Kawaihae Bulgakova Mihaila Afanasevicha. I ka palapala, ai ''āina hoʻoili o ka mea kākau moʻolelo

Bulgakov Mihail Afanasevich nele i hoike. Ua nui mea kākau a me ka playwright ike no ke ao a pau. Kawaihae Bulgakova Mihaila Afanasevicha hōʻike mai iā ia i loko o kēia 'atikala.

me Kinohi mea kākau

Bulgakov M. A. i hanau May 3, 1891 ma Kiev. Kona mau mākua, he mau ka pilina. Kona makuahine hana ma Karachai progymnasium kumu. Koʻu makua kāne i kekahi kumu (ua haawi mai ai ma luna o kona kiʻi). Ma hope o ua noho mai ka Kiev Theological Academy, oia hana i loko o ka mea, e like me ia ma nā hoʻonaʻauao kulanui. I ka 1893 Athanasius Bulgakov lilo ka Kiev kēia māhele 'āina censor. Kona mau kuleana hookomoia censorship o ka hana i kākau i loko o nā 'ōlelo a pau. Ma ka 'ohana, akā, Michael iʻelima keiki.

i ka wā o ka aʻo, ka hana i loko o ke kula Ho 'Oponopono

It E e noʻonoʻo i ka nui au mamuli o ka mea kākau me Bulgakov Mihail Afanasevich, Kawaihae. Table o nā lā pili me kona ola,ʻaʻole wale nō ke kōkua i ka poe i hele mai e imi i na kêia kanaka o kana hana, a no ka maopopo i ka 'o kona mau pā honua. No ia mea, ke paipai oe i heluhelu i ka piha Kawaihae.

I ka wā e hiki mai kākau moʻolelo aʻo ma ka Alexander First Gymnasium. nui o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana i loko o kēia kula ua loa kiʻekiʻe. I ka 1909, Mr Mikhail komo i ka Kiev University, ma hope a i manao iho e lilo i kahuna lapaau. I ka 1914 i ka First World War.

Ma hope o ua noho mai ke Kulanui i ka 1916, Bulgakov hana ma ka mahinaʻai Ho 'Oponopono (i loko o Kamenetz-Podolsk, a ma hope o ka manawa - Cherepovets). He Ua hoʻomanaʻo aʻela ia mai ke alo ma September 1916 Bulgakov lilo poo o Nikolskaya kua'āina haukapila aia i loko o ka panalāʻau o Smolensk. A makahiki ma hope, i ka 1917, ua hoolilo Bulgakov i Vyazma. I kukulu ai i ka 1926, "Notes o ka opiopio kauka" lewa i kēia wā o kona olaʻana. Ke protagonist o ka hana o ka loea kauka, conscientious hana. Ma ka seemingly Ka Ho 'Oponopono wahi, i hiki ia i hoopakele nā mea maʻi. Ke meʻe Ua loa kōkua ma ka pilikia kālā kahua o Malia paha kauwa e noho ana i loko o na kauhale o Smolensk. Eia naʻe,ʻo ia Cuticura ke mea ia i hiki ole hoʻololi i kekahi mea.

ʻOiʻenehana i loko o ka hopena o Bulgakov

Mau ola Bulgakov wawahi i ka February kipi. Bulgakov Uaʻia maila kona mau e pili ana i ka mea i loko o kona 1923 (essay) "Kyiv-City". He kaulana i "koke a ominously" ke kipi "hele mai i ka moʻolelo."

I ka pau ana o ka OkatobaʻOiʻenehana Bulgakov i hookuu ia mai ka oihana lawelawe. He hoi aku la i kona poe kanaka Kiev, a, Eia naʻe, i koke ku e na kēia kanaka Kelemānia. Here Mr Mikhail ua komo 'o loko o ka maelstrom o ke Kanawai Kaua. Bulgakov i He kauka loa maikai, no ke aha la i kona mau lawelawe i pono ai ma nāʻaoʻaoʻelua. Young kauka ma kekahi kahua koe ua malama pono wau i ka ideals o humanism. Ke kiʻekiʻe o ulu outrage i loko o kona naʻau. He hiki i hele mai i ka olelo me ka brutality o ke keʻokeʻo, a Petliura. A laila, i lewa mau olelo la ma ka Bulgakov ka puke "The White koa," e like me ia ma kona mau moʻolelo, "Night ma ke kolu o ka helu," "e poipu" a me ka hana keaka "lele" a me "Lā o turbines."

pololei lawe mai Bulgakov ke kauka o ka hana. Iloko o ka hana, ka mea, he ia e i unwitting hoike no na hewa i hanaia ma ka pau ana o 1919 ma Vladikavkaz. Bulgakov i makemake ole ia e oi hoʻomau ana i loko o ke kaua. He haʻalele i ka poʻe kaua o ka poe koa o Denikin i kakahiaka 1920

Ka mua 'atikala a moʻolelo

A laila, ua hoʻoholo ihola au i hou me ka hana pono lapaau Mihail Afanasevich Bulgakov. Pōkole Kawaihae ia mau hana e like me ke kanaka moʻolelo nūpepa. Hoomaka ae la oia e kākau 'atikala i i paʻiʻia ma ka nūpepa kūloko. Kona mua moʻolelo Bulgakov pau i loko o ka Akuma ka o 1919 E ka hooilo oia i hana mai i kekahi mau 'atikala satirical, he helu o nā moʻolelo. Ma kekahi o ia mau mea, i kapaʻia "ka hookupu i ka mahalo," Bulgakov i kāna moʻolelo o ke alanui clashes i i wahi ma Kiev i ke kipi a me ke Kanawai War.

Hana keaka hanaia ma Vladikavkaz

Koke ma mua o ka keʻokeʻo haʻalele Vladikavkaz, relapsing wela ino Mihail Afanasevich Bulgakov. Pōkole Kawaihae o ia i kēia manawa mea maopopo hana keaka. Ma ke kupulau o 1920 i loaa hou ai. Eia naʻe, no ka Red Army poʻe hao wale i komo i ke kulanakauhale, a me Bulgakov hiki ole emigrate, i mea loa e like. Ka mea, ua pono somehow, e kūkulu ana i ka mea hou? Eia. Alaila, hoomaka iho la oia no ke kōkua 'ana me ka hoʻokahuli aupuni Komite, i loko o ka iiaciiie-Māhele o Arts. Bulgakov i hana na apana no ka Ingush a me Ossetian troupes. Mau hana noonoo i kona manao ma ke kipi. Kēia manaʻo pīhoihoi ua pōkole-olaʻana, palapala kuhikuhi e ola mahope aku o ka pilikia ana. I Bulgakov ka puke "memo a pau ma luna o ka cuffs" lewa i kona nā manaʻo o Vladikavkaz.

Neʻe i Moscow, hou na hana

I Tiflis, a laila, i loko o Batumi hiki emigrate Mikhail Bulgakov. Kona Kawaihae, nae, i kaʻokoʻa ala. Bulgakov ike ia ka wahi o ka mea kākau moʻolelo i loko o ka pilikia manawa no ke aupuni - kokoke i na kanaka. Kawaihae Bulgakova Mihaila Afanasevicha i ka 1921 ia ka neʻe aku i Moscow. Kona 'atikala ma ke kupulau o 1922 mau paʻi ma luna o nā' aoʻao o Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo puke a me na nupepa o ke kulanakauhale. Nā pepa (essay) a satirical pepelu lewa i ka papa kuhikuhiE hoailona o ke ola moʻomanaʻo-hoʻokahuli aupuni makahiki. I ka papa kuhikuhiE mea o satire Bulgakov i "ka scum o ka NEP" (i loko o nā hua'ōlelo, ka hou waiwai-nepmen). Eia ka mea, Ua pono, e hoailona oukou i ka puke Bulgakov like me ka "Cup o Life" a me ka "Trillioner". ua nō hoʻiʻo ia i hoihoi lālā o ka lehulehu me ka haahaa nui o ka moʻomeheu. Bazaar poe kalepa, ka poe i noho ma o ke kaiāulu kulanakauhale o Moscow, bureaucrats a me nā luna,, Mr nae Mikhail a hoʻomaopopo i ka hou kŰia i loko o ke aupuni. Pela, i kekahi pepa (essay),ʻo ia i kākauʻia i ke ano o ka hou LIKE i loko o ka maka o ka schoolboy keiki ka mea puka aku me ka momoku ahi hou knapsack ma ke alanui.

Ka moʻolelo "kahi ona e hua" a me nā hiʻona o kaʻike hoʻokumu 1920

Ka moʻolelo "kahi ona e hua paha" Bulgakov i paʻiʻia ma 1924. Ua lawe wahi i loko o ka mana kokoke wā e hiki mai - i ka 1928. Ma keia manawa i ka hopena o ka NEP hoi au i akaka. Ma kekahi, ua mahuahua dramatically i ka hae o ka poʻe e ola ana (i loko o ka puke, a i hanaia e Mikhail Bulgakov). Kawaihae no ka mea kākau moʻolelo, aole ia i lawe piha mau makamaka, a me kana hana, akā, no ka'āina hana o "kahi ona e hua" mākou nō ai i loko o ka nutshell. Kumu Peaches i ka loaʻa nui i hiki e ka nui pomaikai i na kanaka a pau. Naʻe, i loko o nā lima o arrogant, kalaka nui-literate kanaka, 'elele o ka hou bureaucracy a māhuahua ma lalo o War Communism, a ma ka makahiki o ka NEP e hooikaika kona kulana, ka mea, o ka loaʻa o ka pōʻino. Kokoke a pau na huapalapala moʻolelo o Bulgakov, hana i ka 1920, ke aloha. Ma kana mau hana, i ka mea kākau i makemake, e hoolilo i ka mea heluhelu i ka manao i ke kaiāulu kanaka, mea ole makaukau e apono i hou aoao o ka Pilina i i ka nānā 'ana i ka mahalo i ka ike a me ka moʻomeheu, a hiki i ka paakiki hana.

"Holo" a me "Lā o turbines"

I Bulgakov mau hana keaka "holo" a me "Lā o turbines" (1925-28 GG.) Bulgakov hōʻike i ka pilinaʻenemi i nā mana, i pomaikai ae la lakou kekahi i kekahi iloko o ke Kanawai ke Kaua. Nā koa o kēia mau hana i typical ka poeikohoia o ka ai-kapaia "hou ka pilina". Mua, ka mea, i kekahi makaala lakou e pili ana i kaʻOiʻenehana a kaua e ku e ia ia. MA Bulgakov iho pili ia i kēia hou, ahu iho. Ua olelo mai la oia me ka Quotes i loko o ka hiʻona 'atikala ma hope mai "Capital i loko o ka puke noke." Ma ka mea, ma kona hoʻomaopopo aku i ka hou intelligentsia, "hao". He hiki no, a kua lāʻau, a me ka lako moku, a me ke komo i loko o ka X-Ray. Bulgakovʻike i ka mea i manaoio ia ia e ola mahope aku o,ʻaʻole e nalo.

Ho'āhewa wale ma Bulgakov, Stalin Up

Au pono aku nei au ia mau pane sensitively Bulgakov Mihail Afanasevich (Kawaihae, a me kana mau hana, e hōʻoia i kēia) i ka loli ma Soviet lehulehu. He Ua nui leʻa hoʻi e ka lanakila o ka hewa, oia kanalua i ka hoaponoia o kekahi ana. Akā, Bulgakov mau manaoio aku i loko o ke kanaka. Me ia i hoohihiaia, a kanalua iho la i kona mau huapalapala. Noʻonoʻo loi ua ike unfavorably. Ho'āhewa wale ma Bulgakovʻoi loa i ka 1929. a pau o kona mau hana keaka i ua hoʻokoe 'mai ka repertoire o ka hale kiaka. Once i loko o ka pilikia kulana, i puʻe wale Mr Mikhail e kākau i kekahi palapala no ke Aupuni me ka noi, e hele wale aku no. Mahope, ke Kawaihae Bulgakova Mihaila Afanasevicha i kaha maha e nui ka hanana. I ka 1930, Bulgakov i i hookoia ka leo kahea o Stalin ia ia iho. I ka hopena o keia kamailio i ka hookohu o Mikhail Marynich a hiki i ke kia o ka mea kuhikuhi-hope ma ka Moscow Art Kino. Houʻikeʻia ma ka hale kiaka-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo o kona mau hana keaka. Ma hope o kekahi manawa,ʻo ia i hana i ka staging staging o ka "make ula" Ua kaha ia e ka mea kākau moʻolelo me Bulgakov Mihail Afanasevich, Kawaihae. Kona ola ua seemingly ka hoʻomaikaʻi. Naʻe, a pau i ole ai maʻalahi ...

Bulgakov - he i papaia mea kākau

I loko nō o ka mawaho patronage o Stalin ma ka Soviet kaomi ma hope o 1927, uaʻaʻole he hookahi hana o Mikhail Bulgakov, me ke koe o ka hooholo mai i ka hula "holo" ( "iaʻo 'Dream") ma ka 1932 a me ka unuhi o Moliere ka "pī" i ka 1938 Nānā' i Bulgakov i komo i loko o ka papa inoa o ka banned kākau.

He aha hou aʻe mea kupaianaha Kawaihae Bulgakova Mihaila Afanasevicha? Pokole hai e pili ana ia mea i oluolu, no ka mea, ua hoailono aku la i kona ola ma ka hanana nui he nui wale, a hoihoi 'kūʻiʻo. Ua ua olelo mai ia, hoʻowahāwahā a pau nā hihia, manaʻo i ka mea kākau moʻolelo i, e haʻalele i ko lākou'āina. ʻO loko o ka loa pilikia wā (1929-30.), Ua aneane i ole hele i ka manaʻo o ka emigration. I kekahi o kana mau palapala Bulgakov hoʻokomo akula ua wahi'ē aʻe, koe nae ka Soviet Union, He mea hiki ole, no ka mea, unuhi ulu mai ia no ka umikumamakahi makahiki.

Ka puke "Na Kumu a me Margarita"

Bulgakov i ka makahiki 1933, ho'āʻo e hoolaha aku i kana hana "The Life o Monsieur de Ka Moliere" i "ola o ka mea kupaianaha People" moʻo. Naʻe, ka mea hou nele. Ma hope iho o ia, e oia i hoao hou e hoolaha kā lākou puke i haku ai a hiki i kona make ana. Mea kākau loa hoolilo oia ia ia iho a hiki i ka hanaia'na o ka puke "Na Kumu a me Margarita". Kēia hana i kona mau mea nui loa e piʻi like, e like me kekahi o ka maikaʻi hana o Lūkini a me ka honua moʻokalaleo o ka 20th kenekulia. makahiki he umikumamalua o kona ola Bulgakov i ka hana ma luna o laila. Ka manaʻo o "ka Haku, a Margarita" hele mai ia i loko o ka hopena o 1920s me ka hoao ana i philosophical a me ka noʻeau hoakaka o Socialist aku o ka lanakila. Ka mea kākau Ke noonoo pomaikai ole oe mua wale nō o ka huahana. Over na makahiki, Mr Mikhail mālama hoi i na huapalapala, ho'āʻo ana ma luna o kāna hana e lawelawe hou a me ka weliweli loa. Wale i ka 1932, ka mea, ua loaa i ka'āina completeness o keia hana, i ka mea kākau o ka i uaʻike ai i nā mea a pau (Mihail Afanasevich Bulgakov).

Full Kawaihae o Bulgakov komo ai noonoo ana o ka waiwai o kana hana. No ia mea, ua hai aku no ia.

Value hanaia'na Bulgakov

Hōʻike 'ia i ka White neʻeʻana ua make i ka hoʻokō' ole ', i ka intelligentsia, e oiaio no, e hele i ka Reds (ka puke "Ka White poe kiai", ka hula "lele" a me "Lā o turbines"), i ka lehulehu o ka pilikia, ina nohona a morally retarded kanaka e i ka pono keʻauhau iā lākou ma luna o' ē aʻe o kona makemake ( "naʻau o ka Dog"), Mr Mikhail i ka loaʻa i i komo i loko o ka'ōnaehana o na aiee o ko mākou'āina.

He aha hou aʻe mea hana hoihoi 'Bulgakov Mihail Afanasevich? Kawaihae, hoihoi 'kūʻiʻo pili me ia, a me kana hana - ma luna o ka pau keia o ka hehi iho o ka eha no ke kanaka. Kēia like ua mau pono'ī nona Bulgakov like me ka hope o na mooolelo o ko Lūkini a me ka honua moʻokalaleo. Mr Mikhail i wale i ka moʻokalaleo e hōʻike i ka ehaeha o maoli meʻe. Humanism ua ka ideological kāna mau 'ōlelo o nā hana o Bulgakov. A oiaio haku o keia humanism Ua kokoke, a aloha heluhelu mau.

Ka hope makahiki o kona ola

I kona makahiki hope Bulgakov i ole e manao ana i ka mea i hōkai i kona makakū ola. I loko nō o ka mea e ae hoomau ana i ka 'Imi hana, Bulgakov hana aneane hiki Contemporary heluhelu. Ua wawahi ia Bulgakov. Kona maʻi worsened, e alakai ana i ka wanaʻao make. Bulgakov make ma Moscow ma March 10, 1940 ka manawa piha Kawaihae Bulgakova Mihaila Afanasevicha, akā, i kona hana ka noho make ole. ka mea kākau moʻolelo o ka iho i kanuʻia ma Novodevichy pā ilina.

Kawaihae Bulgakova Mihaila Afanasevicha, he hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o kēia 'atikala, ua manao nei, e oe makemake e lilo i hoʻokahi me kana hana. Nā hana o kēia mea kākau ka loa a me ka hoihoi 'ano, no laila ia mea maopopo leʻa kumukuai o ke heluhelu iho. Mikhail Bulgakov, Kawaihae a me kaʻike hoʻokumu a i? Anoee i loko o ke kula - kekahi o ka mea nui loa Lūkini mea kākau.