa hana o ka pilina i ka ribosome a ho'ohui me ke kōkua o kahi peptide bond.

He aha nā nucleotides?

'O nā mea'ele'ele nucleic kahi hui o nā pūhui'enehana e polymers. Aia lākou i nā kumu purine (adenine, guanine) a me pyrimidine (thymine, cytosine, uracil). 'O ka ho'onohonoho o kēia mau nucleotides e ho'oholo i ka'ike i mālama'ia ma DNA a i'ole RNA. Ke heluhelu'ia kēia'ike ma nā ribosomes e lilo i nā protein, a no ka ma'alahi o ka hana, ua wāwahi'ia nā nucleotides i'ekolu. Ho'opuka kēlā me kēia pākolu i kona amino acid, e hā'awi ana i ke tRNA i nā ribosomes.

Ke Kuhi o nā proteins'ē a'e

He'ano kūikawā ko Mitochondria a me nā pila - aia iā lākou kā lākou iho DNA pono'ī, e like me ka chromosome bacteria o ka huakī. Me ke kōkua'ana o kēia hua nucleic acid, hiki i nā huila ke hana ma'amau, synthesizing i ka hapa nui o ko lākou mau papa hana.

Eia na'e,'a'ole ho'olako DNA i nā'ike e pili ana i nā palekana kumu e pono ai no ke ka'ina o ka transcription a me ka unuhi'ana. Ho'opili'ia kēia mau peptides ma nā ribosomes, me ka ho'ohana'ana i ka RNA'a'ole i ka mitochondria, akā'o ka nuclei. No laila,'a'ole kū'oko'a loa nā'ano o ka membrane.

Pehea i loa'a ai i ka mitochondria a me nā paluhi ko lākou iho DNA? Ua mana'o'ia'o kēia mau'ano he hua o ka ma'i bacteria. Ua lilo i ko lākou kū'oko'a i loko o ke kelepona, akā ua lawe pū mai lākou me lākou i ka'ōpoki nucleic ring. Hō'ike kēia i ka like o DNA mitochondria me kahi mole like like'ole o prokaryotes.

Ka Hopena

'O nā pae a pau o ka ho'omau pilikino e pili ana, a'o kā lākou hana,'o ia ke kūkulu'ana i nā molecuka peptide me ka'ike i mālama'ia i loko o nā meaola nucleic. 'O ka po'e komo koke i ke ka'ina hana he mau'ano like'ole me nā pūpū a me nā ribosomes, a me kekahi mau'ano pilikino.

I loko o nā prokaryotes ua loa'a ka wikiwiki o ke ka'ina hana o ka peperate peptide no ka mea'a'ole lākou i nele i kahi papa. RNA, ka mea i kākau'ia ma luna o ka māmā o ka DNA bacteria, e ho'okomo koke i nā ribosomes, a ma hope iho ua ho'opuka pū'ia ka hua'ōlelo.