Ke degeneracy o ka aaiaoe kivila: na kumu o ke

Ke aaiaoe kivila Ua olelo ia me codons, he ano o ka hoʻopā'ālua 'ike e pili ana i ka' ole o nā polokina, hoʻomaopop 'ana i loko o nā meaola e ola ana o ka Honua. Decryption lawe makahiki, akā, i ka nui, e hoike ana ia ia nei, ua maopopo 'epekema aneane he kenekulia. Versatility, specificity, unidirectional, a oi loa aku hoi i ka degeneracy o ka aaiaoe kivila i liluwelo manaʻo nui.

Mōʻaukala o discoveries

Ka pilikia o ka hoʻopā'ālua aaiaoe 'ike i mau pio ka polokalamu kī ma ka kālaimeaola. Ma ka'ōpū mai 'ole o ka aaiaoe kivila,' epekema holo, aole i lohi. Mai ka loaʻa o J. Watson a me Crick i ka 1953. ka papalua helix 'ole o ka DNA komo aku la i ka pae ana o ka hoʻoponopono i kuhi' ole ia iho, a ua paipaiʻia ka manaʻoʻiʻo i loko o ka mana o ke ano. I ka laina 'ole o nā polokina a me ka DNA o ka hookahi' ole ua hoʻohuʻuʻia i ke alo o ka aaiaoe kivila, me ka palapala ma waena o nā hāʻina o nā haʻawinaʻelua, akā, hoʻopaʻa 'ia me kekahi mau'ōlelo Hawaiʻi,. A ina o ka'ōlelo Hawaiʻi o nā polokina, uaʻikeʻia, i ka DNA hoailona he i ke kumuhana o ke ao o ka kālaimeaola, ke kālaikūlohea a me ka makemakika.

Aia mea i pono, e wehewehe i nāʻanuʻu i loko o ka pāʻoihana o keia enigma. Direct hoʻokolohua, hoao iho la ia, a hookupaa iho la ia ia ma waena o DNA codons a me'amino nāʻakika o ke kumuʻiʻo aia no he maopopo a me ka pahuhopu nei niioaaonoaaiii paa i ka 1964 Charles Janowski a me S. Brenner. A hou - ma ka ho omńkalakala o ka aaiaoe kivila ma lūmaua (i loko o lūmaua) ka hoʻohana 'ana i kūpono o ka kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala ma aeea-noa hale.

Loa decrypted kivila E. Coli i hoolahaia i ka 1966, biologists ma ka symposium ma Hawaii Hao Harbor (USA). A laila,ʻoaka aʻela au i ka redundancy (degeneracy) o ka aaiaoe kivila. He aha kēia 'o ia hoʻi, ka mea weheweheʻano wale.

ho omńkalakala i mau

Kaniak deciphering ka hereditary kivilaʻikepili ua lilo kekahi o nā hanana loa nui o ka hope kenekulia. I kēia lā, 'epekema mau e makaikai i ka hohonu o ka maomeka o hakakino hoʻopā'ālua'ōnaehana a me kona hiʻona a me ka overabundance ana o na hoailona, i ka mea i hoikeia ma ka waiwai o ka degeneracy o ka aaiaoe kivila. A hoʻokaʻawale like o ka hana - ke kumu a me ka evolution o hereditary mea helu kuʻina nenoaiu. Hoike e kuhikuhi ana polynucleotides (DNA) a me polypeptides (nā polokina) i impetus i ke kūpono 'ana o hakakino kālaimeaola. A me ia, ma ka huli, biotechnology, bioengineering, discoveries ma ka? Aneii, a kanu e ulu ana.

Dogmas a me nā lula

Home dogma o hakakino kālaimeaola - ka ike ua hoolilo mai ka DNA i ka elele RNA, a laila, me ia ma ke kumuʻiʻo. Ma ka mea ku pono ma amau o ka EYI Ua hiki mai ka RNA i ka DNA a me ka RNA ma nā RNA.

Akā, i ka'ōpū mai paha ke kumu o ka DNA manawa koe. A pau o nā walaʻauʻana hiʻona o ka 'ike hoolilo - ka manaʻo o ke' ano o ka hoolilo ana o ka'ōpū mai. ʻo ia, ma ka hana EYI i ka hoʻololi kemikala o nā mua nā lātoma, a e ia i ka'ōlelo o ka 'ole o aaiaoe' ike.

aaiaoe kivila

Line helu kuʻina 'ole o ke kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma ma ke kumu o ka mea manuahi codons (triplets) nucleotides, i wale 4 (adein, guanine, cytosine, thymine (uracil)), a spontaneously hiki aku ai i ke kahua o nā kaulahao o nucleotides. ʻO ia ka helu ana o nucleotides a me Nine Inch complementarity - keia mea no ka nui ana no ka hoʻololi kemikala. Akā, i ke kahua o ke kumuʻiʻo lātoma kona mea e like'ālike i ka nui a me ka pono o na monomers mea ole (DNA nucleotides - kumuʻiʻo'amino nāʻakika). 'O kēia ke kumu hereditary kivila - i hoʻopaʻa''ōnaehana i loko o ke kaʻina o nā nucleotides (codons) ka'aminoʻakika kaʻina o ke kumuʻiʻo.

Aaiaoe kivila loaʻa paha kekahi mau waiwai:

• Triplet.
• Ke kū hoʻokahi.
• Kohoʻia.
• Disjointness.
• Redundancy (degeneracy) o ka aaiaoe kivila.
• Versatility.

Eia mea he manawa pōkole ano, hoʻomālama ma ka liluwelo manaʻo nui.

Triplet, ka hoʻomauʻana, a loaʻa nui stoplights

Kēlā me kēia o 61'amino nāʻakika e like me ka semantic 'ole (triplet) nucleotides. Ekolu triplets mai i lawe 'ike e pili ana i ka'aminoʻakika, a ua hooki codons. Kēlā me kēia nucleotide i loko o ke kaulahao mea he lâlâ 'o ka triplet, a me ka hakuʻole ma iho. I ka pau, a me ka hoʻomaka o ke kaula o nucleotides like i ka hookahi kumuʻiʻo i stop codons. Ka mea, hoʻomaka 'ole ana, ka hoʻoleleʻana (o ka hoʻololi kemikala o ke kumuʻiʻo lātoma).

Specificity, a hoʻokahi-pointedness disjointness

Kēlā me kēia codon (triplet) encodes hoʻokahi wale'aminoʻakika. Kēlā me kēia triplet mea kūʻokoʻa mai, a aole i ano e pili. Kekahi nucleotide hiki no i kekahi wale triplet i loko o ke kaulahao. Kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala mea mau i loko o hoʻokahi ala wale, i ua uumi hooki codons.

Ke redundancy o ka aaiaoe kivila

Kēlā me kēia triplet o nucleotides encodes kekahi'aminoʻakika. A huina o 64 nucleotides, 61 o ia - encoded'aminoʻakika (manaʻo codon), a ekolu - meaningless, oa'aminoʻakika 'aʻole i encode (pau codons). Ke redundancy (degeneracy) o ka aaiaoe kivila mea i substitutions hiki ke i loko o kēlā me kēia triplet -'ano'ē (alakai e'aminoʻakika hope) a me ka makeʻe kulana ('amino nāʻakika mai i hoʻololi 'ana i ka papa). He oluolu e hoʻomaulia i ina he triplet hiki ke lawe 9 substitutions (1, 2 a me 3 kulana), kēlā nucleotide hiki auou caiaiai e 4 - 1 = 3 ka 'ē aʻeʻano, i ka huina helu o ka hiki nucleotide substitutions e e 61 i ka 9 = 549.

Ke degeneracy o ka aaiaoe kivila ua hoike mai ia ma ka mea i 549 koho - ia mea nui oi ma mua o pono ai zakodirovki ike e pili ana i 21'amino nāʻakika. Ma keia hihia o ka hope koho 549 23 alakai i ke kahua o ka holo ana codon, 134 + 230 hakahaka - e makeʻe kulana substitutions, a 162 -'ano'ē.

I aliʻi degeneracy a me ka hewa

Inā mau codons i mau'ālike mua nucleotide, e hōʻike mai iā ia nucleotides ka i koe, a me ka papa (purine a pyrimidine), ka ike ka mea, e lawe aku i ka ia'aminoʻakika. Kēia mea i hookuu i ka degeneracy paha redundancy o ka aaiaoe kivila. Mau hewa - AUA a me UGA - mua encodes methionine, eia nae makemake i ke isoleucine, a me ka lua o ka - he holo ana codon, akā, makemake i ke encode tryptophan.

Meaning degeneracy a me ka versatility

Kēia mau waiwai o ka aaiaoe kivila i ka mea kiekie loa liluwelo cia. A pau ka waiwai i helu 'ia ma luna, ua ano o ka aaiaoe' ike o nāʻano a ola meaola ma luna o mākou Honua.

Ke degeneracy o ka aaiaoe kivila mai he adaptive waiwai, e like me ka hai duplication o ka hookahi'aminoʻakika kuhi. Eia hou, i kēia 'o ia hoʻi he nui ka ho'ēmiʻana i loko o (degeneration) o ke kolu o ka nucleotide i loko o ka codon. Oia iʻano minimizes ka mutational lesions ma ka DNA, a entail aʻe 'nui i loko o ke kumuʻiʻo' ole. He He aiiayʻano papa hana o ka meaola e ola ana o ka Honua.