Kālaimeaola. Kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana Group simplest

Kekahi mau taxonomic pūʻulu o ka poe noonoo ole (Hawaii photo o kekahi meaola i hōʻike mai iā ia i loko o kēia 'atikala) e hui hookahi-aa? Holoholona, no a hiki i ka pae ana o eukaryotes. Mai a pau'ē aʻe eukaryotes, ka mea, oko i loko o ia mea, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO komo o wale he hookahi halepaahao, he i e kekahi mau. Nolaila, ke kelepona hele kiʻekiʻe o ka hui mea e i ka lani kiekie loa. No ka taxonomic pūʻulu wale mai i hoʻokomo meaola i mai i halawai keia koi. Aneane pau na elele i microscopic i ka nui.

morphological a physiological ano

E like me kā lākou kiʻekiʻe ka mea, heʻokoʻa morphological a me ka physiological differentiation. No ka laʻana, he kŘpa a mea 'ole amoeba (ka mea e ole i differentiated organelles ka ho'ēmiʻana, noi ka hopu a me nā meaʻai.). A ina ua kamailio e pili ana i na ciliates, kā lākou hui Ua luna '. Kēia i ka 'ilikai pellikulyarnye simplest' ole, a me ka maopopo kahi contractile fibrils, e like me organelles o ka noi, e malama, ai ka hopu a me ka 'ole. D.). All taxonomic pūʻulu protozoa e wehewehe aku ma ke ano o ke kelepona hele ultrastructure, e like me mau manao organelles: lysosomes, ribosomes, Golgi i hoʻomākaukauʻia, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria. Na kāna mau 'ōlelo a lākou dvuhmembrannoy hoʻopuniʻia i ka iwi, ma ka a he mau ili. Ua loaʻa nucleoli, karyoplasm a me chromosomes (i hookuu i loko o ka interphase nucleus ka mea, despiralizovany).

helu o? ueo

I ka lā, i ka nui taxonomic pūʻulu aʻo protozoa. Aia nō ma kahi o 25-30 tausani o? Ueo. A me ia mea wale ka poe mea i loaa ma kaʻepekema. Ka helu o maoli ai 'ia wale i e e oi ma mua o kekahi mau manawa, no ka mea, ka mea e ole hoʻokolokolo ma muli o ke oaoieei-pilikia a me kā lākou mau microscopic nui. i ho'ākāka 'ia ma kela makahiki haneri o hou? ueo o protozoa. A pau o ia e māheleʻia i loko o elima papa: knidosporidii, ciliates, sporozoans, flagellates a me sarkodovyh. Me nā 'ano o nā kula haʻahaʻaa kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana pūʻulu e leie aku e koho i ko lakou mau ano hiʻona. Ma na mea he nui o lakou e e kūkākūkā i loko o kēia 'atikala.

Kūlana ma ke ano maoli

Protozoa i nui loa, he pono ole ma ka ano. Ka mea, kūlana 'he nui wahi i loko o ka meaʻai kaula, e like me ka pono me ia ma ka biosphere like me ka a pau. He nui no ia (ciliates, radiolarians, flagellates) i ka integral hapa o meaola plankton. Hoʻomaka koke hoonui loa ana, ka mea pinepine hiki he nui helu. Mau microorganisms - nui i ke keʻena o kaʻai o ka meaola zooplankton, o ka oi aku copepods. Pinepine i ka simplest (ciliates, foraminifera) e komo i loko o ka meaola benthos, i ua loaʻa mai o ka intertidal ciia a hiki i ka hohonu loa nui. A helu o microorganisms mea he benthic freshwater hapa a me ka plankton. ? Ueo haku mele 'ana simplest e noho ana i ka wai, -' ia saprobity, a laila ka wai haumia ea ma ke aloha 'ona. Food o na mea he nui iʻa larvae, a me ka lawaia, i kekahi o na simplest, loa pinepine ciliates.

parasitic? ueo

Kēia kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana pūʻulu o protozoa i loa lehulehu. Loa haku o nā papa o nā parasites - knidosporidii a me sporozoans. A mau mea nui i waena o kēia mau protozoa i kanaka parasites, kalepa a me ka wahi lulu mammals, ka iʻa a me na manu. No ka mea, i kanaka mai nā giardiasis, leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, malaria. Ka loa ka wi no ka holoholona i nā maʻi i i ke koko parasites - trypanosomiasis, theileriosis piroplasmoses.

Kēia kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana pūʻulu wale pili i ou wahi lihi iki o ke poho a me nā manuʻaiʻia (coccidiosis). Of protozoal maʻi i loko o ka iʻa mahiʻai poinoʻano nui nā 'ōpio kālepa iʻa. Ma kekahi, Ichthyophthirius, parasitic ciliate (kiʻi ma luna) hiki i ka make ana o fry. I ka nui hapa knidosporidii papa ninoieo o ka iʻa parasites a me ka maikaʻi kēia nā mea kolo - silkworms a me ka meli. I kēia lā, hoʻomohala aoao o ka hoʻohana 'ana i kēia mau noʻonoʻo, oia, microsporidia, no ka paioʻana pests. E olelo hualoaʻa i ua loaa i loko o keia olelo.

meaola protozoa

pâʻani 'o ia i kēia kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana pūʻulu simplest kūlana nui i loko o ke kahua o sedimentary pōhaku. Ua pili ka oi aku radiolarians a me foraminifera. He nui chalky hoʻokomo kālā, limestones a me nā sedimentary pōhaku i hanaʻia ma kekahi mau 'ā ina manawa ma ka seabed Reservoir, hapa' ia a maopopo i hanaʻia kino iwi (siliceous ole calcareous) wāwahie protozoa. nolaila, lawe mai Micropaleontological Ka Ikepili ma 'ā ina surveying, pakahi aku la ia i ka ailaʻimi loa i ka lewa.

E ho ohana i keʻena hoʻokolohua hana

I keʻena hoʻokolohua hana hoʻomano hoʻohana nāʻano likeʻole o ka protozoa (ciliates, amoeba) no biophysical noiʻi, aaiaoe a me ka cytological pilikia. 'Ana i kūpono keʻena hoʻokolohua moʻomeheu ua pono papahana. Protistology - o ka 'epekema e epa me ka hoʻopaʻa' ana o ka simplest.

microanatomy

He He 'ole o ka halepaahao o ka simplest, hilinaʻi nui kuhikuhi ma ke ala o ke ola o ke? Ueony, e like me kona physiological adaptations. E noke i loaʻa ka manawa hoʻokahi a oi Kora naʻEsau hoʻopuniʻia e ka papaluaʻili lahilahi. Kēia hopena i 'ae'ʻepekema e e ka me nā Ikepili o kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana pūʻulu protozoa. I ka nucleus i chromosomes. Lākou obligatory alo i loko o nā mea a pau? Ueo i kōkua kuhikuhi i ka me nā 'ano o ka taxa protozoa. Photo ciliates ua hōʻike mai iā ia ma lalo nei.

Nucleus ciliates nui hāʻule i loko o nā 'ano: hoʻokahi a oi micronuclei ka poe liilii, a me ka hoʻokahi nui macronucleus. Keena, mai kekahi mai o na simplest nunui-Kora naʻEsau. Major taxonomic pūʻulu i wehewehe aku ma ke alo o vacuoles protozoa. Keia makahiki ua kaawale mai ke koena o ka cytoplasmʻili lahilahi. Ka mea, oko i nā hiʻona a me ka nui. Vacuoles i lako i hōʻuluʻulu ai, a hoi i ka hoʻomāhuahua a me ka hoʻolilo o ka paa a me ka wai a me nā huahana o ka pūnao. Eia hou, ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia no ka hooponopono ana o ka līoho, a i mea nona, i mea no ka simplest meaola photosynthesize ke aloha. Nā vacuoles a me cytoplasm o kekahi? Ueo pihaʻi me pigment granules. Eia hou kekahi, kā lākou 'ole anao? Aou plastids - intracellular hana kūikawā hale i pihaʻi me pigments pili me ka manaʻo o ke kāʻamaʻai. Lākou helu a me ka kinona hilinaʻi ma luna o ka laha ',ʻo ia hoʻi, e pili ana i ka Mea Maluna ana hoʻohālike. Ma lalo o kekahi poe noonoo ole mawahoʻili lahilahi manaʻo ekstrusomy, "pana" organelle. Kēia, no ka laʻana, mukotsisty pee mucus a me trichocysts, K'lauea lahilahi filament. Paha ka mea, e malama aku i ka hoʻopale. wale mākou hana like flagella. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'ano mea hiki e mai kekahi i na mea he nui. Kēia pae-e like locomotor organelles me ka luna 'nenoaiie o na lonikū microtubules. E like me ka loina o ka hana a me ka 'ole, ka mea, OAOOUIEeE me ka nui loa mai o ka flagella o koʻohune. Ma kekahi, ka mea i ano o flagellates. E ka i aku nei au i kekahi mau olelo e pili ana ia kaawale.

Flagellate flagella hoʻohana 'ia no ka ho okumu ana i ka wai paialewa a / a locomotion, no laila, e loaa ia lakou ka ai. Kēia kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana simplest pūʻulu ka loaʻa o ka ai iiiaanoaa no e like parasites a me ka paa ole-ola ano a me symbionts o ka holoholona. Aia i hookahi-aa? Polienergidnye monoenergidnye a me ka palapala, e like me multicellular a me ka koloniala. No ka flagellates i mau i ka welelau o ke osmotrofnomu kino a me ka uuku nui keena. 'Oiai, aia nō i waena o lākou nui loa' ano apau loa fagotrofnye.

Cilia flagella e hoohalike ai, akā, ua pōkole a mau hana i ka poe pono a pau o ma luna o ka halepaahao, a i kahi kūlike o hana. Ka puunaue kumu o ka cilia ma luna o ka ili honua - nui ka hoailona o ka Mea Maluna pili i ka taxonomic hui o protozoa.

Mai hana ia crustaceans, nae, i kekahi mau elele o ka simplest uhi mineralized a me ke aloha unahi a me pūpū o nā pūpū, okoa i ka haku mele 'ana a me ka' ole. Eia hou, ka mea hiki e paakiki intracellular iwi, a IeAUPIIe, IAa IO mea he luna 'puka olu oia i' ole.

ka ai

Me ka pili ana i ka physiology, na elele o keia taxonomic pae i kekahi autotrophs (ia mea, ka mea, photosynthesize ke aloha) a me heterotrophs (ka hoʻokemu ia mai ka 'ia) a mixotrophy (hoʻohana i ka luna mau aoao i ka mana). Heterotrophs hiki waiu i ili keena solutes. Ma keia hihia ka mea, i kapaʻia osmotrofami. Eia hou, ka mea hiki ke ale wale iho i paa ai ma keʻano o nā maomeka, a laila ka mea i kapaʻia fagotrofami. Food fagotrofov i komo i loko o nā meaola. Ma kekahi, ka mea hiki keʻai'ē aʻe protozoa. I kekahi manawa, i mea e paʻa ia ka mea, hahai waiwai pio.

e auaaeaiea

Mai ka halepaahao i loko o ka mawaho meakino mail paa huahana loko hoʻohana kuʻi nukeliu vacuoles i loaʻa iā lākou, a me ka pāʻili lahilahi. Ua manawa ia lŘlŘ ma ka mea laʻa a hapa paha (tsitoprokte, ke kelepona hele poroshitse). Contractile vacuoles i 'Imi EII ni mai i ka oi ka wai a me ka metabolic neoneo mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o laila.

ka hanu

Characterization taxonomic pūʻulu protozoa i ke inā ma ka hiʻona o ka hanu. Ua hiki e kekahi oxygen ma-noa (anaerobic) a me ka oxygen i hoʻolilo 'ia i mea aerobic. Ka oxygen no ka mea obligate anaerobes ka palapala, a me ka make ka mea, i loko o ka 'ia waiwai i loko o ia mau mea. Kekahi laha 'i ka wai habitats, ilihune ia, ka mea, ha ma symbiotic koʻohune. Pela ka uku ma i keia kaʻina ia lŘlŘ ka pololei hapaʻauhau i ka wela a me ka hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka 'ano o metabolizable kūpapakū, a laila cleavable nā lātoma, e like me taxonomic hui.

'ōlelo

Description kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana pūʻulu wale piha nā'ōlelo ano. Ka mea hiki ke paʻi asexually. Ma keia hihia, o ka halepaahao ua puunaueia i ka helu o nāʻaha hui iho. Naʻe, ka mea e lawe mai i kēia kaʻina a me nā kiʻie, a me ke komo ana i na keena elua. Kēia mau kiʻina hana i kekahi manawa ano 'ē aʻeo ke kaumaha ma muli i ka ke kahua o ka ola kalapona. Germ aeee (haawiia i like gametes) merge ma ka moe nā'ōlelo a me ka malama? Aiaiiuie pilina (conjugation) mauʻike mau keena, i hiki aku ai i ka wehe ana o ka hereditary mea therebetween. Inā merging gametes externally aneane'ālike, mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i isogamy. Inā kekahi o ia i ka nui o ka nui, e olelo aku no anisogamy.

O ka holo ana, ke wale pokole hōʻike i ke kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana hui o ka simplest. Kālaimeaola - ka 'epekema, këia a oe ke wehe aʻe i ka honua hou. Ko makou mau maka i ole hiki ke hoomaopopo anakahi iki-meaola, akā, 'epekema e leie aku mākou, e ike ia lakou. Mua mākou e hōʻike lani a. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o kēia mau mea likeʻole kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana pūʻulu o protozoa. Rhizomes, sporozoans, ciliates, flagellates a me nā meaola i nui hoʻi i hoihoi i loko o na mea he nui i ka mahalo.