Kahua o ka palapala noi, a me ka waiwai o ka Tungsten haʻilula

He aha ka tungsten? Ke kumu waiwai o ka hehee ai ma muli o ke 'o kona Nine Inch' ole. Ua haawiia i ke koi no ka tungsten, oe pono loa ike kona 'ole.

Ke kulana i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika Table

Noonoo pono i ka walaʻauʻana waiwai o tungsten, e hoʻomaka ana me ka mea ia ia i ka 74th helu. Ma lalo o maʻamau rula, ia ho i ka hoʻololi mea hiki ke hooheheeia me ka uliuli-kala waihoʻoluʻu. Tungsten mea paa, i ka mea hao alohilohi. 'O kēia ka loa refractory hehee ai, ua oi aku ma mua o ka mahele heheʻe i ka wahi i wale kalapona. ² 5p ⁶ 5d ⁴ 6s ² , E _ион (Ме => Ме ⁺ + e) = 7,98 э В. Electronic haʻilula: KLMN5s ² 5p ^{4 6} 5D 6s ^2, E _ion (Me => Me ^{+ +} e) = 7,98, e V.

Provenance

Kona hana inoa i kēia mea hiki ke hooheheeia ua paa ia i ka mea pōhaku wolframite. "Wolf hua" Ua, uaʻikeʻia mai ka 16th kenekulia. Ua hana ka inoa ua wehewehe ma ke alo o nā minelala hao i loko o ka mea, ke tina i eliia. Tungsten Hāʻule maila smelt piuta, unuhi ia i loko o ka hua, mai slags. He aha nō ka physical waiwai o tungsten he i ke kumu o kona akea pono i loko o ka hana? Ma kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia ua kapaʻia kēia mea hiki ke hooheheeia "kaumaha pohaku".

Ma ka hopena o 18th kenekulia Swede Scheele me nitricʻakika lapaau mea pōhaku scheelite iho la no, e loaa ana tungsten trioxide. A iki ma hope, i ka hoahanau e hoʻokele e kiʻi Eliyar tungsten'okesaside mai wolframite Säkona. He mau chemists, kekahi i hōʻike ' Nine Inch waiwai o ka tungsten.

I ma ke ano maoli

No kekahi ma ke 'ano o ka maemae tungsten? Nine waiwai o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia paipai kona alo i loko o ka pńpa no ka hapanui loa i loko o ke kino o ka hui. No ka laʻana, he läÿau, he oxides o manganese, hao, tungsten. No ka hanalima noi ka hui ua koho ferberite a me Gyubnera. Ka mea, a pau loa imua i hou i ka tungsten, hao a me ka manganese. Helu waiwai o ka tungsten metala, a ae e līkaia no ka tungsten nā minelala hao. Ma ia mau mea, i ka lehulehu, aole ia i oi aku mamua o elua pakeneka. Mawaena o ka nui loa hoʻokomo kālā o ka tungsten, mākou e hoailona oukou China, i ka US, aneea oneiaey. Eia hou, i ka hōʻike 'a me ka paa me ke koe o ka metala i eliia ma South Korea, Bolivia, Rusia, Portugal. Maikaʻi physical waiwai o ka tungsten kuhi kona lula 'hanalima? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Ka honua ka makahiki? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ma kahi o 50 tausani na tona o refractory hehee ai. I ka papa kuhikuhiE kānaka hoʻolilo o ka tungsten ua noʻonoʻo South Korea, China, Austria. Mawaena o na nā kānaka hoʻokomo o refractory metala nā lāʻau o ke alakaʻi e pili ana i ka United Kingdom, Japan, USA, Germany.

? iecaianoaaiiuo Hiʻona

Makaukau o tungsten ua lawe mai Via ka palapala mua, mea kōkua kaawale mai ka mea e hoohehee ai kiaʻana i kāna tungsten trioxide. Next, ka mea, ua hana ka me ka pauka, metala, e hoʻihoʻi aku. Oia no i koe i wahi i ka wela o ka ma kahi o 700 kekelē Kelekia. He aha nō ka physical waiwai o ka tungsten mea ma ka naau o keia 'enehana? Ke kiʻekiʻe heheʻe ka mahana e leie aku ia Via he lepo la metallurgy malalo i ka lepo compaction, sintering i loko o ka hydrogen lewa ma ka wela o ma kahi o 1300 kekelē Kelekia. Next, ma hope o ka loaa tungsten uilaʻikena ua hala. A i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ua enaena i ka wela o ka 3000 degere malama monolithic mea. Ma keʻano o ka ciia heheʻe ua lawe mai mahope huikala ana a me ka makaukau o hookahi-aniani mea hiki ke hooheheeia.

waiwai

He aha nō nā 'ano o ka tungsten? Nine waiwai ka nānā 'ana ma luna o kona kiʻekiʻe mahele heheʻe i ka mahana. Ka hehee ai i ka valence o mai 2 a hiki i 6. ka loa i ka pilina paʻa i ka valency o ka tungsten mea eono. Metal wehewehe aku e hoonui ae i ka popopo e kū'ē'ē mai. Ia, aole ia e oxidize ma ka lewa ma ka mehana ea. Ma tungsten'okesaside, e huli wale nō ka wā i ka mahana o ka keʻokeʻo huakai hele. Ma ka electrochemical moʻo o ke hooheheeia aʻo nuiʻeleu hehee ai ua aia ma hope o ka hydrogen, no laila ia mea,ʻaʻole wailana ma ka dilute hydrofluoric a me ka sulfuric nāʻakika. Tungsten mea hiki ke hoike mai hydrogen peroxide, e like me nā mea huihuina o hydrofluoric a me ka nitric nāʻakika.

Ma ke alo o nā oxidantsʻeleu metala hiki o reacting me ka hoʻoheheʻeʻia alkalies. Mua, ka naoh puka, aole i lohi, akā, ma hope o hiki ole i ka mahana o ka 400 degere mākaukau kaua paha ma spontaneously e lalana ana i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, i hōʻeleu i ke naoh. Tungsten i loko o ka läÿau, o hydrofluoricʻakika a me nitricʻakika 'ano apau loa geksaftorvolframovuyu. ʻO kā mākou dala hoʻohana ma o ka hana tungsten trioxide. I tungstate i ka hiki e hana i kekahi polymeric anion. Kēia metala o ke kumu o ka refractory mea i loko o kēia hana.

Nā mahinaʻai o ka palapala noi

Pehea e hiki ai au e hoʻohana tungsten carbide? Waiwai o ka hui hoʻohana i maopopo ia mai ke gula maikai tungsten. Plasticity a refractory ke hooheheeia ua i ia i ke kumu no ka hanaia ana o filaments ma lehulehu kau iho fixtures. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohana 'tungsten i kiʻi paipu a me ka holo paipu. No keia hehee ai mea he kiʻekiʻe nuʻa, ia ua lilo ia i kumu no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka mea kaumaha oka a pau. Ka mea, e paʻa mau no ka hanaia'na o ka mea kaupaona, a me ka mea kaua-e hou ana i Kora naʻEsau, kiʻekiʻe-mämä holo gyroscopes rotors no ballistic Kao lele lako kaua. Ka nui puke o ka tungsten ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka argon-piʻo kuʻihao me ka'ūholo uila. Oka a pau, i loko o kona haku mele 'ana pihaʻi me tungsten, i ke kiʻekiʻe wela ia'ku,ʻakika ia'ku, ka mea, e hoʻopale i me mechanical ke kanana nei. Ia ano ae, e hana ia no ka hana ana iʻoki lāʻau lapaʻau mau mea, kapa kila poʻina nalu, mokulele kiko'ī, e lawa ipu o radioactive waiwai. I tungsten mea nui i ke keʻena no ka hana o ka kiʻekiʻe-kbps kila papa.

Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kiʻekiʻe ana wela holo umu like me ka paio hahana maoli nō hehee ai. Ma ka ia oka a me ka rhenium thermocouples hoolako no na umu.

ka hopena

He no ka mea, ka mea kiʻekiʻe nuʻa o ka tungsten metala mea pono no kaʻilikai palekana mai ionizing pāhawewe. Hoʻonuiʻia paakiki a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia refractoriness hana nui hihia i loko o kona aaioee. E hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia hoʻolauna i loko o ka nikala, ke keleawe a me ka hao. Tungsten ia'ku ua i mea mahaloia imua o na hana o ke kūkulu mea i loko o ke kālā no ka hana 'enekinia.

He pono no ka mīkini wili pōhaku, chipping, haliu ae la ia,ʻeli. No ka laʻana, he lanakila 'ua haku o ka tungsten carbide. He läÿau, ua pili i kaʻepekema hoʻohana e hana puka i loko o ka pōhaku puna. tungsten sulfide hana me ke kiʻekiʻe-ana wela lubricant. He koi i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie. Part tungsten hui hoʻohana like pigments a me catalysts. Pili i kēia mea hiki ke hooheheeia hui, a me ka alloying hehee ai i loko o ka steels a me ka oka a me ka nānā 'ana i ka hao. Liluwelo waiwai o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia tungsten i ole.