Ke liluwelo kūlana o ka'amino nāʻakika a me kā lākou mau noi

He aha ka liluwelo kūlana o ka'amino nāʻakika? E ka ho'āʻo pū he pane i keia ninau, e loaʻa. E kuhikuhi i mall hiʻona o ka papa no ke aloha i huiʻia, kā lākou Nine Inch waiwai, i ka papa kuhikuhi kahua o ka palapala noi.

mōʻaukala 'ike

First hamama'aminoʻakika glycine ua. Kona 1820 godu synthesized maʻakika hydrolysis o gelatin. Ka ho oholo'aminoʻakika haku mele 'ana o ke kumuʻiʻo lātoma ua wale i ka waena o ka hope ke kenekulia, ka mea, i laila hōʻike'aminoʻakika - threonine.

walaʻauʻana oihana

I ka manawa, eia ma kahi o 300'amino nāʻakika e hana likeʻole oihana i loko o ke kino.

He aha ke kumu nui liluwelo kūlana o ka 'amino nāʻakika? Iwakalua o ia i manaoia hae (proteinogenic), no ka mea, i kekahi o na kāna mau 'ōlelo o ke kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma.

Mau hui i kekahi hapa o kekahi mau nā polokina. Oksiprilin ke kumu o ka collagen, elastin i hana desmosine.

Ka mea hiki e kula waena i loko o metabolic keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Oia nei ka hana o ka citrulline, ornithine.

Ke liluwelo hana o ka'amino nāʻakika a mea o ka hoʻololi kemikala o nucleotides, polyamides. Ke i carbon lei o ka hui hoʻohana i ka lilo 'ē aʻe ke aloha' ona:

• Monakō koko ua synthesized mai glucogenic'amino nāʻakika;
• Lipids i hana ketogenic i huiʻia.

Ke liluwelo kūlana o'amino nāʻakika o ka manawa kūpono o ko lākou hoʻohana no ka manao paa o ka iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai nā pūʻulu. Cysteine ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka' ike o sulufahate pae. Aspartate ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o nä ka'amino pae.

nomenclature Hiʻona

Pehea e pono kuhikuhi i ka'amino nāʻakika? Ke 'ole, Mea Maluna, liluwelo kūlana o kēia mau hui i manaoia, a hiki ma ka papa laulā maʻamau.

'amino nāʻakika i nā mea loaʻa o carboxylic nāʻakika, ka haku mele 'ana o ka i kekahi hydrogen'Ātoma ua UAIAaIN ma ka'amino pae.

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka wahi o ka loiloi pūʻulu i loko o kekahi hui i e kekahi mau isomers. Chemists hoʻohana wale ekoluʻokoʻa nomenclature: ka naauao, AICIeOEOI, kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana.

AICIeOEOI inoa o kēia hui e pili me ke kumu, mai i ka mea i kaʻawale. Serine hoohui i loko o ke silika fibroin, glutamine ua loaʻa i loko o gluten kiliala. Cystine makana i loko o ka bladder pohaku.

Ka naauao inoa ua pili me ka carboxylicʻakika derivative, a me ka hua h ÷ ailona hoʻohana no ka hoakaka ana i ka wahi o ke kaʻina o ka'amino nāʻakika i loko o ke kumuʻiʻo lātoma. I biochemistry i AICIeOEOI inoa a me ka hua h ÷ ailona o kēia hui.

Mea Maluna o ka'amino nāʻakika

I mea aha liluwelo kūlana o ka'amino nāʻakika a me kā lākou palapala noi i ka maopopo, e noho ma luna o ka Mea Maluna o kēia mauʻano o ke aloha i huiʻia.

Currently, kekahi mauʻano o ka Mea Maluna:

• ma ka'ano'ē;
• ma ke degere o ka polarity;
• oʻano hoʻololi kemikala i loko o ke kino.

E like me ka'ano'ē 'ole nāʻano o ka'amino nāʻakika kaʻawale i loko o ke aloha kemika.

Ke aliphatic i huiʻia ke komo i kekahi carboxyl a me ka'amino pae, ma ka a ina ka mea, e monoaminokarbonovymi i huiʻia.

Ka wā mau'amino pūʻulu COOH a me nā leo mea i kapaia monoaminodikarbonovymi waiwai.

Kekahi pee diaminomonocarboxylic a diaminodikarbonovye'aminoʻakika palapala.

ole Cyclic ano OAOOUIEeE wale i loko o ka helu o nā pōʻaiapuni, akā, i ko lākou qualitative haku mele 'ana.

By Lehninger, ua māheleʻia ka'amino nāʻakika i loko o eha pūʻulu e like me ke 'o ka hydrocarbon'ano'ē naoh me ka wai:

• hydrophobic;
• hydrophilic;
• negatively - papa mai;
• ikaika-papa mai.

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka hiki e synthesize i ka'aminoʻakika i loko o ke kanaka kino pee nui (hana me ka ai), a me ka interchangeable ano.

ka liluwelo kūlana o ka Alpha-'aminoʻakika ua ua maopopo ma ka lehulehuʻepekema ho okolohua.

physical waiwai

Ke'amino nāʻakika i wehewehe aku? Nomenclature, ka waiwai a me ka liluwelo kūlana o kēia hui e mōhai aku i ka puka o ke kula i loko o ka hoʻokahi moku'āina ninaninau i loko o kemika. O ke aloha nāʻakika i ka haiia wailana i loko o ka wai, i kiʻekiʻe heheʻe wahi.

Lākou'ōnohi ha awina ku i ke alo i loko o nā nā lātoma o ka asymmetric kalapona'Ātoma (ka wale, koe nae ka glycine). Ia mea ke kumu o ka L- a me D-stereoisomers o ka'amino nāʻakika i ua loaʻa.

Isomers o ka L-puke i loaʻa i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ka holoholona kumuʻiʻo. Ke kumukuai no ka hydrogen Index o kēia mau huina lakou mea i loko o ka laulā 5.5-7.

Nine Inch mall

E noonoo hou'amino nāʻakika. 'Ole, Nine Inch ka waiwai, liluwelo pelekikena o kēia mau ke aloha' ona pono e ike.

Ke specificity o ka Nine Inch waiwai o'amino nāʻakika moe i loko o kā lākou duality. Amphoteric kumu o ke alo o nā ooieoeiiaeuiiai pūʻulu o kēia mau ke aloha nāʻakika.

Ke alo aku o ka carboxyl pae COOH mea mau i huiʻia o kaʻakika ano. Ua hooholo koke lakou pane koke i ka hana i eliiaʻi, walaʻauʻana oxides, mekala 'åkilikai. I kaʻakika waiwai o kēia mau ke aloha i huiʻia ua hoike mai ia ma ka esterification naoh (me ka waiʻona mai ke kino, e lilo nā mea kemika).

'amino nāʻakika i kekahi chemically pane koke me ka paʻakai i hanaʻia ma ka nawaliwali mea pōhaku nāʻakika. E like me ka hana ana o ia i ka naoh hiki ke noʻonoʻo i ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o ka'amino nāʻakika me carbonates a me bicarbonates.

Ke kumu waiwai o keia ano mea e'amino nāʻakika hana, e pane koke me nā nāʻakika ma ka'amino pae. Ma keia hana i ka paakai.

Ke liluwelo kūlana o ka decarboxylation o'amino nāʻakika i lilo i ka'ākilikai nā 'ia i mea pono pakele no ka meaola ola.

Ninhydrin hōʻike hiki huai ae'amino nāʻakika ma ka pāʻoihana. Ke ae pā o ka naoh mea i ka colorless pāʻoihana o ke ninhydrin ma AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka'aminoʻakika e Punk i loko o ka palapala o ka dimer ma ka naikokene'Ātoma i ua pipili ma ka AYEIE'aminoʻakika.

Ke kūpono pigment i he ulaula hue filoletovy hou, decarboxylation o'amino nāʻakika i, kūpono ai i loko o ke kahua i kekahi aldehyde a me ka kalapona monoxide (4).

Ua ninhydrin naoh Ua hoʻohana 'ia ma biologists i loko o ka Ikepili o ka iniiaiie' ole o ke kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma. E like me keʻano pinepine 'hiki ke' akomi i laupaʻi'aminoʻakika maʻiʻo ma ka loiloi mua pāʻoihana, nolaila, he like me Ka Ikepili mea i kā wā nä'aminoʻakika lehulehu.

kekahi reactions

Ke'amino nāʻakika'ē aʻe ma mua o ka carboxyl a me ka'amino pūʻulu, e komo hou ooieoeiiaeuiuo pūʻulu. No kā lākou hoʻoholo i loko o ka noiʻi keʻena hoʻokolohua lawe mai qualitative reactions.

Arginine hiki ke hōʻike 'ia ma o ka hui ma ka hana qualitative Sakaguchi naoh (guanidine pae ma luna). Cysteine hiki ke nānā 'ia e Foll, ho'ākāka' ia no ka SH-pūʻulu.

nitration (ksantoproteinovaya naoh) no AiON mau hiʻohiʻona nō e hōʻoia i ka alo i loko o ka läÿau, he onaona'amino nāʻakika. Millon naoh mea no ka loaʻaʻana o ka hydroxyl pae ma ka onaona apo o ka tyrosine.

Hiʻona o kaʻakika'amino hoopaa

He aha characterizes ka luaipele'amino nāʻakika? Ko lākou kūlana liluwelo ua pili i ke kahua o nā lātoma o peptides. Ma ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o ka lātoma mau'aminoʻakika ua Wāwahiʻia ka wai nā lātoma a me'aminoʻakika residues i kekahiʻakika'amino (amide) hoopaa e lilo peptides.

I ka helu o ka'aminoʻakika residues mea nāna i hana i ka polypeptide loli aʻe nunui. Kēlā mau peptides i pihaʻi me i oi aku mamua o umi'aminoʻakika residues, haawiia keia i like oligopeptides. Ka inoa o ka hui kūpono e pinepine hōʻike i ka helu o ka'aminoʻakika residues.

Inā o ka haku mele 'ana o ka waiwai i loaʻa ka oi ma mua o umi'aminoʻakika residues, ua kapaia ka hui polypeptides. No ka poe i huiʻia a loaʻa ka poʻe ma luna o kanalima'aminoʻakika residues, i ka huina hoonui o ka hoʻololi kemikala o ke kumuʻiʻo kapaia.

Penei, ka hōmona glyukagen, ma ka i 'ole, he 29'amino nāʻakika i biologists kahea aku i ka hōmona. 'aminoʻakika residues hoʻomaka monomers noʻonoʻo ke aloha nāʻakika i i hana mai proteinaceous hui.

Ke'aminoʻakika koena i ua palapala ma ka hema, mai ka'amino pae, kapa N-maʻi apana nahaha me ka carboxyl hui, e like me C-maʻi, ka mea, ua ana i kākau 'ia ma ka akau.

I ka wa hea i ke kūpono polypeptide'aminoʻakika hua h ÷ ailona i hoʻohana ', mai i ka mea, ua hana. No ka laʻana, ina i hele i ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma ka glycine, serine, alanine, loko tripeptide e heluhelu glitsilserilalanin.

I ka nui o kekahi'amino nāʻakika

Glycine (aminoaceticʻakika) mea he mau pou o ka kalapona koena ai i mea e pono ai no ke kahua o ka hemoglobin, pyrrole, choline, nucleotides, e like me ia no ka hoʻololi kemikala o creatine.

Serine mea i loaʻa i loko o ka hana hoʻopunipuni o nā'ūhū. Kēia'aminoʻakika ua koi 'ia no ka hoʻololi kemikala kaʻina phosphoprotein (maoli waiu casein).

Glucogenicʻakika pono, e hana i ke kiʻekiʻe, tertiary 'ole o ke kumuʻiʻo lātoma. Kēia hui o ka loa kū'ē ooieoeiiaeuiiai pae, no laila, i ka waiwai ma ka haiia undergoes'okesaside-ka ho'ēmiʻana keʻano o ka hanaʻana, e hoopaa ana i ke kaumaha i eliiaʻi like insoluble i huiʻia. Ka mea, ua iho la ka mea lawelawe i ka sulufahate hui mau pou, koi no ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka luaipele-i loaʻa 'ona.

ka hopena

'amino nāʻakika i amphoteric ke aloha i huiʻia a i liluwelo manaʻo nui. Ua'aminoʻakika residues i loko o ka hoʻololi kemikala kaʻina hana i kekahi kaʻina i o ka iniiaiie 'ole o ke kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma. Ke kaumaha ma muli pehea kaʻoi loa hoalaala ia i ka'aminoʻakika hakina synthesized kumuʻiʻo i ho'ākāka 'ana no nā meaola ola.