Kaʻilikai pa alima aeea: 'ole a me ka ho'āʻo

Kaʻilikai pa alima aeea mea he ao subsystem. Ua hoʻoholo i ka palena ma waena o ka mea mawaho i hoʻolilo 'ia a me ka cytoplasm. Pak hoʻolako i ka rula o ko lākou AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. Mākou ia e noonoo i ka 'o mall-iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai hui o ka halepaahaoʻilikai nakeke.

eiiiiiaiou

E kuhikuhi i ka hahai ana eiiiiiaiou o ka mea ili o eukaryotic aeee: i ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi, nadmembranny a me ka submemranny eiiieaenu. Ka mua na poe ma ke ano o ka paʻa spherical hehee ai. Plasmolemma noʻonoʻo i ka iwi kuamoo o ka ili o ka halepaahao pa alima. Nadmembranny eiiieaena (ka mea, ua i kapaia glycocalyx) - mea he mawaho lala manaʻo ma luna o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi. Ua he o ia wahi eiiiiiaiou. Ma kekahi, mau loaʻa:

1. Ke carbohydrate hapa o glycoproteins a me glycolipids.
2. I kaʻili lahilahiʻike ākea nā polokina.
3. I Kekahi Mau carbohydrates.
4. Poluintegralnye a integral nā polokina.

Submembranny eiiieaena ua ma plasmolemma. Ua ninoieo a kaʻawale kākoʻo-contractile'ōnaehana a me kaʻike ākea hyaloplasm.

Oihana mua submembrannogo eiiieaena

E noonoo pono i ka 'ole o ka nakeke o ka halepaahao luna, ka mea i ka nana hookaawale i kaʻike ākea hyaloplasm. He He hana kūikawā cytoplasmic kuleana a me ke aupuni 'ma luna plasmolemma. ʻike ākea hyaloplasm poe like loa differentiated heterogeneous wai a waiwai. Ua loaʻa i keʻano o ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka haahaa hakakino kaumaha eiiiiiaiou ma ka pāʻoihana. I mea, ia mea he microenvironment ma a ke kahe-papa a me ka mau metabolic keʻano o ka hanaʻana. ʻike ākea hyaloplasm hoʻolako i ka ai iiiaanoaa o ka ili honua oihana o ka mīkini.

Musculoskeletal contractile'ōnaehana

Ua Ua Aia i loko o kaʻike ākea hyaloplasm. Nā kākoʻo-contractile'ōnaehana kalaʻana aku:

1. Microfibrils.
2. Skeletal fibrils (waena filament).
3. Microtubules.

Microfibrils i filamentous hale. Skeletal fibrils i hanaʻia ma ka polymerization o ka helu o ke kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma. Lākou helu a me ka lōʻihi ua alii ia e ka kūikawā hooponopono. Ka wā e hoʻololi i anomalies e ala mai ke kelepona hele i hana '. Mamao mai ka plasmalemma microtubules. Kā lākou mau pā i hana tubulins nā polokina.

Ke 'ole a me ka hana ana o ke kelepona heleʻilikai pa alima

Pūnao ua hana ma ka amo maomeka. Ka 'ole o kaʻilikai mokuna aeea mau hiʻohiʻona nō i ka neʻeʻana o nā hui ma kekahi mau ano. Ma 'ana, me ka hahai ana i ke ano o na amo:

1. Simple maholahune.
2. OE amo.
3. ʻeleu neʻeʻana.
4. Cytosis (pānaʻiʻili lahilahi i loko o ka AEeAaOA).

A iâ lâkou e amo, hōʻike ili honua hiʻona ia i hoʻomākaukauʻia o ka halepaahao, e like me:

1. Ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai (mahele).
2. Mea loaʻa.
3. 'Ike.
4. aeea Launch ana ma ka hoʻonaʻauao poe akeakamai, pseudo- a me ka lamellipodia.

noa ana

Simple maholahune ma kaʻilikai mokuna aeea ua lawe mai wale nō i loko o ke alo ma nāʻaoʻaoʻelua o kaʻili lahilahi uilaʻano piʻina. Kona nui e hoʻoholo i ka māmā a me ka ao ao o ka neʻe. Bilipidny, ahu iho i skip i kekahi 'ano o ka lātoma hydrophobic. Eia naʻe, loa biologicallyʻeleu oihana mua i hydrophilic. Alaila, o ko lakou noa neʻe pilikia.

OE amo

Kēiaʻano o ka hui noi ua i kapaia kōkua ai i nā maholahune. Ua lawe pū ua mai ma kaʻilikai mokuna keena ma ke alo o keʻano piʻina a me ATP hokii. OE amo mea māmā ma mua o noa. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻoulu i ke koena unuhi ma ka lehulehuʻano piʻina hiki i kekahi wahi ma a ka neʻeʻana mämä holo i ikaika.

nā moku halihali mokulele

Amo ma kaʻilikai nakeke o ka halepaahao ua hoʻolako 'ia e kuikawa nā lātoma. Me kēia mau vectors ma ka lehulehuʻano piʻina i nui nā lātoma o ka hydrophilic type ('amino nāʻakika, i pakahi). ʻilikai i hoʻomākaukauʻia eukaryotic keena nā vectors no keʻano o ka OE Ion: K +, Na +, Ca +, Cl-, HCO3-. Kēia mau ho'ākāka 'ia i nā lātoma i wehewehe aku e kiʻekiʻe selectivity i ke kaʻi' ikamu. Eia hou, nui ka hiʻona o kā lākou hele holo nui. Ua hiki a hiki i 104 a oi nā lātoma no kekona.

ʻeleu amo

Ua Ua wehewehe aku ma ka neʻe maila i ke kumu e ku e ia i keʻano piʻina. Nā lātoma i kaʻi aku, mai ka aina mai o haʻahaʻa lehulehu i loko o nā haʻawina o kiʻekiʻe. Oia neʻe pono i kekahi lilo o ATP. E hoʻokōʻeleu amo i loko o ka 'ole o ka ili o ka holoholona aeea i hoʻomākaukauʻia ka loaʻa o kekahi vectors. Ka mea, i kapaʻia "EII ni" a me "EII ni". He nui o kēia mau vectors ĸokoĸa ana nä pane ATPase hope. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka mea, e hiki e hoohiolo no ia i adenosine triphosphate, a no ka extract ikehu no kona hana. ʻeleu amo mau hiʻohiʻona nō ka haku o ka ion gradients.

cytosis

Kēia papa hana ua hoʻohana 'ia e hoʻoneʻe (particles) o kekahi mau waiwai a nui nā lātoma. Ma cytosis kaʻi aku hehee ai ua hoopuniia e kaʻili lahilahi vesicle. Inā o ka neʻeʻana i loko o ka hīnaʻi manu, a laila ka mea, ua kapaia endocytosis. Alaila, ua kapaʻia ka mea e ku pono kuhikuhi exocytosis. Ma kekahi keena na kumu mua hele ma waena. Kēiaʻano o ka amo ua kapaia transcytosis paha diatsiozom.

cytolemma

Ka 'ole o ka halepaahaoʻilikai i hoʻomākaukauʻia ka loaʻa o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi hanaʻano nui lipids a me nā polokina i loko o ka lākiō o ma kahi o 1: 1. Ka mua "Hawaii ho" o ka hehee ai i manaoia i ka makahiki 1935 mamuli I kulike ai me ke kumumanaʻo, ke kumu plasmolemma ho okumu i lipid nā lātoma hoonohonoho i loko o nā papa (, ahu iho bilipidny). Ka mea, huli lākou huelo (hydrophobic wahi) i kekahi i kekahi, a me ka mawaho, a loko - ka hydrophilic poʻo. i kapa komo iā ia kēia mau surfaces me ka ahu iho bilipidnogo kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma. Kēia kükohu i ua hookupaa iho la ia ma na 50s konaʻena kenekulia ultrastructural haʻawina mālama 'ia ka hoʻohana' ana i ka huina'ine microscope. Ua Ua ua pakahi aku la ia i loaʻa i kaʻilikai mokuna maupaʻa i ka ekolu-ahu iho holoholona aeeaʻili lahilahi. Kona mānoanoa mea 7.5-11 HI. He noho awelika ka malamalama a me ka pouli mauʻike ākea, ahu iho. Ka mua hoʻopili like i ka hydrophobic māhele o ka lipid nā lātoma. Dark'āpana ma ka huli, ho i ka paa ili papa o ka kumuʻiʻo a me hydrophilic poo.

nā theories

Aʻano o ka huina'ine-microscopic study, mālama 'ia ma ka hopena o 50 ka - i kakahiaka nui 60-ies. Ka mea, kuhikuhi i ka universality o ka hui ana o ka ekolu-ahu ihoʻili lahilahi. Kēia i ka lewa i loko o ka pähola 'o J. Robertson. Ia manawa, ma ka pau ana o na 60s. Aʻu i hoʻonui i ka hailonaʻana o nā kūʻiʻo mea i ole ua wehewehe i hua'ōlelo o ka? Ueony "pae kŘkohu". Ua haawi impetus i ke kūpono 'ana o ka hou manaʻo, a komo pū kükohu ma muli o ke alo o hydrophobic-hydrophilic mea hoʻopaʻa o ke kumuʻiʻo a me ka lipid nā lātoma. Waena o kekahi o ia mau mea i ka pähola 'o "lipoprotein rug." I kulike ai me ia, oia hoi o kaʻili lahilahi nā polokina keia mau ano: integral a me kaʻike ākea. Recent nakinaki aku la ia ma ka electrostatic hana kūleʻa me ka Polar poʻo ma luna o ka lipid nā lātoma. Naʻe, ka mea, aole loa i hana kekahi ana, ahu iho. A kī kūlana ma ke kahua o kaʻili lahilahi no globular nā polokina. Ka mea, i bapetizoia i loko o ia, a he nawaliwali kekahi haawiia poluintegralnymi. E neʻe mau nā polokina ua lawe mai i loko o ka wai a pae o ka lipid. Kēia e hōʻoiaʻiʻo lability, a me dynamism o ka pauʻili lahilahi nenoaiu. Currently, keia kükohu ua manaoia e ia i ka loa, he pono ole.

lipids

Key physical a Nine Inch ano o kaʻili lahilahi, ahu iho i hoʻolako, na kumu mua hoikeia - phospholipids oia hoi o nonpolar (hydrophobic) huelo, a me ka Polar (hydrophilic) poo. Ka loa, he pono ole o ia i manaoia phosphoglycerides a me sphingolipids. Recent pulakaumakaʻano nui i loko o ka pā monolayer. Ka mea, i ka pili ana i ka oligosaccharide mau kaula. Aie i ka mea i nā loulou ana ma kela aoao o ka mea mawaho hapa plasmolemma, e loaʻa iā ia kekahi he asymmetrical shape. hula Glycolipids nui i kūlana ma ka hoʻokō 'ana o ka papa kūlana kiʻekiʻe' ilikai mea loaʻa. E like me kekahi hapa o ka hapa nui o kaʻili lahilahi mea i naʻokoko (naʻokoko) - he steroid lipid. Kona helu mea okoa, a ua pili kēia manaʻo ma ka wai aʻili lahilahi. Ka hou naʻokoko, no laila ia mea ma luna. wai a 'ilikai, ua hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka lākiō o unsaturated, a paʻa kūhohonu loa momomaʻakika residues. I ka nui o ka ia, pela no ia mea ma luna. Wai a pili i ka ha awina o nā'ūhū i loko o kaʻili lahilahi.

nā polokina

Lipids hoʻoholoʻano nui ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai ka waiwai. Nā polokina, ma ka Akä, he hoʻonui ai i ka manaʻo o ke ki mana o ka halepaahao. Ma 'ana, me ka uumi amo o ka hui, pūnao rula hooponopono,? Eaia, a no laila, ma luna o. Kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma i māhele i ka lipid bilayer o ka mosaic. Ka mea hiki ke hoʻoneʻe i loko o ka Kalaiaina. Ua neʻe ua hoi malalo o ko, apparently, o ka halepaahao ia iho. Ke amoʻano papa hana 'ole microfilaments. Ka mea, i pili i na kanaka integral nā polokina. I kaʻili lahilahi hehee wale, ua okoa ke kaumaha ma muli o kou wahi i ka pili ana i bilipidnomu, ahu iho. Nā polokina paha, ke'ōlelo mai eʻike ākea, a integral. Ke ahu iho la mua ua IIeEeAIEUIeXAIIUE. Ka mea, i ka tenuous pilina me kaʻili lahilahi ili honua. Integral nā polokina e loa bapetizo i loko o laila. Ka mea, i ka ikaika hoopaa me na lipids, a kaawale mai kaʻili lahilahi me ā 'inoʻino kekahi bilipidnogo, ahu iho. Nā polokina e komo iloko ma ka mea, i kapaʻia ka transmembrane. AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o ke kumuʻiʻo a me ka lipid nā lātoma o kekahi ano hoʻolako plasmalemma kumupaʻa.

glycocalyx

Lipoproteins iʻaoʻao mau kaula. Ke oligosaccharide nā lātoma ke nakinaki i lipids a me glycolipids ano. Lākou carbohydrate hapa pu me ka like kumu pili e,? A? Ili glycoproteins ioʻoihana a me ka hana i ka iwi kuamoo o ke glycocalyx. He hooku iho la ia ia me ka moe kolohe ahu iho la ka lōpū huina'ine nuʻa. Glycocalyx e uhi ana i ka hapa mawaho plasmolemma. Kona carbohydrate haʻawina kōkua, 'o kokoke keena a me ka' ona therebetween, a me hoakaka lina pilina me ia. Ke glycocalyx a hooku iho gitosovmestimosti a me ka hōmona receptors, nā'ūhū.

aiiieieoaeuii

ʻili lahilahi receptors meaʻano nui na poe glycoproteins. Ka mea, i ka mea hiki ke hookupaa aku i ke kamaʻilio me ka lahui kekahi ligands. Receptors makana i loko o kaʻili lahilahi, ma ka hou, ke hooponopono i ka neʻeʻana mai o kekahi mau nā lātoma i loko o ka halepaahao permeability o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi. e hiki ke hoʻolilo i ka lepa o ka 'ia i loko o ka maloko, paa oihana mua o ka extracellular'ōpū mai, a me ka cytoskeleton lākou. Kekahi noiʻi manaʻo i ka haku mele 'ana o ka glycocalyx i nā poluintegralnye kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma. Lākou ooieoeiiaeuiuo? Eou e aia i loko o ka wahi o ka ili o ka halepaahao nadmembrannoy nakeke.